膜与膜反应器:现状、挑战与机遇

膜与膜反应器是实现物质高效分离、反应/分离耦合的重要技术手段,在缓解能源、环境和资源所面临的重大问题方面发挥着日益重要的作用.本文根据膜孔大小和传质分离机理将膜分为大孔膜、微孔膜和致密膜三类,评述了不同种类分离膜的最新研究进展,探讨了进一步发展所面临的瓶颈和可能取得突破的方向,并对近年来以这三类膜为"芯片"的膜反应器在化学工程领域取得的研究进展进行了重点介绍,最后指出膜与膜反应器未来发展应重点关注的领域.     

一种新型有序超薄有机膜—自组膜

本文比较全面地综述了目前国际上研究比较热门的课题，一种新型有序超薄有机膜－自组膜。首先比较了自组膜和ＬＢ膜，主要从膜的特征和分类，膜的结构、表征技术等方面对自组膜的研究进行了综述。着重阐述了最有代表性的硫醇在金上的单分子层自组膜。     

氯化锂为添加剂制得的疏水聚偏氟乙烯不对称微孔膜的形态结构及其膜蒸馏性能

结合膜的形态结构研究了以 LiCl为添加剂制得的疏水 PVDF膜的膜蒸馏性能。与来用水溶液高分子添加剂制得的PVDF微孔膜相比,膜蒸馏性能有了较大提高,尤其具有更高的截留率。制得的微孔膜的蒸馏通量已接近商品膜的膜蒸馏通量,表明以LiCl为添加剂制得的PVDF疏水微孔膜是一种适用于膜蒸馏的较理想的疏水微孔膜。     

由有机LB膜制备无机超薄膜

无机超薄膜的优异性能引起人们的广泛兴趣，本文介绍几种由有机ＬＢ膜制备无机超薄膜的方法。     

有机液体优先透过渗透汽化膜及其过程

本文回顾了近０年来有机液体优先透过渗透汽化膜的研究与发展状况。包括各种欲分离体系及膜材料的选择、膜的渗透汽化特征表征、影响膜分离性能的各种因素，以及近年来有机液体优先透过ＰＶ膜的一些研究成果。     

膜催化研究 Ⅱ.多孔无机膜的制备与表征及其反应器对甲醇脱氢反应的促进作用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多孔氧化铝膜,并通过DSC、TGA、SEM、N_2吸附和气体透过率测定等手段,对膜的性能进行了表征.结果表明,用这种方法制备的多孔氧化铝膜是一种均匀无裂痕和具有较窄孔径分布(约4nm)的膜材料.将此多孔氧化铝膜制成膜反应器后,用于甲醇催化脱氢制甲醛的反应,发现甲醇转化率比常规反应器有较大幅度的提高.同时首次尝试采用溶胶-凝胶法将催化活性组分直接负载到多孔氧化铝膜上,从而得到了一种具有催化活性的多孔膜,并考察了它的反应活性.文中对由这两种多孔膜及钯/陶瓷复合膜制成的反应器的特点进行了比较.     

融合膜光下电子传递、质子传导与ATP合成的关系

融合膜重建ATP合成,而未见介质△pH,本文利用不同检测手段,重现了这一现象。通过类囊体膜与嵴膜的组合膜系,研究了光下质子动态变化,证明了这种膜系的光合磷酸化活力有随嵴膜组合量的增加而增加的现象,而介质△pH,9-AA荧光淬灭效应,和囊内中性红吸收变化却相反,随嵴膜组合量的增加而下降。对此现象,从融合膜中电子传递、质子传导与ATP合成的关系进行了分析和论证。     

金属离子提取的支撑型液膜稳定性:膜材料研究进展

支撑液膜是一种结合膜材料与萃取体系的高效率分离技术.然而在使用过程中,溶剂与萃取载体从多孔支撑体中流失和多孔膜材料在有机相载体中不稳定,导致支撑液膜通量的衰减或选择性降低,支撑液膜表现为不稳定,目前尚未见工业化的成功案例.本文简要介绍了支撑液膜不稳定机理,从膜材料角度,综述了提高支撑液膜稳定性的方法.重点介绍了液膜凝胶...     

亲水膜的表面改性及在膜蒸馏中的应用

膜的微孔性和疏水性是水溶液膜蒸馏的两个基本条件,迄今人们均采用疏水性高分子材料制成疏水微孔膜用于膜蒸馏研究。本文采用辐照接枝聚合和等离子体表面聚合的方法,将亲水的醋酸纤维素微孔膜和硝酸纤维素微孔膜表面疏水化改性,成功地用于膜蒸馏研究,大大扩展了疏水微孔膜的材料来源。实验结果表明,亲水膜表面改性得到的疏水膜,其膜蒸馏性能不低于疏水材料制成的膜,尤其是等离子体聚合法可以实现多种特殊单体在多孔的材料表面聚合,成为制备高性能疏水微孔膜的有效手段,为膜蒸馏的深入发展和实用化创造了有利条件。     

“膜”法世界——膜材料的发展与应用*

膜材料作为新材料“十三五”规划专项工程之一,在工业和日常生活中起着非常重要的作用。依据材质不同,介绍了现有常见的有机膜、无机膜、新型膜材料,阐述了近年来膜在水处理、气体分离、电池隔膜和燃料电池等方面的应用发展,说明了膜材料在疫情防护材料中的用途,并对膜材料未来的发展做了总结和展望。     

Impedance Characterization of Adsorption Process of Calmodulin on Au Substrate and its Combination with Ca~(2+)

Recently, the adsorption behavior of protein on solid substrate has attracted much attention for the reason that adsorption on a substrate is the first key step for other further electrochemical investigation1. Meanwhile the free adsorption could provide a relative well-ordered structure, with which some fundamental study could be carried out conveniently2. As we know, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method has become one of the powerful techniques to detect the change of i…     

硫醇在金电极上的SA单分子层膜的电化学研究

金基底上的硫醇自组装单分子层膜(Self-asembledmonolayers,SAMs)具有良好的稳定性和有序性,因此在基础研究及应用技术等领域都受到了广泛的重视^[1].通过电化学方法测定自组装膜对溶液中电活性物质的异向电子转移的阻碍作用.     

Study on surface acid-base property of carboxylic acid-terminated self-assembled monolayers by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spec-troscopy were used to study the surface acid-base property of carboxylic acid-terminated self-assembled monolayers(SAMs).A carboxylic acid-terminated thiol,such as thioctic acid(1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid),was self-assembled on gold electrodes.Electron transfer between the bulk solution and the SAM modified electrode was studied at different pH using Fe(CN)63-as a probe.The surface pka of thioctic acid was determined by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to be 5.6 ±0.1 and 5.8±0.1,respectively.The method is compared with other methods of monolayer pKa measurement.     

Electrochemical Study of Schiff Bases by Means of Self‐Assembled Monolayers

In this paper, Schiffbases were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance electrochemical spectroscopy (EIS) techniques by means of self‐assembled monolayers for the first time, where a 0.1 M KCl solution and the redox couple of Fe(CN)₆^3?/Fe(CN)₆^4?were used as the electrolyte and probing‐pin, respectively. The monolayers formed by the employed Schiff base were proved to be relatively stable, and its electrochemical response in the studied system with different pH values was also de scribed clearly with CV and EIS plots. The results show that the monolayer of Schiff bases could exist in the solution with pH value from 2 to 10. In the EIS measurement in the concentration range from 10^?5 M to 5× 10^?4 M, a nearly linear relation ship between the charge transfer resistance (R_ct) and the logarithm concentration of Cu²+was observed, suggesting that Cu²+ could be titrated with the EIS method quasi‐quantitatively. The phenomenon agreed with the former report very well. Using the self‐assembled monolayers to study Schiff bases with the electrochemical method is the major contribution of our work.     

极化时间对含疏基席夫碱自组装膜的影响

交流阻抗;极化时间对含疏基席夫碱自组装膜的影响     

Self‐Assembling of Hybrid Prussian Blue Units in Cinder Matrix: Characterization and Electrocatalysis

Industrial waste cinder (CFe*) has been utilized as a stable anchoring matrix for self‐assembling of Fe(CN)₆^3? as hybrid Prussian blue units (PB, *Fe³⁺Fe^II(CN)₆) on a screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPE) for efficient catalytic applications. The waste cinder was found to be a composite of calcium and iron silicates similar to glass matrix by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) study. The hybrid PB formations were confirmed by both FT‐IR and electrochemical methods. Most importantly, the free iron (Fe*) ion bound to the non‐bridging oxygen terminals of the silicates was found to play a key role in the PB formation. The self‐assembled PB hybrid on the cinder‐modified screen‐printed electrodes (designated as PBCFe*‐SPE) improved linear detection range and sensitivity for H₂O₂ mediated oxidation than those obtained at a classical PB‐SPE in 0.1 M, pH 2 KCl/HCl base electrolyte at 0.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) by amperometric batch analysis.     

Changes of electrochemical responses of the bulk solution species by thermotropic permeability of liquid crystalline membranes coated on electrodes

Liquid crystalline/polymer composite membrane-coated electrodes were prepared by casting a 1,2-dichloroethane solution of N-(4-ethoxybenzylidene)-4′-n-butylaniline (EBBA) and polycarbonate (PC) on an electrode surface. The temperature-dependence of the permeability of the EBBA/PC composite membrane on electrodes to Fe(CN)^3?₆ ion as a solution-phase redox ion was investigated by means of hydrodynamic voltammetry at a rotating disk electrode. The permeability changed with temperature over the range of the crystalline-nematic-phase transition temperature of EBBA. It is demonstrated that the observed temperature-dependence of the permeability reflects the thermotropic properties of EBBA in the EBBA/PC composite membrane. Furthermore, the dependence of the limiting current of the steady-state current-potential curves for the reduction of Fe(CN)^—₆ at the EBBA/PC composite membrane-coated electrode upon the membrane thickness, the blend ratio of EBBA and PC and the concentration of Fe(CN)^3?₆ in a bulk solution was examined in order to understand the transport process of Fe(CN)^?3₆ through the EBBA/PC composite membrane from the membrane/solution interface to the electrode/membrane interface. The transport process of Fe(CN)^3?₆ within the membrane was found to obey Fick's Law.     

Self‐Assembly Mechanism of Nanoparticles of Ni‐Based Prussian Blue Analogues at the Air/Liquid Interface: A Synchrotron X‐ray Reflectivity Study

Prussian Blue analogue (PBA) nanoparticles can be self‐assembled at air/liquid interfaces to build novel materials with interesting magnetic features. Herein, we study the influence of the size of PBA Cs_0.4Ni[Cr(CN)₆]_0.9 and K_0.25Ni[Fe(CN)₆]_0.75 nanoparticles on the self‐assembly behavior by synchrotron X‐ray reflectivity. Both nanoparticles show similar Z‐potential values. The phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and the amino surfactant dimethyldioctadecylammonium have been used as Langmuir monolayers to anchor the PBA nanoparticles and study the interplay of forces directing the self‐assembly of the nanoparticles at the surfactant/liquid interface. Whereas Cs_0.4Ni[Cr(CN)₆]_0.9 nanoparticles with a diameter of 8 nm form an incomplete layer at the surfactant/water interface, the larger K_0.25Ni[Fe(CN)₆]_0.75 nanoparticles with a diameter of 20 nm generate complete layers that can be stacked to one another. The size of the PBA nanoparticles is the main parameter determining the final arrangement at the air/liquid interface, due to the different extent of interparticle interaction. This study aims at the rationale design of PBA nanoparticles for an effective interfacial self‐assembly, ultimately leading to functional materials.     

Aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes array electrode:Fabrication,characterization and application

In the presence of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(EDC)and N-hydroxysuccinimide(NHS), carboxylic group-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)were assembled vertically on the glassy carbon electrode using ethylenediamine as linking agent to fabricate an aligned electrode(SWNTE).The morphological characteristic was studied with atomic force microscope(AFM)and its electrochemical property was investigated using K_3[Fe(CN)_6]as probe. ssDNA had a sensitive voltammetr...     

Atomic Force Microscopic and Electrochemical Investigations of an Electrostatically Fabricated Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes Modified Electrode

Single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) sub‐monolayer film has been prepared by simply electrostatically adsorbing nanotubes onto a 2‐aminoethanethiol self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) on a gold bead electrode. Tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy (TM‐AFM) is used to characterize the SWNT film, which exhibits that the orientation of SWNTs on the SAM is horizontal and the surface coverage is quite low. The SWNTs modified electrode shows nearly ideal electrochemical response to Fe(CN) /Fe(CN) redox probe. The electrode with such a low SWNTs coverage, however, shows good electrocatalytic behavior to cytochrome c.