测定川芎中有害金属元素的三种样品前处理方法的比较试验

用3种不同的样品前处理方法,即①常规湿法酸消解法、②微波加热酸消解法及③干灰化法分别对川芎样作前处理溶解,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)测定试液中铅、铜和镉的含量,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定试液中砷和汞的含量。结果表明:用方法①及方法③处理样品所得溶液中,铅、铜和镉的回收率在83.0%～121.0%之间,而汞和砷的回收率很低。在方法②处理样品所得溶液中,测得砷、铜、镉及汞的回收率达97.0%～127.0%之间,而铅的回收率较低,仅为51.8%。总之,方法①适合用于GF-AAS测定铅时的样品前处理,方法②宜用于HG-AFS测定汞和砷时的样品前处理,而方法③宜应用于GF-AAS测定铜及镉时的样品前处理。     

可溶性滤膜分离富集-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对水中痕量镉、铜、铅与锌的同时测定

基于金属离子与2-[5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮]-5-二乙氨基酚(5-Br-PADAP)形成的螯合物能被混合纤维素滤膜捕集,建立了可溶性滤膜分离富集ICP-AES法同时测定水中痕量镉(Ⅱ)、铜(Ⅱ)、铅(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)的新方法.研究了六通道多联装置同时进行过滤富集的可行性,考察了溶液介质酸度、螯合剂用量、共存离子等对分离富集的影响.在优化的实验条件下,100 mL水样中镉、铜、铅和锌的富集倍率分别为18、19、17和19,检出限(3σ,n=11)分别为0.04、0.15、0.44、0.06 μg/L.方法成功用于自来水和市售矿泉水样中镉、铜、铅和锌的测定,加标回收率为86% ～119%.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定有机肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞的含量

提出了用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定有机肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞等5种元素的方法。有机肥料样品(0.200 0~0.500 0g)加入硝酸10mL和过氧化氢溶液1mL,按程序升温微波消解,将消解液蒸发至2mL,用硝酸(1+99)溶液定容至50mL。用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定上述样液中的砷、镉、铅、铬、汞等元素。各元素的检出限(3.3s/k)为0.015~0.040mg·kg~(-1),测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于5.0%。按标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率在98.0%~101%之间。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定文丘里泥中铜、铅、砷、锑、铋、碲、汞

建立了测定文丘里泥中铜、铅、砷、锑、铋、碲和汞含量的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法。于180～300℃采用逆王水溶液、氟化氢铵溶液和酒石酸溶液分解试样，选用Cu 324.754 nm、Pb 216.996 nm、As 189.042 nm、Sb 206.883nm、Bi 190.234 nm、Te 214.281 nm、Hg 184.950 nm为分析谱线，以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定文丘里泥中铜、铅、砷、锑、铋、碲和汞含量。在最优的实验条件下，各元素校准曲线的相关系数均大于0.999。铜、铅、砷、锑、铋、碲和汞的检出限分别为0.000 3%、0.000 7%、0.000 4%、0.000 2%、0.000 8%、0.000 3%和0.000 4%。文丘里泥实际样品中铜、铅、砷、锑、铋、碲和汞测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.11%～3.5%(n=7)，加标回收率为95.0%～106%。     

自制四氧化三锰纳米粒子固相萃取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定蔬菜中铅和铜北大核心CSCD

采用自制四氧化三锰纳米粒子固相萃取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定蔬菜中铅和铜的含量。优化的固相萃取条件如下:(1)样品溶液的pH为4.0;(2)样品溶液的流量为1.0mL·min^(-1);(3)四氧化三锰纳米粒子的用量为50mg;(4)洗脱剂为3mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液,用量为2mL;(5)样品溶液的体积为20mL。铅和铜的线性范围依次为0.01~5.0,0.02~1.0μg·L^(-1),检出限(3s/k)依次为4,8ng·L^(-1)。加标回收率为80.0%~108%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)为0.94%~3.2%。     

原子吸收光谱法及原子荧光光谱法测定中药丹参中五种金属元素

丹参样品用浓硝酸-过氧化氢(5+1)混合溶液消解后,在优化的仪器工作条件下,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定所得样品溶液中铜的含量,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其中的铅和镉的含量,并用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定其中砷和汞的含量。5种元素的相对标准偏差(n=10)均小于3.0%。标准加入法测得5种元素的回收率在90.0%~110.0%之间。     

自制四氧化三锰纳米粒子固相萃取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定蔬菜中铅和铜

采用自制四氧化三锰纳米粒子固相萃取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定蔬菜中铅和铜的含量。优化的固相萃取条件如下:(1)样品溶液的pH为4.0;(2)样品溶液的流量为1.0mL·min~(-1);(3)四氧化三锰纳米粒子的用量为50mg;(4)洗脱剂为3mol·L~(-1)盐酸溶液,用量为2mL;(5)样品溶液的体积为20mL。铅和铜的线性范围依次为0.01~5.0,0.02~1.0μg·L~(-1),检出限(3s/k)依次为4,8ng·L~(-1)。加标回收率为80.0%~108%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)为0.94%~3.2%。     

塑料制品中铅、汞、镉、铬(Ⅵ)测定

塑料样品用硝酸、盐酸、高氯酸及过氧化氢(含硅样品尚须加入氢氟酸)加压消解,可按程序用微波加热或置于不锈钢压力罐中,密闭后在控温于190℃的烘箱中加热.所得试样溶液供电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铅、汞及镉,要求及限量的盐酸抵消氯离子的影响,测定了标准物质中铅、汞、镉的含量,测得结果与证书值一致,铅、汞、镉测定值的相对标准偏差(n=9)在0.3%～8.0%之间.另取样品用二苯基羰酰二肼(DPC)光度法测定其铬(Ⅵ)含量,样品中铬(Ⅵ)用氢氧化钠-碳酸钠混合溶液和磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钾缓冲溶液超声提取60 min,分取部分过滤提取液,按DPC光度法测定铬(Ⅵ)量.测得铬(Ⅵ)的平均回收率为95%,平均相对标准偏差(n=9)为0.35%.铅、汞、镉及铬(Ⅵ)的检出限(3σ)依次为0.011,0.007,0.003,0.001 mg·L-1.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定海木耳中3种重金属

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定了海木耳中3种重金属(铜、铅和镉)。将海木耳样品去柄后剪碎并在烘箱中烘干至恒重,称取干燥样品1.0000g,分次用硝酸-高氯酸(9+1)混合酸10mL消解至溶解完全,定容至10mL,用FAAS按选定的仪器工作条件测定其中的铜、铅和镉量。对同一样品的上述3元素作5次平行测定,测定值的相对标准偏差依次为2.0%,3.2%及2.5%。用标准加入法测得方法的回收率为95.4%(铜),95.3%(铅)及103.0%(镉)。在测定结果中除铜量外,铅量及镉量均分别超过国家标准规定允许量的34.3倍和13.9倍。     

微波消解样品-原子荧光光谱法测定皮革及其制品中砷、锑和汞

采用原子荧光光谱法测定皮革及其制品中砷、锑和汞的含量。样品经硝酸和过氧化氢消解,试样溶液中加入硫脲和抗坏血酸混合溶液作为还原剂。在酸性介质中加入硼氢化钠-氢氧化钠溶液使与溶液中各离子反应生成氢化物。分析中砷、锑、汞的载气流量分别为300,400,400mL.min-1。3种元素的质量浓度分别在一定的范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)依次为0.22,0.16,0.04μg.L-1。应用此法对皮革及其制品进行分析,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于10%,回收率在94.0%～107%之间。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.