基于生物炭的高级氧化技术降解水中有机污染物

碳基材料催化剂因具有良好的催化性能,同时可避免金属催化剂的重金属沥出造成的二次污染问题,常被应用于高级氧化领域。其中,以废弃生物质为原材料热解产生的生物炭,不仅具有催化潜力,还具有低成本和绿色环保等优势,被广泛用于活化过氧化氢、过一硫酸氢盐和过二硫酸盐等过氧化物降解水中有机污染物。本文介绍了生物炭的前体种类和制备方法、阐述了二者对生物炭活化能力的影响,总结了生物炭活化过氧化物的机理,分析了水质对降解污染物的影响,综述了生物炭的改性、循环使用及再生,指出了这一技术存在的问题并对后续研究进行了展望。     

生物质炭的制备、改性以及在挥发性有机物吸附方面的应用

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是大气中重要的污染源之一,对环境和人类健康产生严重的危害。吸附法是工业中最常用的去除VOCs的方法,吸附剂是吸附技术的关键,生物质炭是一种由生物质基材料在高温下热解活化等工艺制得的炭材料,具有较高的比表面积、丰富的孔隙结构和化学活性表面,在环境污染控制领域具有广泛应用。基于最近的研究,本文系统地综述了常用于去除VOCs的生物质炭的制备和改性方法,以及生物质炭在吸附VOCs的应用研究。本文首要目标是评估生物质炭去除VOCs的能力,特别是经过各种改性和活化工艺后,评价生物质炭作为吸附剂去除VOCs的适用性;确定改性和活化后对VOCs吸附能力的影响;揭示生物质炭对VOCs可能存在的吸附机理。最后,文章也对生物质炭的再生提出了建议和展望。     

木质素活化改性制备酚醛树脂胶黏剂研究进展

木质素由于化学结构与苯酚相似,通过活化改性可部分替代苯酚制备木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂。既可降低成本、达到生物质资源高效利用的目的,并且制备的木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂有毒残余较低,具有环保意义,是合成制备生物质高分子材料的重要途径。本文综述了国内外研究人员在木质素活化改性制备酚醛树脂胶黏剂研究领域的最新进展,重点介绍了化学改性、物理改性、生物改性等木质素活化改性方法,比较了不同改性产物制备酚醛树脂胶黏剂的性能,并对影响木质素活化改性制备酚醛树脂胶黏剂实现工业化应用的主要因素进行了分析。     

基于离子液体的炭材料制备、改性及应用

离子液体因其熔点低、液态温域宽、蒸气压低、热稳定性高、电导率高、电化学窗口宽、结构可设计及对许多化合物的亲和性等系列性能而引起人们广泛关注。离子液体在炭材料制备、改性领域展示出了良好的前景及巨大的应用潜力,可直接作为碳源,经过高温炭化实现杂原子掺杂制备多孔炭材料;离子液体也可充当反应介质和致孔剂,将生物质转化为多孔炭材料;此外,由于离子液体与炭材料相容性较好,可以用于多孔炭材料改性制备炭复合材料。基于离子液体的炭材料在电催化、超级电容器、吸附分离及生物医学等领域具有潜在的应用价值。本文总结了基于离子液体炭材料的制备、改性及应用最新研究进展,并着重介绍了其在能源和环境相关领域的应用。     

生物质基炭膜电吸附去除水中Pb(Ⅱ)的研究

利用二层牛皮为原料,经炭化、硝酸氧化和水蒸气活化制备改性生物质基炭膜。采用比表面积及孔径分析仪、傅里叶红外光谱技术(FT-IR)、Boehm滴定法对生物质基炭膜的物理化学特性进行表征。以生物质基炭膜为电极材料,采用电吸附去除废水中Pb(Ⅱ),分别研究电压、电极板间距、初始Pb(Ⅱ)浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,经硝酸氧化和水蒸气活化后的炭膜,其比表面积、总孔体积及含氧官能团均明显增加。改性后生物质基炭膜电极对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率是未改性生物质基炭膜电极的3.87倍,在电压3V,Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度50mg/L,电极板间距25mm电吸附条件下,Pb(Ⅱ)去除率为46.53%,吸附容量为48.08mg/g。该炭膜能够再生和重复利用,但是炭膜稳定性还需进一步改进。电吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型。     

废弃天然高分子基功能材料

从废弃高分子角度对废弃生物质的高附加值再利用进行综述,阐述了废弃生物质中天然高分子的类型以及废弃生物质中包含的大量天然高分子具有官能团丰富、可降解、生物相容、无毒无害等优异的性能,归纳了废弃生物质的传统处理方法及作为材料使用的再利用途径,介绍了废弃天然高分子用作复合材料、吸附材料、载体材料、能源材料、医用高分子材料、智能高分子材料等的研究进展,并对废弃天然高分子的资源化利用进行了展望。     

农林废弃生物质与煤共气化灰渣的理化特性研究进展

农林废弃生物质与煤共气化通过充分利用两者的相似性和互补性,实现原料转化过程的节能、低碳、清洁高效。原料灰渣的理化特性是影响共气化稳定运行的关键因素之一,成为了共气化研究关注的重点。本综述主要从农林废弃生物质灰与煤灰的共性与差异、混合灰渣熔融与黏温特性、混合灰中碱/碱土金属对共气化反应性和结渣过程烧结行为的影响等方面,梳理了世界各国农林废弃生物质与煤共气化灰渣理化特性的研究现状。总结分析了添加农林废弃生物质对混合灰熔融流动、烧结行为的影响机制,归纳了混合灰熔融特征、黏温及结渣特性的预测模型与方法,并提出了农林废弃生物质与煤共气化灰渣的未来研究重点。     

不同改性方法对酒糟生物炭理化性质及其吸附能力的影响

本文以酒糟生物炭为供试材料,比较研究了化学活化改性法(HNO₃、NaOH和H₂O₂)、有机改性法(海藻酸钠和柠檬酸)以及金属盐或金属氧化物改性法(FeCl₃和Fe₂O₃)对酒糟生物炭理化性质及其吸附性能的影响,为制备高吸附性能生物炭提供理论依据。实验结果表明:(1)不同改性方法对酒糟生物炭吸附Cd(Ⅱ)能力影响较大。吸附实验结果显示,FeCl₃改性(C₁)显著降低酒糟生物炭的吸附能力,其他改性方法均提高生物炭的吸附能力。选取三类改性方法中吸附作用最好的一种进行比较,其中Fe₂O₃改性碳(C₂)对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附作用最强,H₂O₂改性炭(A₃)次之,柠檬酸改性炭(B₂)效果最差,三种改性生物炭与对照相比分别提高了30.45%、13.49%和10.4%。(2)生物炭...     

天然高分子材料研究进展

综述了近年来天然高分子材料的研究进展。主要介绍纤维素、木质素、淀粉、甲壳素、壳聚糖、其它多糖、蛋白质以及天然橡胶等天然高分子通过化学、物理方法以及纳米技术改性制备具有各种功能及生物可降解性环境友好材料的研究状况,并对此类新材料的应用前景进行了展望。     

草酸改性空气凤梨生物炭吸附甲醛的机理研究

探究草酸改性园林废弃物类生物炭对溶液中甲醛的吸附效率和固定的机理,为园林废弃物类生物炭在甲醛污染控制方面的应用提供科学依据。利用马弗炉在低氧条件下将空气凤梨原材料和草酸改性后的原材料制备成生物炭。然后利用实验室模拟法,研究不同反应时间、甲醛浓度、pH对生物炭吸附效果的影响,并分析草酸改性如何提高园林废弃物类生物炭对甲醛的吸附性能。(1)生物炭对乙酰丙酮和酚试剂两种甲醛检测方法的精度有影响,对乙酰丙酮检测法的影响较小;(2)相比于未改性生物炭,草酸改性通过酸化分解杂质能够使改性生物炭比表面积提高约17倍,孔隙体积增加195.9%;(3)草酸改性后生物炭对甲醛的吸附量为11.6 mg g^-1,比未改性生物炭提高了12.95%,并且在60 min时趋于吸附平衡的状态;(4)Boehm滴定法表明草酸改性能够显著提高制备后生物炭上的官能团(羧基51.8%,羰基13.7%和内酯基35.9%),但酚羟基(4.5%)含量增加不明显,而相关性分析证实比表面积、羧基和内酯基官能团的增加是提高生物炭吸附甲醛的主要因素。实验证明,空气凤梨制备成生物炭用于溶液中甲醛的吸附是可行的,并且草酸改性能够进一步通过官能团提高其吸附能力,这为园林废物资源化利用提供了新的思路。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.