咪唑-细胞色素c复合物的溶液结构研究

轴向配体在决定血红素蛋白结构和性能方面的作用引起人们的兴趣[1]. 细胞色素c是一个重要的电子传递蛋白, 在天然状态下轴向配体His 18和Met 80与血红素的Fe原子配位. UV光谱和NMR谱显示氧化态细胞色素c配位的Met 80在pH大于9或强外源配体存在时较易被取代[2]. 人们对外源配体配位引发细胞色素c的构象的研究得到一些重要的结构特征[3,4]. 但对整个蛋白溶液结构完整精确的描述和血红素电子结构的研究还很少. 此外, 细胞色素c在重折叠过程中形成组氨酸配位的中间体, 而咪唑能捕获和阻断中间体的形成. 为此, 本文对咪唑-细胞色素c复合物溶液结构进行了研究.     

细胞色素C在吡啶、聚吡啶修饰的金电极上的直接电化学

研究了细胞色素C在吡啶修饰的金电极上的电化学反应,结果表明,只具有一个功能团的吡啶分子和它的聚合物对细胞色素C电化学反应也有促进作用,讨论了影响促进剂促进作用的主要因素。     

细胞色素C在吡啶,聚吡啶修饰的金电极上的直接电化学

研究了细胞色素Ｃ在吡啶修饰的金电极上的电化学反应，结果表明，只具有一个功能团的吡啶分子和它的聚合物对细胞色素Ｃ电化学反应也有促进作用，讨论了影响促进剂促进作用的主要因素。     

细胞色素c在L-半胱氨酸自组装膜电极上的电化学行为

细胞色素c在L-半胱氨酸自组装膜电极上的电化学行为;细胞色素c; L-半胱氨酸; H2O2; 金电极     

细胞色素c在纳米氧化铝模板修饰电极上的直接电化学

细胞色素c(Cytochrome c,Cyt c)是生物体中最常见的氧化一还原蛋白质,研究其在电极上的直接电化学,对于理解和认识生命体内的电子转移机制具有重要意义。Cytc与裸固体电极表面的直接接触通常会使其失去生物活性,因此,Cytc的电化学研究常借助于媒介体以实现其与电极之间的电子转移。纳米金属氧化物模板的表面积大且化学和光化学性质稳定,被广泛应用于太阳能电池和金属沉积等领域,本文研究氧化铝(AAO)模板对4,4’-二硫二吡啶存在下Cytc直接电化学促进作用。     

细胞色素c突变研究进展

在简述细胞色素c的生物功能和结构特征的基础上,综述了细胞色素c突变研究的进展,重点论述了对血红素辅基(heme)的轴向配体Met80、heme所在腔的保守氨基酸残基Tyr67以及蛋白表面的保守氨基酸残基Phe82的突变研究,并对一些突变体蛋白表现出来的特殊性质给予解释。     

细胞色素c在植物凝胶-离子液体复合膜修饰电极上的直接电化学

用植物凝胶（GG）和亲水性离子液体（ILs）氯化1-庚基-3-甲基咪唑（[HMIM]Cl）制得一种有效的复合膜（GG-ILs）.将细胞色素c（Cyt c）包埋在该复合膜中并修饰于玻碳电极（GCE）表面,构置了细胞色素c修饰玻碳电极（GG-Cyt c-ILs/GCE）.紫外-可见光谱表明,复合膜内的Cyt c仍保持其原始...     

细胞色素c在羟基磷灰石修饰玻碳电极上的直接电化学

采用沉淀法合成羟基磷灰石纳米晶体，由于具有独特的多吸附位点特征，羟基磷灰石可作为一种新型电子传递促进剂用于细胞色素c的直接电化学研究．在pH7．0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中，细胞色素c在羟基磷灰石修饰玻碳电极表面于0．074V(vs．Ag/AgC1)处有一对准可逆的氧化还原峰，为细胞色素c血红素辅基Fe(Ⅲ)／Fe(Ⅱ)电对的特征峰．实验结果表明细胞色素c与羟基磷灰石之间的静电作用．促进了细胞色素c在玻碳电极表面扩散控制的准可逆单电子转移过程．讨论了电位扫描速度、溶液离子强度对细胞色素c直接电化学的影响．     

硅纳米线阵列电极作为细胞色素c传感器的研究

利用化学刻蚀法由p型硅片制备了硅纳米线阵列,经过表面去氧化层处理后,制备了检测蛋白质细胞色素c的电化学传感器.实验表明,硅纳米线阵列电极对细胞色素c有良好的电化学响应,并且在低浓度条件下具备线性响应的特点.根据与未经表面处理的硅纳米线阵列电极的实验结果相对比,提出了细胞色素c所具备的羧基末端与硅纳米线阵列电极表面的Si-H相互作用从而改善传感性能的检测机理.     

细胞色素c咪唑配合物的~1H NMR归属及构象研究

咪唑细胞色素c(Im·cyt c)是碱式细胞色素c(cyt c)及细胞色素c蛋白分子折叠过程的中间体类似物.用二维核磁共振(2D NMR)方法完成了Im·cyt c的主链(Gly-29除外)和绝大部分侧链的质子共振峰归属.归属主要采用主链指向法(MCD)进行.由得到的NOE联结,确定了Im·cyt c的二级结构,阐明了轴向配体Met80和血红素Fe间Fe-S键的断裂以及Met80被Im取代所引起的蛋白三维构象变化.同cyt c相比,Im·cyt c中的50,60及70 s a螺旋存在较大构象变动;Tyr67-Asn70和Ile75-Thr78两个月β-turn已经消失 咪唑的配位也导致了部分氨基酸残基,尤其是血红素疏水腔附近如Trp59,Tyr67,Tyr74等残基侧链的空间位置相对变化     

Acid Denaturation and Refolding of Cytochrome c on Silica Surface

Denaturation of oxidized cytochrome c (cyt c) adsorbed to a hydrophilic fused silica surface was studied by UV‐VIS attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy using a multiple optical pass system newly developed by this lab. Cyt c surface adsorption at neutral pH gave an adsorption equilibrium constant of K_a = 2 × 10⁵ M^?1 and a surface coverage at 63% of a monolayer saturation. Protein unfolding by acid denaturation was studied by equilibrating surface bound cyt c with acid buffers ranging in pH from 5 to 2. Protein orientation and surface coverage were calculated based on a theoretical model developed in previous work. The average heme tilt angle (44°) was found to be independent of pH, implicating protein‐surface interactions as the dominant factor governing adsorption. A non‐random molecular orientation distribution of cyt c on the surface was observed, providing further support for the dominance of protein‐surface interactions. It was shown that when denaturing acid buffers were removed and replaced with a neutral buffer cyt c refolded, assuming their original conformation. The combination of unique, yet applicable, science and laboratory skills involved in this project had a tremendous impact on the authors‘ undergraduate curriculum, making it ideal for capstone project development.     

Direct and Cytochrome c Mediated Electrochemistry of Bilirubin Oxidase on Gold

Direct electron transfer (DET) of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria (BOD) was established on promoter‐modified gold electrodes. The electrochemical behavior of the enzyme in solution was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry evaluating the biocatalytic reduction of dioxygen. The reaction of BOD at Au electrodes was shown to be efficient only at low pH. In addition, a novel interaction between BOD and cytochrome c (cyt.c) was found. It was shown that BOD efficiently accepts cyt.c as an electron donor in both cases when cyt.c is in solution and electrostatically adsorbed. The results suggest that cyt.c can play the role of a mediator facilitating electron transfer in a pH range where no DET could be observed between the enzyme and the electrode. For the interaction between cyt.c and BOD in solution the reaction kinetics has been studied electrochemically and spectrophotometrically.     

The Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c at a Viologen-thiol Self-Assembled Monolayer

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pH-Induced changes in adsorbed cytochrome c. voltammetric and surface-enhanced resonance Raman characterization performed simultaneously at chemically modified silver electrodes

The influence of pH on the redox properties of cytochrome c (cyt c) adsorbed on roughened silver electrodes chemically modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-mercapto-1-undecanoic acid (MUA) was studied with voltammetric techniques in combination with surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS). The experiments were performed simultaneously on the same electrode sample in a homemade spectroelectrochemical cell suitable for such applications. At pH 7.0 cyt c was found in its native state; at higher pH values (ranging from 8.0 to 9.0) the redox properties of the adsorbed protein varied considerably, featuring a redox behavior which does not resemble the one reported for the alkaline transition. Our results instead indicate the presence of an electrochemically inactive 6cLS species immobilized on MUA at pH 9.0. The pH-induced conformational changes observed for cyt c immobilized on the SAM of MUA were found to be repeatable and chemically reversible, meaning that the recovery of the electrochemical signal due to the native protein occurred instantaneously (on the second time scale) when the electrode was switched back to pH 7.0. The pH-induced changes observed were attributed to a conformational change involving a heme reorientation with respect to the electrode surface.     

Immobilization and electrochemistry of cytochrome c on amino-functionalized mesoporous silica thin films

The immobilization and electrochemistry of cytochrome c (cyt c) on amino-functionalized mesoporous silica thin films are described. The functionalized silica films with an Im3m cubic phase structure were deposited on conducting ITO substrate by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) in the presence of Pluronic F127 under acidic conditions. The high specific surface area, large pore size and functional inner surface of mesoporous silica thin films result in a high cyt c loading, and the cyt c immobilization on this silicate framework is stable. After adsorption of cyt c, the ordered cubic structure of mesoporous silica and the redox activity of immobilized cyt c are retained as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry. The redox behavior of the cyt c/silica film-modified ITO electrode is a surface-controlled quasi-reversible process for the experimental conditions used in this work and the electron transfer rate constant is calculated is 1.33 s⁻¹. The ITO electrode modified by cyt c/silica film possesses a high stability; even cyt c retains its redox activity following immobilization for several months. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic activities of the modified ITO electrode to hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid have been studied. Since these behaviors are quite pronounced, the modified electrode can be used for detection of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid.     

Studies on the electrochemical behavior of cytochrome c and its interaction with DNA at a Co/GC ion implantation modified electrode

The electrochemical behavior of cytochrome c (cyt c) and its interaction with DNA at a Co/glassy carbon (GC) ion implantation modified electrode were studied by linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry. In 0.005 mol dm(-3) Tris-0.05 mol dm(-3) NaCl buffer solution (pH = 7.10), a sensitive reduction derivative peak of cyt c was obtained by linear sweep voltammetry. The peak potential was 0.032 V (SCE). The peak current was proportional to the concentration of cyt c. The electrode process was quasi-reversible with adsorption. The electrode reaction rate constant k and the electron transfer coefficient a of cyt c were 4.42 s(-1) and 0.47, respectively. AES and XPS experiments showed that Co was implanted into the surface of the GC electrode (GCE). The implanted Co formed Co-C, which catalyzed the reduction of cyt c. The reaction of DNA with cyt c led to an electrochemically active complex, which resulted in an increase in the reduction current of cyt c. After adding DNA into the solution containing cyt c, the electrode process was still quasi-reversible with adsorption.     

Immobilization and electrochemical redox behavior of cytochrome c on fullerene film-modified electrodes

Two different fullerene film-modified electrodes were prepared and used for surface immobilization and electrochemical property investigation of horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c). Both a pristine fullerene film and fullerene-palladium (C(60)-Pd) polymer film-modified platinum, glassy carbon and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes were used. The immobilized cyt c was characterized by piezoelectric microgravimetry at a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), UV-visible absorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The UV-visible spectral studies revealed a small blue shift of both the Soret and Q band of the heme moiety of cyt c, immobilized on the C(60)-Pd polymer film-modified ITO electrode, as compared to the bands of cyt c in solution suggesting that molecules of cyt c are densely packed onto the surface of the modified electrode. The CV studies revealed a quasi-reversible electrode behavior of the heme moiety indicating the occurrence of kinetically hindered electron transfer. A good agreement was found between the values of cyt c electrode surface coverage determined by piezoelectric microgravimetry and cyclic voltammetry. For piezoelectric microgravimetry, these values ranged from 0.5 x 10(-10) to 2.5 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2), depending upon the amount of cyt c present in solution and the time allowed for immobilization, which compared with a value of 3.6+/-0.4 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2) determined by CV. The possible mechanisms of cyt c immobilization on the C(60) film and C(60)-Pd film-modified electrodes are also discussed.     

Reversible Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c on Recompressed,Binderless Exfoliated Graphite Electrodes

The direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c (cyt‐c) has been investigated on exfoliated graphite (EG) electrodes. The as‐polished and roughened (using SiC emery sheet) EG surfaces are inactive for the direct electron transfer. However, when the EG electrode was sonicated before the experiment, a pair of redox waves were obtained for freely diffusing cyt‐c in the solution phase. The formal potential was found to be 0.01 V (vs. SCE) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.1. The electrochemical response for the adsorbed cyt‐c on sonicated EG electrodes, which is shown to have carbonyl functional groups on its surface, shows nearly reversible voltammograms in the same electrolyte. However, the formal potential in the adsorbed state is more negative than that observed for the solution phase cyt‐c. A structure based on an open heme conformation proposed by Hildebrandt and Stockburger is probably present on the EG surface. It is suggested that the electrochemistry at the EG electrode is essentially governed by favourable electrostatic interactions.     

Modulation of direct electron transfer of cytochrome c by use of a molecularly imprinted thin film

We describe the preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer film (MIP) on top of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) on gold, where the template cytochrome c (cyt c) participates in direct electron transfer (DET) with the underlying electrode. To enable DET, a non-conductive polymer film is electrodeposited from an aqueous solution of scopoletin and cyt c on to the surface of a gold electrode previously modified with MUA. The electroactive surface concentration of cyt c was 0.5 pmol cm^?2. In the absence of the MUA layer, no cyt c DET was observed and the pseudo-peroxidatic activity of the scopoletin-entrapped protein, assessed via oxidation of Ampliflu red in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, was only 30 % of that for the MIP on MUA. This result indicates that electrostatic adsorption of cyt c by the MUA–SAM substantially increases the surface concentration of cyt c during the electrodeposition step, and is a prerequisite for the productive orientation required for DET. After template removal by treatment with sulfuric acid, rebinding of cyt c to the MUA–MIP-modified electrode occurred with an affinity constant of 100,000 mol^?1 L, a value three times higher than that determined by use of fluorescence titration for the interaction between scopoletin and cyt c in solution. The DET of cyt c in the presence of myoglobin, lysozyme, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) reveals that the MIP layer suppresses the effect of competing proteins.     

Voltammetric investigation of cytochrome c on gold coated with a self-assembled glutathione monolayer

The direct, reversible electrochemistry of horse-heart cytochrome c (cyt. c) was realized on a self-assembled glutathione (GSH) monolayer modified Au electrode. The voltammetric responses of cyt. c on GSH/Au electrode were found to be affected by pH during the electrode modification, metal ions and surfactants. Using potassium ferricyanide [K4Fe(CN)6] as a probe, these effects on the voltammetric responses of cyt. c were characterized by electrochemical methods. It was found that the pH during the electrode modification, metallic ions and surfactants changed GSH monolayer's charge state and the conformation on the electrode surface, and resulted in the influence on the voltammetric responses of cyt. c. The experimental results provided us information to understand the mechanism of the interfacial electron transfer of electrode-protein, as well as the electron transfer of cyt. c in life system.