抗烧结的超稳定型单原子催化剂研究进展

传统的负载型金属催化剂在高温环境下或长时间工作后易发生烧结。这种不可逆的过程会导致催化剂活性位点的显著减少,使得催化剂严重失活。因此往往需要将催化剂及时更新才能满足工业生产需求,然而这会极大增加生产成本。与传统的负载型金属催化剂不同,单原子催化剂(Single-atom catalysts,SACs)的中心金属原子可以与杂原子(N、O、S等)形成强键合作用,从而有效抑制金属烧结。基于单原子催化剂的这种特性,我们可以制备抗烧结、耐高温的超稳定型单原子催化剂来应对特殊的工业催化环境。本文总结了近年来抗烧结的超稳定型单原子催化剂的合成与应用进展,为单原子催化领域的研究提供参考。     

Single-atom catalysis for organic reactions

Metal-based catalysis, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, plays a significant role in the modern chemical industry. Heterogeneous catalysis is widely used due to the high efficiency, easy catalyst separation and recycling. However, the metal-utilization efficiency for conventional heterogeneous catalysts needs further improvement compared to homogeneous catalyst. To tackle this, the pursing of heterogenizing homogeneous catalysts has always been attractive but challenging. As a recently emerging class of catalytic material, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are expected to bridge homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic process in organic reactions and have arguably become the most active new frontier in catalysis field. In this review, a brief introduction and development history of single-atom catalysis and SACs involved organic reactions are documented. In addition, recent advances in SACs and their practical applications in organic reactions such as oxidation, reduction, addition, coupling reaction, and other organic reactions are thoroughly reviewed. To understand structure-property relationships of single-atom catalysis in organic reactions, active sites or coordination structure, metal atom-utilization efficiency (e.g., turnover frequency, TOF calculated based on active metal) and catalytic performance (e.g., conversion and selectivity) of SACs are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, the application limitations, development trends, future challenges and perspective of SAC for organic reaction are discussed.     

Single-Atom Iron Catalysts on Overhang-Eave Carbon Cages for High-Performance Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Single-atom catalysts have drawn great attention, especially in electrocatalysis. However, most of previous works focus on the enhanced catalytic properties via improving metal loading. Engineering morphologies of catalysts to facilitate mass transport through catalyst layers, thus increasing the utilization of each active site, is regarded as an appealing way for enhanced performance. Herein, we design an overhang-eave structure decorated with isolated single-atom iron sites via a silica-mediated MOF-templated approach for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis. This catalyst demonstrates superior ORR performance in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes, comparable to the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst and superior to most precious-metal-free catalysts reported to date. This activity originates from its edge-rich structure, having more three-phase boundaries with enhanced mass transport of reactants to accessible single-atom iron sites (increasing the utilization of active sites), which verifies the practicability of such a synthetic approach.     

Carbon-based single atom catalyst: Synthesis,characterization, DFT calculations

Carbon-based single-atom catalysts(SACs) with atomic sizes of active sites have become the promising candidates for a variety of catalytic systems because of their high atom utilization, and unique electronic structures. Different types of single-atom sites can be fabricated via multiple preparation strategies, which would demonstrate distinct different coordination configurations and electronic features, and ultimately affected the structure-catalysis relationship of SACs in targeted reactions....     

异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂结构与性能相关性的研究进展

单原子催化剂是一类以相互孤立的单个金属原子作为催化活性中心的、 具有高原子经济性及高活性的负载型催化剂, 被广泛应用于能源电催化领域. 近年来, 通过使用两种或两种以上原子与活性中心金属原子配位, 构建具有异原子配位结构的单原子材料, 展现了优异的电催化性能. 研究发现, 这种不对称的配位结构有效调控了中心金属原子的电子结构, 优化了催化反应的吸附和脱附能量, 提高了电催化的性能. 本文综合评述了具有异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂的合成策略、 表征技术与方法, 以及在前沿能源电催化应用中的催化剂性能与结构之间的构效关系, 并展望了异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂的研究前景.     

单原子催化的最新进展

单原子催化剂由于其自身兼具均相催化剂的"孤立活性位点"和多相催化剂易于循环使用的特点,近年来受到了广泛关注.本综述概括了2015至2016年单原子催化领域的重要进展,重点介绍了新的催化剂制备方法、单原子金催化剂在CO氧化中的进展、单原子钯/铂催化的选择性加氢反应以及铂或非贵金属单原子催化剂在电化学中的应用等.在催化剂的合成方面,用传统的湿化学方法制备的单原子催化剂通常金属负载量较低,使得催化剂的常规表征比较困难.最近发展的一系列新型合成方法例如原子层沉积法、高温蒸汽转移法、光介还原法以及热解法等制备M?N?C等非贵金属催化剂等,尽管有不同程度的局限性,但均可以成功制备高负载量的单原子催化剂.单原子催化剂的载体得到了拓展,除传统的金属氧化物外,金属有机框架材料和二维材料等均被用于单原子催化剂的制备.在单原子催化剂的应用方面,金由于较高的电负性和与氧的弱相互作用能力,因而与氧化物载体作用较弱,不易形成单原子催化剂.但近期报道了成功制备的单原子金催化剂,在CO氧化反应、乙醇脱氢和二烯加氢反应中都有不错的进展.本文还介绍了铂和钯单原子(合金)催化剂在加氢反应中的优异活性及选择性,表明了单原子催化剂在选择性上的优势.将一种金属掺杂到另一种金属基底中制备的单原子合金催化剂也因其特异的性能备受关注.此外,对于化工生产中典型的均相催化反应,如氢甲酰化,单原子催化剂在无外加膦配体的情况下表现出高活性的同时还能很好地控制化学选择性,甚至达到令人满意的区域选择性,从实验上证明了单原子催化剂有望作为沟通均相催化和多相催化的桥梁.单原子催化剂在电催化和光催化中也得到了快速发展.铂单原子催化剂因其高原子利用率和高稳定性,在析氢反应和氧还原反应中有着良好的应用前景.另一方面,非贵金属特别是Co单原子催化剂在光电催化中因其优异的活性和巨大潜力得到了较深入的研究.除了上述进展,单原子催化领域还有许多基本问题需要继续深入研究,对单原子催化剂更加全面透彻的认识将为设计发展新型催化体系,扩展单原子催化领域提供指导和借鉴.     

New Forms and Functions of Tellurium: From Polycations to Metal Halide Tellurides

Metal chalcogenides and metal chalcogenide halides are distinguished by their structural diversity and by their very different physical properties. Therefore, the synthesis of novel compounds from this class is always a rewarding goal for the preparatively oriented solid-state chemist. Over the past few years, many syntheses and structural investigations have stimulated the field. The emphasis of the research has been placed on selenium-rich and tellurium-rich compounds, which are characterized by directed covalent bonds between the chalcogen atoms. Compounds with novel chalcogen polycations have also become accessible during the past few years by reacting the chalcogen elements with transition metal halides, or from chemical vapor deposition in the sense of chemical transport reactions. In these compounds, tellurium differs from its lighter homologues by a pronounced tendency towards greater covalence. This article attmepts to provide an overview of new developments in the field of compounds with chalcogen polycations and of metal chalcogenide halides, with an emphasis on compounds containing molybdenum and tungsten as the transition metals and tellurium as the chalcogen.     

单原子催化剂活化氢气:Pt1/WOx催化氢解反应（英文）

单原子催化剂具有独特的结构位点,能最大化利用贵金属原子,在一系列化学转化反应中具有优异的活性和选择性.但单原子的稳定性是单原子催化剂应用的一个挑战,特别是还原气氛下单原子的稳定性,这极大地限制了单原子催化剂在加氢、脱氢和氢解反应中的应用.理解还原气氛下单原子的稳定机制和单原子催化剂活化氢气的反应机理对于扩大单原子催化剂的应用非常重要.Pt/WOx(2Pd>Au.氢气能在Pd和WOx界面非均相解离,而Au/WOx不能活化、解离氢气.我们进一步采用实验表征验证了DFT理论计算的结果.实验合成了WOx负载的Pt、Pd、Au三种催化剂,X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明,Pt能在WOx表面原子级分散和稳定,而Pd在WOx表面形成较小的纳米颗粒,Au形成较大的纳米颗粒.采用氢气化学吸附研究了三种催化剂对氢气的活化能力,结果表明三种催化剂的氢气活化能力顺序为Pt/WOx(137μmol/g-Pt)>Pd/WOx(43μmol/g-Pd)>>Au/WOx(4μmol/g-Au).将三种催化剂用于甘油选择性氢解制备1,3-丙二醇的反应中,只有Pt/WOx催化剂对甘油氢解具有优异的活性和选择性.从而实验证实了氢气气氛下原位产生的Bronsted酸具有关键作用和Pt1/WOx催化剂具有双功能催化性质.我们的研究不仅解释了还原气氛下金属单原子在氧化物表面的稳定机理,而且对单原子催化剂活化解离氢气提供了新的认识.     

CO与蜜勒胺自组装膜协同作用制备Au单原子及多原子物种

金属单原子物种的可控制备对于包括多相催化在内的各种表面化学过程非常重要。在本工作中,我们在Au(111)表面制备了由蜜勒胺分子形成的具有周期性孔道结构的自组装薄膜。这种有机分子薄膜所携载的官能团能与金属原子进行有效作用。通过在室温下暴露CO气体,在表面上成功制备出Au单原子。由于蜜勒胺分子中的杂环氮原子与Au原子作用较强,因此所形成的Au原子具有突出的稳定性,并且具有多种形式的空间分布构型,有望为一些结构敏感性的表面反应提供合适的催化位点。     

S-Block Potassium Single-atom Electrocatalyst with K−N4 Configuration Derived from K+/Polydopamine for Efficient Oxygen Reduction

Currently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) research mainly focuses on transition metal atoms as active centers. Due to their delocalized s/p-bands, the s-block main group metal elements are typically regarded as catalytically inert. Herein, an s-block potassium SAC (K−N−C) with K-N₄ configuration is reported for the first time, which exhibits excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability under alkaline conditions. Specifically, the half-wave potential (E_1/2) is up to 0.908 V, and negligible changes in E_1/2 are observed after 10,000 cycles. In addition, the K−N−C offers an exceptional power density of 158.1 mW cm⁻² and remarkable durability up to 420 h in a Zn-air battery. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations show that K−N−C has bifunctional active K and C sites, can optimize the free energy of ORR reaction intermediates, and adjust the rate-determining steps. The crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) results showed that the s orbitals of K played a major role in the adsorption of intermediates, which was different from the d orbitals in transition metals. This work significantly guides the rational design and catalytic mechanism research of s-block SACs with high ORR activity.     

Innovative strategies to effectively increase the active-site density of M-N-C materials for electrochemical application

Owning the merits of low-cost, unique electronic and geometric properties, atomically dispersed M-N-C materials have been extensively examined as robust electrocatalysts for many important electrochemical reactions. Nevertheless, it remains a grand synthetic challenge to fabricate such materials with a high concentration of isolated metal active sites, as the formation of metal clusters/nanoparticles seems to be inevitable during the calcination process due to the high surface free energy of single-atom metals. As a result, although M-N-Cs have been successfully tuned to display remarkable activities per metal atomic site, their overall catalytic performances are still unsatisfactory. In this current opinion article, we summarize recent advances in innovative strategies to increase the active-site density of M-N-Cs and also propose the future opportunities and challenges for fostering the practical application of M-N-Cs in electrochemical devices.     

V2CO2 MXene负载过渡金属单原子催化剂氧还原和氢氧化活性的DFT研究

开发廉价且高性能的电催化剂对推动燃料电池的商业应用具有重要意义.二维(2D) MXenes和单原子(SAs)催化剂是催化研究中的两个前沿领域.2D MXenes材料具有独特的几何和电子结构,能够有效调节负载SAs的催化性能.而负载的SAs又会反过来影响2D MXenes材料的本征活性,使2D MXenes形成更加丰富的活性位,进而提升其催化性能.为了拓展2D负载SAs催化剂在燃料电池中的应用,本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,系统地研究了V2CO2 MXenes负载过渡金属(TM,包括一系列3d、部分4d和5d金属)SAs催化剂的稳定结构、电子结构及其催化氧还原(ORR)和氢氧化(HOR)的催化活性,并筛选出潜在的可替代贵金属铂的ORR/HOR的双功能催化剂.稳定结构计算结果表明,3d TM SAs倾向于以锚定的形式负载于V2CO2表面与O原子作用,而4d,5d TM原子倾向于以掺杂的形式负载于含氧空穴的V2CO2表面与V原子作用;同时,Sc,Ti,V,Rh,Pd,Pt,Ag和Au SAs在V2CO2表面因具有较高扩散能垒,不易团聚,具有较高的热力学稳定性.电子结构计算结果表明,锚定型的TM SAs与O形成共价键,伴随发生明显的电荷转移,带较多正电荷;掺杂型的TM SAs与V形成金属键,因TM-V和V-O键间电荷转移的协同影响,导致TM SAs仅带有少量的电荷.TM-V2CO2电子结构与ORR/HOR中间物种的吸附关系为,TM位点为ORR中间物种(O,OH和OOH)的吸附位点,且d电子数为1、5、10的TM比其他TM对ORR物种的吸附更弱;而TM-V2CO2表面的O原子为HOR中间物种(H)的有效吸附位点,且H的吸附强弱与O位点的电荷有关,即O位点负电荷越多,对H的吸附越弱.TM-V2CO2催化剂各活性位对ORR和HOR反应物种的选择性吸附结果表明,催化剂有利于形成丰富多样的活性位,并具备作为双功能催化剂的内在优势.TM-V2CO2催化剂ORR和HOR理论活性筛选发现:与Pt(111)相比,Sc-、Mn-、Rh-和Pt-V2CO2具有较高的ORR活性,而Sc-、Ti-、V-、Cr-和Mn-V2CO2表现出较高的HOR活性.其中,Sc-V2CO2和Mn-V2CO2因同时具有较高的ORR和HOR活性和稳定性,有望成为高效和低成本的燃料电池双功能催化剂.本文从研究TM-V2CO2性质和活性出发,深入研究了SAs与2D MXenes间相互作用及其对ORR与HOR催化活性的影响机制,筛选出了高效、低成本的ORR/HOR双功能催化剂,为合理设计燃料电池双功能催化剂提供了理论指导.     

Metal–nitrogen coordination moieties in carbon for effective electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen

Oxygen reduction reaction is a critical process at the cathode of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Carbon-based single metal atom nanocomposites have emerged as effective alternatives to state-of-the-art platinum catalysts, in which the electrocatalytic activity is attributed largely to the formation of metal–nitrogen coordination moieties (MN_x) within the carbon matrix. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the studies of metal and nitrogen codoped carbon as single-atom catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction within the context of the atomic configuration of the MN_x active sites and topologic characteristics of the carbon skeletons and include a perspective of the design and engineering of the nanocomposites for further enhancement of the electrocatalytic activity.     

二氧化钛负载单原子催化剂用于光催化反应的研究

Titania (TiO₂) has been among the most widely investigated and used metal oxides over the past years, as it has various functional applications. Extensive research into TiO₂ and industrial interest in this material have been triggered by its high abundance, excellent corrosion resistance, and low cost. To improve the activity of TiO₂ in heterogeneous catalytic reactions, noble metals are used to accelerate the reactions. However, in the case of nanoparticles supported on TiO₂, the active sites are usually limited to the peripheral sites of the noble metal particles or at the interface between the particle and the support. Thus, highly dispersed single metal atoms are desired for the effective utilization of precious noble metals. The study of oxide-supported isolated atoms, the so-called single-atom catalysts (SACs), was pioneered by Zhang's group. The high dispersion of precious noble metals results helps reduce the cost associated with catalyst preparation. Because of the presence of active centers as single atoms, the deactivation of metal atoms during the reaction, e.g., by coking for large agglomerates, is retarded. The unique coordination environment of the noble metal center provides special sites for the reaction, consequently increasing the selectivity of the reaction, including the enantioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Hence, supported SACs can bridge homogenous and heterogeneous reactions in solution as they provide selective reaction sites and are recyclable. Moreover, owing to the high site homogeneity of the isolated metal atoms, SACs are ideal models for establishing the structure-activity relationships. The present review provides an overview of recent works on the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic applications of SACs (Pt₁, Pd₁, Ir₁, Rh₁, Cu₁, Ru₁) supported on TiO₂. The preparation of single atoms on TiO₂ includes the creation of surface defective sites, surface modification, stabilization by high-temperature shockwave treatment, and metal-ligand self-assembly. Conventional characterization methods are categorized as microscopic imaging and spectroscopic methods, such as aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (EXAFS), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). We attempted to address the critical factors that lead to the stabilization of single-metal atoms on TiO₂, and elucidate the mechanism underlying the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO₂ reduction. Although many fascinating applications of TiO₂-supported SACs in photocatalysis could only be addressed superficially and in a referencing manner, we hope to provide interested readers with guidelines based on the wide literature, and more specifically, to provide a comprehensive overview of TiO₂-supported SACs.     

单原子催化剂在电催化还原CO2领域的应用

温和条件下以CO₂为原料制备高附加值化学品, 是CO₂资源化利用的重要方法, 在众多CO₂转化方法中, 电催化CO₂还原(e-CO₂RR)具有绿色、 清洁及条件可控等优势, 可以促进碳中和, 实现可持续发展. 然而, 由于其缓慢的动力学和较低催化剂活性, CO₂电催化还原仍然存在低选择性, 低电流密度的问题. 单原子催化剂具有最大的原子利用率和明确定义的催化活性位点, 同时因其良好的配位结构和独特的电子结构极大地促进了CO₂电催化还原的动力学过程, 是CO₂电还原领域极具发展潜力的催化材料. 本文讨论了过渡金属和主族金属基单原子催化剂用于电催化CO₂还原的研究进展, 系统总结了杂原子配位, 双/单原子位点, 金属-载体相互作用, 空间限域和分子桥联等策略调控单原子的微环境进而优化催化的性能, 揭示了单原子催化剂在 e-CO₂RR领域内的突出优势和广阔的应用前景. 最后, 分析了单原子催化剂在CO₂电催化转化过程中面临的挑战, 并对其未来进行了展望.     

金属单原子催化剂在电催化二氧化碳和水裂解的研究进展

利用电催化技术开发新型能源,是用来替代传统能源的一种新策略,化石燃料的大量使用从而导致相关的环境问题将会得到良好解决。对于这些技术的推广,设计并制备出高效稳定的电催化剂至关重要。单原子催化剂（SACs）在载体上具有原子分布的活性位点,是催化领域的新兴材料,具有美好的应用前景,现已成为电催化领域的研究热点。在此综述中,详细阐述了单原子电催化剂的一般载体、制备方法及其先进表征方法。同时系统总结了单原子电催化剂在能量转化和环境保护(CO2还原、水裂解）方面的应用。基于各种单原子催化剂研究的最新进展,我们简单阐述了催化机制。最后,讨论了单原子催化剂在电催化方向发展的挑战和前景,我们希望为单原子电催化剂的合成、设计和应用提供经验,更好的促进在电催化能量转换方面的发展。     

When Nanozymes Meet Single-Atom Catalysis

Nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities, coined nanozymes, have been researched widely as they offer unparalleled advantages in terms of low cost, superior activity, and high stability. The complex structure and composition of nanozymes has led to extensive investigation of their catalytic sites at an atomic scale, and to an in-depth understanding of the biocatalysis occurring. Single-atom catalysts (SACs), characterized by atomically dispersed active sites, have provided opportunities for mimicking metalloprotease and for bridging the gap between natural enzymes and nanozymes. In this Minireview, we illustrate the unique properties of nanozymes and we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of SACs. Subsequently, we outline the impressive progress made in single-atom nanozymes and we discuss their applications in sensing, degradation of organic pollutants, and in therapeutic roles. Finally, we present the major challenges and opportunities remaining for a successful marriage of nanozymes and SACs.     

Inter-Metal Interaction of Dual-Atom Catalysts in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Dual-atom catalysts (DACs) have been a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis due to their unique intrinsic properties. The synergy between dual atoms provides flexible active sites, promising to enhance performance and even catalyze more complex reactions. However, precisely regulating active site structure and uncovering dual-atom metal interaction remain grand challenges. In this review, we clarify the significance of the inter-metal interaction of DACs based on the understanding of active center structures. Three diatomic configurations are elaborated, including isolated dual single-atom, N/O-bridged dual-atom, and direct dual-metal bonding interaction. Subsequently, the up-to-date progress in heterogeneous oxidation reactions, hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions, electrocatalytic reactions, and photocatalytic reactions are summarized. The structure-activity relationship between DACs and catalytic performance is then discussed at an atomic level. Finally, the challenges and future directions to engineer the structure of DACs are discussed. This review will offer new prospects for the rational design of efficient DACs toward heterogeneous catalysis.     

Thermodynamics of adsorption of acetone on active carbon supported metal adsorbents

Adsorption of acetone on active carbon and active carbon supported metals (Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd) have been studied as a function of temperature. Thermodynamic parameters such as G ⁰, H ⁰, and S ⁰ are calculated from virial and Langmuir isotherm expressions. It is observed that active carbon supported metals have more adsorption affinity for acetone as compared to active carbon. Results show that the increase in adsorption affinity for active carbon supported metals is not due to configurational factors affecting the entropy of adsorption, but because of enhanced enthalpy of adsorption. XRD spectra show that active carbon supported metals adsorbents are amorphous and metal residues are present on the surface of active carbon in its reduced form. From adsorption data, isosteric heats and molar entropies of adsorption were calculated as a function of coverages and temperature. The values of isosteric heats of adsorption were found to be higher for active carbon supported metals, which may be due to the chemisorption of adsorbate molecules with metal sites present on the surface of active carbon. The extent of coordination of adsorbate molecules with metal sites is discussed on the basis of the acidic character of metal.     

Selective single-atom electrocatalysts: a review with a focus on metal-doped covalent triazine frameworks

Single-atom electrocatalysts (SACs), which comprise singly isolated metal sites supported on heterogeneous substrates, have attracted considerable recent attention as next-generation electrocatalysts for various key reactions from the viewpoint of the environment and energy. Not only electrocatalytic activity but also selectivity can be precisely tuned via the construction of SACs with a defined coordination structure, such as homogeneous organometallics. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising supports for single-atom sites with designed coordination environments due to their unique physicochemical properties, which include porous structures, robustness, a wide range of possible designs, and abundant heteroatoms to coordinate single-metal sites. The rigid frameworks of COFs can hold unstable single-metal atoms, such as coordinatively unsaturated sites or easily aggregated Pt-group metals, which exhibit unique electrocatalytic selectivity. This minireview summarizes recent advances in the selective reactions catalysed by SACs, mainly those supported on triazine-based COFs.

Single-atom electrocatalysts (SACs) have attracted considerable attention as selective electrocatalysts. Metal-doped covalent triazine frameworks will be a novel platform for selective SACs to solve energy and environmental issues.