高分子体系中降冰片二烯的光异构化反应

本文合成了降冰片二烯和咔唑为侧基的甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物,并与仅带有降冰片二烯侧基的聚甲基丙烯酸酯进行了光异构化反应的对比研究。实验结果表明,当入射光波长小于350nm时,两种降冰片二烯聚合物均发生了光异构化反应;当入射光波长大于350nm时,只有共聚物的降冰片二烯侧基能够异构化为相应的四环烷。利用荧光猝灭实验及化学诱导动态核极化(CIDNP)等研究了咔唑的敏化机理,利用三氟乙酸作催化剂实现了四环烷的反向异构化。     

降冰片二烯衍生物的染料敏化电子转移光异构化反应的研究

降冰片二烯及其衍生物的光异构化反应已有广泛的研究, 反应生成的四环烷衍生物是储能的重要化合物, 为了更好地利用太阳能, 并进一步提高光敏化异构化反应的量子效率, 本文选用了具有强荧光的吖啶染料为敏化剂, 利用它们的单重态电子转移来引发反应, 在这类染料的光敏作用下异构化成为四环烷储能化合物。     

降冰片二烯-甾体-二苯酮两元化合物的合成及其光化学研究

本文合成了一个新的降冰片二烯-甾体-二苯酮两元化合物(NBD-S-BP), 并研究了它的光化学反应。NBD-S-BP在λ>350nm光的照射下, BP基团吸收光能, 系间窜越到三线态后将能量传递到NBD基团并使后者异构化为四环烷, 量子效率为21%。     

N-对甲苯磺酰基-7-氮杂-双环[2.2.1]-2,5-庚二烯-2,3-二羧酸二甲酯光敏化电子转移异构反应研究

降冰片二烯及其衍生物是分子光化学贮存太阳能反应体系中研究较多的一类模型化合物^[1-4]。但是,从迄今报道的研究工作来看,大部分是关于7-位为碳原子的降冰片二烯衍生物。对于7-位为杂原子的衍生物的光异构化反应以及7-位杂原子对光异构化反应的影响还未见报道。     

四环烷-甾体-二苯甲酰基甲烷硼氟络合物分子内电子转移诱导光敏异构化反应的研究

本文设计并合成了四环烷-甾体-二苯甲酰基甲烷硼氟络合物组成的二元化合物新体系(QC-S-BF).利用稳态光谱和时间分辨光谱,对其光物理行为和光化学反应进行了研究。结果表明:此二元化合物分子内BF基团的荧光被远距离的QC基团有效地猝灭,选择激发BF基团,可导致四环烷到降冰片二烯的异构化,此过程是通过分子内单重态电子转移生成QC正离子,该正离子异构化生成降冰片二烯正离子,然后经电子复合实现其分子内光敏异构化反应。通过稳态和时间分辨技术,测得此分子内远距离单重态电子转移和QC正离子异构化的效率分别为0.25和0.23.这项工作表明:当给体与受体距离为19Å时,二者之间仍能发生有效的电子转移,这种电子转移过程是通过“键”进行的。     

降冰片二烯衍生物光敏异构化反应的机理研究

利用甲基卡唑为光敏剂，实现了三个降冰片二烯衍生物的光诱导介键异构化反应，荧光猝灭，化学诱导动态核极化（ＣＩＤＮＰ）以及热力学讨论都支持电子转移敏化机理，有关量子效率的计算表明单重态电子转移机制对光异构化反应的贡献远大于三重态能传递机制，此外还探讨了光异构化反应中的溶剂极性效应。     

高分子三重态敏化剂的研究III: 高分子苯乙酮敏化过程中能量迁移的研究

本工作合成了一组不同组成的聚(苯乙烯-乙烯基苯乙酮)高分子敏化剂, 对分子中两组分的含量进行了标定. 通过荧光和磷光光谱的研究表明: 高分子敏化剂分子中存在着单重态和三重态的能量迁移和T-T湮灭作用.从降冰片二烯光敏异构化为四环烷的反应中发现, 苯乙酮摩尔含量为38%的高分子苯乙酮敏化剂具有最大的敏化能力, 并对上述诸现象产生的原因进行了分析和讨论.     

芳醚双枝树枝形聚合物体系的设计合成及三重态能量传递和电子转移的研究

树枝形聚合物的结构特点和良好的可修饰性使其在模拟光捕获体系研究中受到广泛重视,本论文设计合成了两个系列的双枝芳醚树枝形聚合物,通过光物理以及光化学方法研究了芳醚树枝形聚合物体系三重态能量传递和三重态电子转移过程:1.设计合成了两个系列的芳醚树枝形聚合物体系.合成了1代到3代外围以二苯酮基团修饰、核心以降冰片二烯基团修饰的双枝芳醚树枝形聚合物([BP-Gn]₂-NBD,n=1-3)及相应的异构化产物([BP-Gn]₂-QC,n=1-3);合成了外围和核心分别修饰二苯酮和萘的双枝芳醚树枝形聚合物([BP-Gn]₂-NA,n=1-4),及相应的给体模型化合物([BP-Gn]₂-BEN,n=1-4),及相应的给体模型化合物([BP-Gn]-2BEN,n=1)4),共16个新化合物.     

对-双(双环[2.2.1]-2,5-庚二烯-2-甲酰胺基)苯的合成

降冰片二烯(即双环[2.2.1]-2,5-庚二烯)及其衍生物,在光照下异构化为四环庚烷,在热或催化剂作用下,又恢复为原先的双烯结构,过程中伴随着释放热能。因此,降冰片二烯系列是将光能转成热能的具有开发价值的体系之一。     

异构化合成顺-5-降冰片烯-外-2,3-二酸酐的研究

以解聚的环戊二烯单体与马来酸酐为原料通过Diels-Alder反应、异构化以及重结晶制备高纯度的顺-5-降冰片烯-外(exo)-2,3-二酸酐.主要对顺-5-降冰片烯-内(endo)-2,3-二酸酐的异构化进行详细研究,对酸促进异构化、碱促进异构化及加热异构化进行比较.通过对加热异构化的溶剂、反应时间、底物浓度进行优化,得出了一种较好的异构化方法:以邻苯二甲醚为溶剂加热异构化可得到高纯度的顺-5-降冰片烯-外-2,3-二酸酐,总产率为66.5%.     

Valence isomerization in dendrimers by photo-induced electron transfer and energy transfer from the dendrimer backbone to the core

A series of poly(aryl ether) dendrimers with a norbornadiene (NBD) group attaching to the core (Gn-NBD), generations 1–4, were synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical and photochemical properties were examined. The fluorescence of the dendrimer backbone is quenched by the norbornadiene group as a result of the electron transfer and energy transfer from the dendrimer backbone to the norbornadiene group in Gn-NBD. Selective excitation of the dendrimer backbone results in an isomerization of the norbornadiene group to the quadricyclane (QC) group. The intramolecular electron transfer and energy transfer efficiencies are ca. 0.93, 0.73, 0.54, 0.30 in dichloromethane, and ca. 0.90, 0.70, 0.55, 0.34 in tetrahydrofuran for generations 1–4, respectively, with the rate constant ca. 10¹⁰ s⁻¹. The light-harvesting ability of these dendritic molecules is demonstrated by the enhanced valence isomerization rate of NBD to QC with increasing generation.     

Ligand substitution kinetics in M(CO)4(η-norbornadiene) complexes (M=Cr, Mo, W): displacement of norbornadiene by bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes

The thermal substitution kinetics of norbornadiene (NBD) by bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes (PP), (C₆H₅)₂P(CH₂)_nP(C₆H₅)₂ (n=1, 2, 3) in M(CO)₄(η^2:2-NBD) complexes (M=Cr, Mo, W), were studied by quantitative FT-IR spectroscopy. The reaction rate exhibits first-order dependence on the concentration of the starting complex, and the observed rate constant depends on the concentration of the leaving NBD ligand and on the concentration and the nature of the entering PP ligand. In the proposed mechanism there are two competing initial steps: an associative reaction involving the attachment of the entering PP ligand to the transition metal center and a dissociative reaction involving the stepwise detachment of the diolefin ligand from the transition metal center. A rate law is derived from the proposed mechanism. The activation parameters are obtained from the evaluation of the kinetic data. It is found that at higher concentrations of the entering ligand, the associative path is dominant, while at lower concentrations the contribution of the dissociative path becomes significant. Both the observed rate constant and the activation parameters show noticeable variation with the chain length of the diphosphine ligand.     

Structures and isomerization of neutral and zwitterion serine–water clusters: Computational study

Calculations are presented for the structure and the isomerization reaction of various conformers of the bare serine, neutral serine–(H₂O)_n and serine zwitterion–(H₂O)_n (n = 1, 2) clusters. The effects of binding water molecules on the relative stability and the isomerization processes are examined. Hydrogen bonding between serine and the water molecule(s) may significantly affect the relative stability of conformers of the neutral serine–(H₂O)_n (n = 1, 2) clusters. The sidechain (OH group) in serine is found to have a profound effect on the structure and isomerization of serine–(H₂O)_n (n = 1, 2) clusters. Conformers with the hydrogen bonding between water and the hydroxyl group of serine are predicted. A detailed analysis is presented of the isomerization (proton transfer) pathways between the neutral serine–(H₂O)₂ and serine zwitterion–(H₂O)₂ clusters by carrying out the intrinsic reaction coordinate analysis. At least two water molecules need to bind to produce the stable serine zwitterion–water cluster in the gas phase. The isomerization for the serine–(H₂O)₂ cluster proceeds by the concerted double and triple proton transfer mechanism occurring via the binding water molecules, or via the hydroxyl group. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005     

Interplay of Polarity and Confinement in Asymmetric Catalysis with Chiral Rh Diene Complexes in Microemulsions

Microemulsions provide a unique opportunity to tailor the polarity and liquid confinement in asymmetric catalysis via nanoscale polar and nonpolar domains separated by a surfactant film. For chiral diene Rh complexes, the influence of counterion and surfactant film on the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity remained elusive. To explore this issue chiral norbornadiene Rh(X) complexes (X=OTf, OTs, OAc, PO₂F₂) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography and theoretical calculations. These complexes were used in Rh-catalyzed 1,2-additions of phenylboroxine to N-tosylimine in microemulsions stabilized either exclusively by n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (C₈G₁) or a C₈G₁-film doped with anionic or cationic surfactants (AOT, SDS and DTAB). The Rh(OAc) complex showed the largest dependence on the composition of the microemulsion, yielding up to 59 % (90 %ee) for the surfactant film doped with 5 wt% of AOT as compared to 52 % (58 %ee) for neat C₈G₁ at constant surfactant concentration. Larger domains, determined by SAXS analysis, enabled further increase in yield and selectivity while the reaction rate almost remained constant according to kinetic studies.     

Synthesis and characterisation of asymmetrical mesogenic materials based on 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole

New mesogenic homologous series bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring with a nitro terminal group, 4-(5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl 4-((4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)benzoate (G₁–G₁₁), were synthesised. Their chemical structures are identified by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and elemental analysis. The liquid crystalline properties of the series G_n and their precursory F_n were screened by differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarising microscopy (OPM). The compounds of the series G_n were screened by thermogravimetric analysis to observe their thermal stability. The target compounds (G_n) in this study, were displayed different liquid crystalline mesophase, the first two homologous (G₁ and G₂) did not show any liquid crystalline behaviour, the homologous (G₃–G₁₀) which have an alkoxy terminal group (n = 3–10) exhibited nematic phase, whilst the last derivative of the series (G₁₁), n = 12, displayed SmA phase. The mesomorphic properties of these derivatives were affected by the presence of the nitro group at the end of the molecules which was classified as a strong polar group. Also, the role of alkoxy terminal chain and the bent heterocyclic ring (1,3,4-oxadiazole) in the liquid crystalline properties of these molecules were debated.     

Problems of the stereoselectivity in the norbornadiene [2+2]-cyclodimerization reactions catalyzed by hydride nickel(i) complexes. Theoretical aspects

Cyclodimerization of norbornadiene (NBD) yielding pentacyclic products of exo-trans(cis)endo-structure in the presence of the model catalytically active complex Ni(H)(η⁴-NBD) has been studied using the DFT/PBE method. The rate-limiting reaction step is the reductive elimination of the metallacycle, the decomposition of the latter yields the norbornadiene dimer.     

Double Bonds? Studies on the Barrier to Rotation about the Cumulenic C=C Bonds of Tetraaryl[n]cumulenes (n=3, 5, 7, 9)

Bonding is a fundamental aspect of organic chemistry, yet the magnitude of C=C bonding in [n]cumulenes as a function of increasing chain length has yet to be experimentally verified for derivatives longer than n=5. The synthesis of a series of apolar and unsymmetrically substituted tetraaryl[n]cumulenes (n=3, 5, 7, 9) was developed and rotational barriers for Z/E isomerization were measured using dynamic VTNMR spectroscopy. Both experiment and theory confirm a dramatic reduction in the rotational barrier (through estimation of ΔG^≠_rot for the isomerization) across the series, from >24 to 19 to 15 to 11 kcal^?1 in [n]cumulenes with n=3, 5, 7, 9, respectively. The reduction in cumulenic bonding in longer cumulenes thus affords bond rotational barriers that are more characteristic of a sterically hindered single bond than that of a double bond.     

Photochemical reactions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-[(η<Superscript>4</Superscript>-NBD)M(CO)<Subscript>4</Subscript>] (NBD = norbornadiene; M = Cr,Mo) olefin complex with ligand,containing S and N donor atoms

New complexes cis-[M(CO)₄-DABRd] (M = Cr(I), Mo(II) and fac-[M(CO)₃-SAT] (M = Cr(III), Mo(IV)) have been synthesized by the photochemical reactions of cis-[(η⁴-NBD)M(CO)₄] (NBD is norbornadiene; M=Cr, Mo) with 5-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine (DABRd) and salicylidene-3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (SAT) ligands and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The spectroscopic studies show that the DABRd ligand acts as a bidentate ligand coordinating via both NH-(S)C=S sulfur donor atoms in I and II and SAT ligand behaves as a tridentate ligand coordinating via its all imine nitrogen-C=N-donor atoms in III and IV to the metal center. The article was submitted by the authors in English.     

Synthesis and Photoinitiated Isomerizations of 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-and 3-(4-Aminophenyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2-carbaldehyde and -2-carboxylic acid Derivatives

3-(4-Nitrophenyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2-carbaldehyde and its derivatives at the formyl group were synthesized. By reduction of the nitro group the corresponding 3-(4-aminophenyl)-substituted compounds were obtained, as well as 4,4'-bis(bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dien-2-yl)azobenzenes. Irradiation of the resulting norbornadiene derivatives in the region of their absorption maxima resulted in valence isomerization with formation of the corresponding quadricyclanes. The reverse transformations are promoted by molybdenum(VI) oxide as heterogeneous catalyst. 4,4'-Bis(bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dien-2-yl)azobenzenes undergo reversible (on heating) photochemical EZ/ isomerization at the NÍN bond.     

Radiation-induced Cis to Trans isomerization of poly(n-butylpropiolate) prepared with a [Rh(norbornadiene)Cl]2 complex as a stereospecific catalyst

Normal alkylpropiolate, i.e., n-butylpropiolate: HCCCOOnC₄H₉ was polymerized with [Rh(norbornadiene)Cl]₂ catalyst in methanol solvent to produce poly(n-butylpropiolate), (PBPA) polymer called polyacetylene esters in relatively high yields. The obtained polymer was characterized in detail using ¹HNMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), diffuse reflective UV methods. Consequently, the data showed that the resulting polymers selectively have cis-transoid form. We also found that γ-ray irradiation of the cis isomer resulted in isomerization to the trans isomer even at room temperature in air to generate the extended trans sequences which can stabilize mobile unpaired electrons as π-radicals called solitons.