活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂的表征及其催化性能

研究了活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂的表征及在丁基多苷合成中的催化性能.活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂采用浸渍法制备,并用FT-IR光谱、XRD光谱、SEM等手段进行了表征.结果表明,磷钨酸负载到活性炭后保持了原有的Keggin结构,它在载体上的吸附过程可以分为单分子吸附、多分子吸附和体相堆积三个阶段.在丁基多苷合成反应中,催化剂负载量、磷钨酸溶脱量、葡萄糖转化率之间有较复杂的关系.杂多酸溶脱量随负载量增大而增大,转化率与杂多酸溶脱量之间没有直接联系.催化剂负载量在5%到60%之间变化时,控制催化活性的主要因素分别是催化剂酸量、比表面积、游离的杂多酸量.最佳负载量为20%.     

杂多酸在活性炭表面含氧基团上的化学键合作用

杂多酸作为一种新型多功能催化剂，近年来匕成为催化领域的研究热点之一［’l杂多酸在均相对许多反应表现出优异催化性能，正逐步为工业催化过程所采用问．较早的研究表明，吸附在活性炭上的杂多酸可部分牢固地存留干其表面不被溶脱，并可保持一定的催化活性＊．关干活性炭表面上杂多酸吸附作用的本质，一直没有明确的结论．本文通过吸附在活性炭表面和溶于含氧有机溶剂中杂多酸的光谱特征，探讨活性炭表面上杂多酸吸附的化学键合作用．1实验部分（且）药品：杂多酸均为市售商品，未经任何处理，直接使用．硅钨酸分子式为儿出风。0。。‘24…     

活性炭表面固载十二硅钨酸的表征

活性炭表面固载十二硅钨酸的表征王新平，叶兴凯，吴越（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所，长春１３００２２）关键词硅钨酸，杂多酸，活性炭，负载型催化剂，表征由于杂多酸的优异催化性能，近年来其固载化的研究深受人们的关注［１］．活性炭是固载杂多酸较好的载体之一［...     

杂多酸在活性炭上的固载化Ⅱ.几种国产活性炭的表面性质对…

本文研究了四种具有Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构的杂多酸在五种国产改性活性炭载体上的吸附作用。实验结果表明，不同的杂多酸在活性炭上的吸附量不同的，并且不同的活性炭对杂多酸的吸附等温线和吸附能力出不同。活性炭的表面化学性质显著地影响杂多酸在其上吸附。     

杂多酸的固载化─关于制备负载型酸催化剂的一般原理

杂多酸同时具有酸和氧化－还原的催化特性，有着很广泛的应用前景．这类化合物在一系列精细合成中取代硫酸作为催化剂以满足环保的要求，显示出了很大的潜力．杂多酸固载化后，不仅能在液相氧化和酸催化反应中把催化剂从反应介质中很方便地分离出来，而且还为这类均相催化反应的多相化，甚至利用催化蒸馏新工艺等创造了应有的条件，可以使生产工艺大大简化，获得更广泛的应用．本文以很好表征过的多种孔性材料，包括氧化物，如Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３、ＳｉＯ_２、ＴｉＯ_２、硅藻土、膨润土和来源不同的活性炭为载体，考察了负载杂多酸催化剂的催化活性．在大量前期工作的基础上，通过总结载体对固载杂多酸催化活性的影响等，探讨载体的内在性质在杂多酸固载、吸附和催化反应中的作用本质，为由吸附法制备各种负载型固体酸催化剂在液相中的应用提供可资参考的模型．     

杂多酸在活性炭上的固载化 Ⅱ．几种国产活性炭的表面性质对杂多酸吸附作用的影响

本文研究了四种具有Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构的杂多酸在五种国产改性活性炭载体上的吸附作用．实验结果表明，不同的杂多酸在活性炭上的吸附量是不同的，并且不同的活性炭对杂多酸的吸附等温线和吸附能力也不同．活性炭的表面化学性质显著地影响杂多酸在其上的吸附。     

柠檬酸对Ru/AC氨合成催化剂结构和活性的影响

使用柠檬酸(CA)修饰石墨化活性炭(AC)和钌以改善Ru/AC催化剂中钌粒子的尺寸分布和催化剂的活性, 并通过透射电镜(TEM)、热重分析(TGA)、CO化学吸附和N2物理吸附等方法研究了柠檬酸对AC和Ru/AC催化剂织构、钌的分散度和催化剂的活性等性质的影响. 结果表明, 负载的柠檬酸优先吸附于活性炭微孔, 少量柠檬酸即可大幅度降低活性炭的比表面积, 增加活性炭表面含氧官能团的数量, 改善了钌粒子分布. 最佳负载顺序是柠檬酸和氯化钌依次负载. 在活性炭中添加适量的柠檬酸对催化剂的低温活性有显著影响. 柠檬酸处理后的Ru/AC催化剂活性最大提高幅度为21.4%.     

介孔硅担载磷钨杂多酸催化剂的制备及其对环戊烯氧化反应的催化性能

采用离子交换法将Keggin型12-磷钨杂多酸负载到表面胺基化的介孔SBA-15分子筛上,并利用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱和热重分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,所制备催化剂具有SBA-15分子筛的有序六方孔道结构,负载后的磷钨杂多酸的Keggin结构未遭到破坏,所制备催化剂...     

杂多酸的固载化及其催化合成醋酸脂肪醇酯

本文研究了活性炭对磷钼钨杂多酸的固载化方法 ,结果发现使用蒸发法进行固载 ,当活性炭与磷钼钨杂多酸的质量比为 1∶0 75时 ,所得固载型杂多酸的催化效果最好。利用所制备的活性炭固载杂多酸型催化剂探讨了醋酸与各种一元脂肪醇的酯化反应 ,发现该催化剂对醋酸脂肪醇酯的合成均具有较好的催化效果 ,并且重复使用 4次 ,催化活性仍较高     

杂多酸在活性炭上的固载化Ⅲ．活性炭在酸性介质中对钨硅杂多酸（SiW_（12））的吸附

在氢离子浓度均为３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的硫酸，盐酸，磷酸，醋酸水溶液中和冰醋酸中研究了具有Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构的硅钨杂多酸（ＳｉＷ＿（１２））在不同来源活性炭上的吸附作用。各活性炭对ＳｉＷ＿（１２）吸附等温线的形式是不相同的，吸附剂载体的微孔结构以及杂多酸的溶剂化起着重要的作用。并且在无机酸介质中，杂多酸的吸附量比在水溶液中成规律性地增加，且与酸强度成正比关系。在有机酸介质中，吸附作用比较复杂。根据所得结果，提出了在酸性介质中杂多酸在活性炭表面的吸附模型。     

Chemical Immobilization of Heteropolyacid Catalyst on Inorganic Mesoporous Material for use as an Oxidation Catalyst

Recent progress on the chemical immobilization of heteropolyacid (HPA) catalyst on inorganic mesoporous material is reported in this review. Mesostructured cellular foam silica, mesoporous carbon, and nitrogen-containing mesoporous carbon were used as supporting materials. The mesoporous materials were modified to have a positive charge, and thus, to provide sites for the immobilization of HPA catalyst. By taking advantage of the overall negative charge of heteropolyanion, the HPA catalyst was chemically immobilized on the surface-modified mesoporous material as a charge-compensating component. Characterization results showed that the HPA catalyst was finely and molecularly dispersed on the surface of mesoporous material via strong chemical immobilization, and that the pore structure of mesoporous material was still maintained even after the immobilization of HPA catalyst. The supported HPA catalysts were applied to the model vapor-phase ethanol conversion, 2-propanol conversion, and methacrolein oxidation reactions. The supported HPA catalyst showed a better oxidation catalytic activity than the unsupported HPA catalyst in the model reactions. The enhanced oxidation catalytic performance of the supported HPA catalyst was attributed to the finely dispersed HPA catalyst, which was chemically immobilized on the positive site of mesoporous material by sacrificing its proton (Brönsted acid site). The HPA catalyst chemically immobilized on mesoporous material served as an excellent oxidation catalyst.     

Catalytic Chemistry of Supported Heteropolyacids and Their Applications as Solid Acids to Industrial Processes

This article reviews recent research and development of supported heteropolyacid (HPA) catalysts; focusing on the acidic and catalytic properties. First the basic knowledge of solid HPAs is provided briefly to facilitate understanding of heterogeneous catalysis of HPAs. Secondly, the structure as well as the physical and chemical properties of supported HPA catalysts is described. Especially the layer structure of HPA dispersed on the surface of SiO₂ and the changes in the surface acidity with the loading level of HPA are discussed. For this purpose, temperature programmed desorption of benzonitrile devised by Okuhara and Kamiya’s group is useful. This method is capable to assess the surface acidity of the supported HPA, which controls the catalytic activity for the reactions proceeding by surface-type catalysis. Then, two new industrial processes developed by Showa Denko K. K. are described; (i) production of ethyl acetate from ethylene and acetic acid and (ii) oxidation of ethylene to acetic acid. Supported HPA catalysts are utilized for both processes, which were recently much improved by finely controlling the catalysts and reaction conditions.     

Studies on the Adsorption and Dissociation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide on Nickel

The adsorption and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide for reforming on nickel catalysts were extensively investigated by TPSR, TPD, XPS and pulse reaction methods. These studies showed that the decomposition of methane results in the formation of at least three kinds of surface carbon species on supported nickel catalysts. Carbidic Cα, carbonaceous Cβ and carbidic clusters Cγ surface carbon species formed by the decomposition of methane demonstrated different surface mobility, thermal stability and reactivity. Carbidic Cα is a very active and important intermediate in carbon dioxide reforming with methane, and the carbidic clusters Cγ species might be the precursor of surface carbon deposition. The partially dehydrogenated Cβ species can react with H2 or CO2 to form CH4 or CO. On the other hand, it was proven that CO2 can be weakly adsorbed on supported nickel catalysts, and only one kind of CO2 adsorption state is formed. The interaction mechanism between the species dissociated from CH4 and CO2 during reforming was then hypothesized.     

Ultradispersed diamond as a new carbon support for hydrodechlorination catalysts

The properties of palladium and nickel catalysts supported on ultradispersed diamond (UDD) were studied in the vapor-phase hydrodechlorination (HDC) reaction of chlorobenzene and the multiphase HDC of polychlorobenzenes. The catalysts on UDD exhibited a number of advantages: the vapor-phase HDC of chlorobenzene on Ni/UDD occurred at lower temperatures, and the multiphase HDC of chlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, and 2,4,8-trichlorodibenzofuran on Pd/UDD occurred more rapidly than that on catalysts supported on activated carbon. The structure of the catalysts and the electronic states of the active components were studied using IR spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, and adsorption techniques. It was found that the properties of the catalysts depend on the electronic state of palladium, which depends on its concentration in the sample; the structural properties, which are responsible for the accessibility of the active surface to adsorption; and the presence of other metal impurities.     

Propyne and 1,3-butadiene adsorption and co-adsorption over palladium catalysts

The adsorption of propyne, 1,3-butadiene and the co-adsorption of propyne and 1,3-butadiene has been studied over a series of palladium catalysts. The adsorption of propyne shows a “secondary” adsorption region typical of hydrocarbon adsorption over supported metal catalysts. Hydrogenation occurs via the hydrogen associated with the β-palladium hydride formed during reduction. A support effect is seen with the titania support reducing the stability of the palladium hydride resulting in a lower hydrogen concentration in the titania supported hydrides. The behaviour of 1,3-butadiene is similar to that found with propyne. The catalyst with the lowest dispersion, as measured by carbon monoxide adsorption, has the highest butadiene adsorption and vice versa, whereas propyne adsorption followed the same trend as carbon monoxide. This behaviour is linked to the mode of adsorption and site requirements. Sequential adsorption revealed that the catalysts had sites that were specific to each adsorbate. Co-adsorption revealed a reduction in adsorption for both gases but with a larger reduction for 1,3-butadiene due to site requirements.     

Gas chromatographic kinetic study of carbon monoxide oxidation over platinum-rhodium alloy catalysts.

The kinetics for the oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of excess oxygen over Pt-Rh alloy catalysts were studied by using the reversed-flow gas chromatography technique. Suitable mathematical analysis equations were derived by means of which the rate constants for the oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide, as well as for the adsorption and desorption of the reactant CO on the catalysts pure Pt, 75 atom% Pt+25 atom% Rh, 50 atom% Pt+50 atom% Rh, 25 atom% Pt+75 atom% Rh and pure Rh supported on SiO2 were determined. All the catalysts show a maximum rate constant for the production of CO2 at a characteristic temperature close to that found in the literature. The rate constants for the adsorption of CO increase generally with increasing temperature, while those for the desorption decrease with increasing temperature. From the variation of the rate constants with temperature activation energies for the oxidation reaction and adsorption of CO were determined, which are sensitive to the composition of the catalytic surface. The appearance of CO2 and carbon, when introducing pure CO into the column with the catalysts, verified a partial dissociative adsorption (e.g., disproportionation) of CO on the catalysts used. The latter indicates a mechanism for the CO oxidation through a partial dissociative adsorption of CO followed by the reaction of adsorbed CO molecules with adsorbed O atoms.     

FT-IR Study of Carbon Nanotube Supported Co-Mo Catalysts

In this paper, adsorption properties of dibenzothiophene (DBT) on carbon nanotube, carbonnanotube supported oxide state and sulfide state CoMo catalysts are studied by using thermal gravi-metric analysis (TGA) technique and FT-IR spectroscopy. Activated carbon support, 7-A1203 supportand supported CoMo catalysts are also subjected to studies for comparison. It was found that sulfidestate CoMoS/MWCNT, CoMoS/AC and CoMoS/γ-A12O3 catalysts adsorbed much more DBT moleculesthan their corresponding oxide state catalysts, as well as their corresponding supports. The chemicallyadsorbed DBT aromatic molecules did not undergo decomposition on the surface of supports, supportedoxide state CoMo catalysts and sulfide state CoMo catalysts when out-gassing at 373 K. FT-IR results indicated that DBT molecules mainly stand upright on the active sites (acid sites and/or transition active phases) of CoMoS/MWCNT catalyst. However, DBT aromatic molecules mainly lie flat on MWCNT and CoMoO/MWCNT.     

硅钨杂多酸在中孔全硅分子筛HMS上的固载及其催化性能

用十二烷基胺代替传统的季铵盐合成了中孔全硅分子筛ＨＭＳ，并将硅钨杂多酸浸渍固载在ＨＭＳ上，用ＸＲＤ，ＦＴ－ＩＲ以及ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ等手段对ＨＭＳ及不同负载量的焙烧温度的负载论剂进行了表征，即使在固载量为５０％的ＳｉＷ１２／ＨＭＳ中，ＳｉＷ１２仍保持其Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构产均匀分布在载体表面上，没有ＳｉＷ１２晶相生成，同时，在气－固相反应体系中研究了固载在ＨＭＳ上的ＳｉＷ１２在合成乙酸丁酯中的催化性能，实     

The particle size effect on the oxygen reduction reaction activity of Pt catalysts: influence of electrolyte and relation to single crystal models

The influence of particle size on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of Pt was examined in three different electrolytes: two acidic solutions, with varying anionic adsorption strength (HClO(4) < H(2)SO(4)); and an alkaline solution (KOH). The experiments show that the absolute ORR rate is dependent on the supporting electrolyte; however, the relationship between activity and particle size is rather independent of the supporting electrolyte. The specific activity (SA) toward the ORR rapidly decreases in the order of polycrystalline Pt > unsupported Pt black particles (~30 nm) > high surface area (HSA) carbon supported Pt nanoparticle catalysts (of various size between 1 and 5 nm). In contrast to previous work, it is highlighted that the difference in SA between the individual HSA carbon supported catalysts (1 to 5 nm) is rather trivial and that the main challenge is to understand the significant differences in SA between the polycrystalline Pt, unsupported Pt particles, and HSA carbon supported Pt catalysts. Finally, a comparison between measured and modeled activities (based on the distribution of surface planes and their SAs) for different particle sizes indicates that such simple models do not capture all aspects of the behavior of HSA carbon supported catalysts.