基于石油烃特征比值的多元统计方法进行原油鉴别

基于原油中有生源意义的生物标志物及原油特征多环芳烃的特征比值,采用主成分分析和聚类分析法,对渤海3个不同区块的4种原油,以及其中1种原油风化7d、15d和30d的风化油样和陆地油田1和陆地油田2各1种原油进行鉴别。结果显示:利用主成分分析和聚类分析可以实现大量油样的快速分类鉴别,不仅可以对差异较大的原油进行区分,还可以对原始原油及其风化原油进行很好分辨,但对差异较小的原油,两种分析方法的分辨能力仍有一定局限性。     

基于主成分和支持向量机浓度参量同步荧光光谱油种鉴别

基于浓度参量同步荧光光谱技术,对不同溢油类型不同油源原油样品集、引入外扰相似油源样品集进行光谱数据采集,获取其浓度同步荧光光谱矩阵Concentration-Synchronous-Matrix-Fluorescence(CSMF),利用主成分分析方法对两套不同层次的原油相关样品集进行了多类分类识别。结果表明:主成分载荷图可以很好地反映各个原油相关样品在油源上的相似程度,结合支持向量机可以实现不同溢油类型及不同油源原油的准确分类,对于引入风化和海水外扰相似油源溢油样品集,两类分类区分的结果远远高于多类分类识别的结果。通过详细的主成分分析讨论,为溢油油种鉴别提供了一种利用多类分类识别,逐步缩减嫌疑样本数量,最后通过两两分类实现溢油样品准确识别的新思路。     

原油及重油的快速分析技术进展

近年来,随着我国原油加工量的不断增加,加工难度的不断增大,原油快速评价问题日益受到重视.原油评价是指在全面分析原油的物理及化学性质的基础上,对原油的可加工性能及加工过程中可能出现的问题进行综合分析的过程.目前飞速发展的计算机技术及仪器分析技术,为原油快评技术奠定了良好的基础.该文以不同分析方法进行分类,介绍了近红外光谱(NIR)、中红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振波谱(NMR)及其他分析方法在原油和重油快速分析领域的技术进展.     

原油中环烷酸的分离与分析方法研究进展

综述原油中环烷酸的分离与分析方法。分离方法包括化学反应分离、吸附分离以及利用某些金属氧化物或过渡金属盐络合物分离的方法等。分析方法主要叙述了质谱分析法。     

两种轻烃分析方法(“PTV切割反吹”和“顶空”)的对比研究

 建立了“程序升温蒸发进样器 (PTV)切割反吹”和“顶空”两种有关原油中轻烃的分析方法 ,色谱柱的使用寿命长、分析周期短 ,原油中 < ,将原油直接注入汽化室所得的分析数据较可靠 ,并对引起误差的原因进行了探讨。指出用这两种方法所获得的数据是不能合在一起作地化研究的 ) % 5 2 1%～ ( 19个地化参数的相对误差范围约为± 10个油样用两种分析方法所得 6个油区的 ,还报道了采自我国 ,并有良好的重复性。。     

基于原油中金刚烷指纹半定量分析进行原油鉴别

采用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,建立了原油中金刚烷化合物内标法半定量的分析方法,确定了基于谱图特征和计算保留指数的组分定性方法,对26种单金刚烷、双金刚烷化合物进行了定性与定量分析.对不同地理位置海上油井平台6个原油金刚烷指纹进行了分析.研究表明,原油中单金刚烷总含量在200～1200 μg/g之间,双金刚烷总...     

碳稳定同位素比质谱法对中东原油的鉴别

采用气相色谱/稳定同位素比质谱法(GC/IRMS)对具有相似化学特征的科威特、阿联酋、沙特以及伊拉克产的原油中正构烷烃(n-C10～n-C24)的碳稳定同位素比δ(13C/12C)进行了分析,通过原油单体烃分布趋势对比、主成分归类、同位素比值与诊断比例(Diagnostic ratio,DR)联用等方法对4种原油进行了鉴别。结果表明,沙特与伊拉克所产原油、科威特与阿联酋所产原油的单体烃分布趋势相似,且主成分相近,采用同位素比值与诊断比例联用法成功地对它们进行溯源。结果表明,沙特与伊拉克所产原油的δ(13C/12C)值以及DR(n-C17/pristane(Pr)、n-C18/phytane(Ph)、Pr/Ph)相近,说明它们具有相同的母质类型及沉积环境,属于同一种原油;科威特与阿联酋所产原油的δ(13C/12C)值相似,而DR明显不同,表明其母质类型及成熟度不同,属于不同种原油。本研究所采用的分析技术也适用于其它原油的溯源研究。     

原油标准物质中钒、钴、镍和铅的电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定

本文报道了电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定原油标准物质中V、Co、Ni、Pb的分析方法。优化了仪器操作参数，考察了测定中的谱干扰。所建立的方法快速、灵敏、准确。对原油标准物质进行了测定，分析结果与推荐值相吻合。方法的相对标准偏差为2％～11％。     

气流吹扫-注射器微萃取-全二维气相色谱法用于原油组分的表征

建立了气流吹扫-注射器微萃取（GP-MSE）与全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱（GC×GC/TOFMS）联用分析原油成分的方法。为了找到适用于原油样品分析的GP-MSE条件,用饱和烃混合标准溶液和15种芳烃的混合标准溶液进行了条件优化,得到的最佳条件如下:取样量5 mg、萃取溶剂正己烷20 μ L、载气流速2 mL/min、加热时间3 min、加热温度300 ℃、冷凝温度-2 ℃。处理后的样品在全二维色谱/飞行时间质谱上进样分析,得到了满意结果。方法的检出限为34~93 μg/L,线性相关系数（R²）>0.99,对50种烃类化合物的回收率在82.0%~107.3%之间,相对标准偏差<10%（n=5）。结果表明GP-MSE-GC×GC/TOFMS法是一种新型绿色、高效、灵敏的分析方法,非常适合原油中挥发性与半挥发性组分的分析。     

微波消解试样-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定原油和渣油中铁、镍和铜

采用微波消解技术消解原油和渣油样品,研究了微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定原油和渣油中铁、镍和铜的方法。考察了最佳样品用量、酸用量、微波消解时间、消解压力、消解功率,确定了微波消解原油和渣油的最佳程序。此法样品损失少,酸用量少,降低了环境污染,所用时间缩短了3.5倍。测定结果与灰化法结果一致,铁、镍和铜的相对误差分别为1.6%,1.4%和1.6%。该方法简便、快速、准确,是一种绿色环保的分析方法。     

不饱和烃的理化性质与分子拓扑指数的关系研究

定义并分别求算了不饱和烃(烯烃、炔烃、烷基苯)的价键连通性指数和价键信息拓扑指数, 将拓扑指数分别与这些物质的标准生成热、标准熵、标准生成自由能等一系列理化性质相关联, 用计算机回归方法确定了不同性质的最佳函数形式。回归的复相关系数和重新计算的误差结果显示拓扑指数与理化性质具有优良的相关性。     

Application and comparison of algorithms for the evaluation of interferograms

Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) has been applied to the detection of organic vapours in air. A new algorithm for the evaluation of the resulting interferograms is discussed. The algorithm uses the full spectral information available for signal evaluation. The performance is compared to methods already published. The limits of detection for various hydrocarbons are given.     

Advantages and limitations of HPLC in environmental analysis

Summary The application of HPLC to environmental analysis is often hindered by difficulty not experienced in other areas of analysis. Usually the components being determined are at parts per million levels or less and are usually in sample matrices that can yield many interferences. In order to develop successful methodology the prime requirements for an HPLC system are column efficiency and the sensitivity and selectivity of the detection system. In this presentation, examples are given to illustrate how HPLC can be used to advantage by comparing it to gas chromatographic (GC) methods and even TLC methods. For many classes of compounds, such as halogenated hydrocarbons (pesticides, PCB’s, dioxins), the GC methods may be preferred. However, for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) HPLC with fluorescence detection has proven to be excellent for trace environmental analysis. Comparisons of HPLC with TLC for aflatoxins and with bioassays for paralytic shellfish toxins are made. Novel combinations such as headspace-HPLC analyses for SO₂ and HPLC-AA for organometallic compounds are discussed.     

Molecular mechanics calculations (MM3) on bicycloalkyl hydrocarbons

A series of bicycloalkyl hydrocarbons were studied using molecular mechanics methods (MM3), and the results were compared with the experimental data available. Five compounds were studied: bicyclopropyl, bicyclobutyl, bicyclopentyl, bicyclohexyl and 2,3-dimethylbutane. In general, the MM3 results are in good agreement with experimental values. Predicted structures and conformations are given for the bicyclopentyl previously uninvestigated experimentally.     

Superacid-Catalyzed Oxygenation of Alkanes. [New synthetic methods (26)]

Owing to the ready availability of the starting materials, the functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons for preparing chemical intermediates and products represents an attractive goal. The possibility of converting alkane in a controlled way into alcohols, ketones etc., i.e. to oxyfunctionalize them, is particularly challenging. After a short account of previous methods used for the oxidation of alkanes, particular emphasis will be given to recently developed reactions of alkanes with oxygenating agents in superacidic media.     

Electrochemical methods for monitoring of environmental carcinogens

The use of modern electroanalytical techniques, namely differential pulse polarography, differential pulse voltammetry on hanging mercury drop electrode or carbon paste electrode, adsorptive stripping voltammetry and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for the determination of trace amounts of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, azo compounds, heterocyclic compounds, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic and heterocyclic amines is discussed. Scope and limitations of these methods are described and some practical applications based on their combination with liquid-liquid or solid phase extraction are given.     

Role of the Adsorbed Oxygen Species in the Selective Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Alcohols and Carbonyls on Copper Electrodes

The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ into fuels has gained significant attention recently as source of renewable carbon‐based fuels. The unique high selectivity of copper in the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to hydrocarbons has called much interest in discovering its mechanism. In order to provide significant information about the role of oxygen in the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ on Cu electrodes, the conditions of the surface structure and the composition of the Cu single crystal electrodes were controlled over time. This was achieved using pulsed voltammetry, since the pulse sequence can be programmed to guarantee reproducible initial conditions for the reaction at every fraction of time and at a given frequency. In contrast to the selectivity of CO₂ reduction using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric methods, a large selection of oxygenated hydrocarbons was found under alternating voltage conditions. Product selectivity towards the formation of oxygenated hydrocarbon was associated to the coverage of oxygen species, which is surface‐structure‐ and potential‐dependent.     

Determination of light hydrocarbons dissolved in seawater

A practical method for the on board determination of light (C1-C4) hydrocarbons dissolved in seawater has been developed. The gaseous hydrocarbons in seawater were extracted quickly with a vacuum sparge tower and determined gas chromatographically. By using two cryogenic columns at dry ice-ethanol temperature (-80 degrees C) connected in series, it was possible to completely collect the hydrocarbons. The precision and sensitivity were comparable to that of previous methods. The analysis was completed within 45 min for one sample and the sample volume was 500 ml. The method was successfully applied to the northern North Pacific water collected in summer 1997. The concentrations of C2-C4 hydrocarbons in surface seawater ranged from several to several tens pmol l(-1), within the range of concentrations in previous studies.     

Effect of the Porous Structure of the Support and Modifying Cation on the Catalytic Properties of the Co/SiO2·M n + System in the Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide to Give Hydrocarbons

Data are given on the activity and selectivity of formation of C₅₊ hydrocarbons in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis depending on mean diameter of support pores (1.6-907 nm). The formation of C₅₊ hydrocarbons was found to be a function of the mean support pore diameter. The optimal value was 8-12.6 nm. The output and selectivity of formation of the hydrocarbons are also functions of the introduced cation.     

Elution Behavior of Low Molecular Weight Compounds in Gel Permeation Chromatography

Abstract

Elution behavior of organic compounds in gel permeation chromatography was investigated using chloroform as eluent. In aliphatic hydrocarbons, the elution counts decreased linearly with increasing the molecular volumes. In aromatic hydrocarbons, the relation between molecular volume and elution count slightly shifted toward lower counts. The elution counts in esters, ketones, amides, alcohols and carboxylic acids always fell in lower elution counts than expected by aliphatic hydrocarbons. This fact suggests that all these compounds are solvated by eluent molecules. Amines and chlorides exhibit an adsorption effect on cross-linked polystyrene gel. These compounds are eluted behind the corresponding hydrocarbons for given molecular volumes, which were obtained by dividing molecular weight by density.