1D/2D TiO2/ZnIn2S4S型异质结光催化剂及其高效制氢性能

通过半导体催化剂利用太阳能分解水制氢被认为是解决人类面临的环境问题和能源危机的有效途径.在众多的半导体光催化剂中,TiO₂由于其良好的光化学稳定性、无毒性、丰富的形貌以及低廉的价格,在光催化制氢领域备受关注.然而TiO₂的内在缺陷,如较宽的带隙、较窄的光响应范围,光生电子空穴对的快速复合,极大限制了其太阳能制氢效率.构建异质结结构被认为是解决以上问题的一个有效方法,通过将TiO₂与另一个半导体复合可以提升催化剂对太阳光的吸收范围,也可降低光生电子空穴对的复合速率.但构建一个成功的异质结结构不仅要满足上述的要求,还需要保留异质结催化剂体系中光生电子和空穴的氧化还原能力.研究表明,S型异质结是将两个具有合适能带结构的半导体进行耦合,由于费米能级的差异,两个半导体间将发生电子转移,从而引起能带弯曲并形成内建电场.光照条件下,具有较弱还原能力的光生电子在内建电场和能带弯曲的作用下与较弱氧化能力的光生空穴复合,实现异质结催化剂体系中各个半导体内部光生载流子有效分离的目标,同时保留了异质结催化剂体系中较强氧化能力和较强还原能力的光生电子和空穴,进而实现光催化活性的提高.本文采用水热合成方法,将具有更强还原能力和可见光响应特性的半导体(ZnIn₂S₄)原位生长在TiO₂纳米纤维表面,构建了1D/2DTiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄S型异质结光催化剂.最优比例的TiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄复合材料表现出优越的光催化制氢活性(6.03mmol/h/g),分别是纯TiO₂和纯ZnIn₂S₄制氢活性的3.7倍和2倍.TiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄复合材料光催化活性的提高可以归因于紧密的异质结界面、光生载流子的有效分离、丰富的反应活性位点以及增强的光吸收能力.通过原位XPS和DFT计算研究了异质结内部光生电子的转移机制.结果表明,在光照条件下电子由TiO₂向ZnIn₂S₄迁移,遵循了S型异质结内部电子的转移机制,实现了TiO₂和ZnIn₂S₄内部光生载流子的有效分离,同时保留了具有较强还原能力的ZnIn₂S₄价带电子和较强氧化能力的TiO₂导带空穴,从而显著提升光催化制氢效率.综上,本文制备的TiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄S型异质结光催化剂很好地克服了TiO₂在光催化制氢领域所面临的诸多障碍,为设计和制备高效异质结光催化剂提供了新的思路.     

超薄Ni掺杂ZnIn2S4纳米片用于光催化醇裂解同时制备C-C耦合产物及氢气

光催化析氢技术被认为是解决化石能源紧缺和环境污染问题的有效途径之一.在传统的光解水体系中,析氧半反应因涉及到复杂的四电子转移和O=O双键形成,成为光催化水分解的决速步骤.光生空穴牺牲试剂的引入虽然可以在一定程度上提高体系的光催化效率,但同时造成了光生空穴氧化能力的浪费,且增加了系统成本.相比之下,构建由光催化析氢和选择性有机合成相结合的双功能反应平台,能够同时利用光生电子和空穴获得绿色的清洁燃料和高值化学品,为解决上述问题提供了一条理想途径.近年来,苯甲醇等生物质衍生物平台分子的光催化选择性氧化引起了人们的广泛关注.研究表明,ZnIn₂S₄可以实现从苯甲醇到C–C耦合产物的选择性光催化脱氢氧化.然而,由于光生载流子的快速复合,单独ZnIn₂S₄的光催化性能往往受到严重抑制.目前已有一些研究利用将ZnIn₂S₄与合适的助催化剂或与其能级位置匹配的半导体复合等方法构建异质结构,致力于提高光生载流子的分离和迁移能力.虽然氢气的产率以及苯甲醇的转化率在复合光催化剂上明显提高,但体系对液相产物的选择性却由原本的C–C耦合产物变为苯甲醛.因此,构建高效且对C–C耦合产物具有高选择性的苯甲醇氧化同时产氢的双功能光催化反应体系仍面临诸多挑战.本文采用一锅油浴法制备了过渡金属Ni掺杂的超薄ZnIn₂S₄纳米片(ZIS/Ni).该复合材料可以有效利用太阳能催化一系列芳香醇选择性脱氢偶联,同时获得清洁的氢气能源以及增值的C–C耦合产物.Ni的掺杂显著提高了ZnIn₂S₄纳米片的光催化性能,且当Ni掺杂摩尔比为1%时,复合材料具有最佳的催化活性.循环活性实验以及反应前后的晶相测试结果表明,二元复合材料具有良好的光催化稳定性.研究表明,ZIS/Ni纳米片光催化活性的显著提高主要归因于其优化的电子结构能够有效促进材料光捕获及光生载流子分离转移能力.另外,采用电子自旋共振光谱技术对反应过程中的自由基中间体进行原位监测发现,?CH(OH)Ph是光催化氧化还原过程中关键的自由基中间体.本研究有望为进一步优化探索新型高效的光催化氧化还原平台,以绿色可持续的方式,为同时获得清洁的太阳能燃料和高附加值的化学品提供启发.     

3D ZnIn2S4微球/1D TiO2纳米带异质结构的光催化降解和还原性能

首先采用溶剂热法和高温煅烧法制备1D TiO₂纳米带,其次利用溶剂热法将1D TiO₂纳米带均匀地穿插到片层结构组装而成的3D ZnIn₂S₄微球中,所形成的异质结构能有效抑制光生电子-空穴的复合。二元ZnIn₂S₄微球/TiO₂纳米带复合光催化剂在高浓度染料罗丹明B(RhB)的光降解和Cr(VI)的光还原实验中表现出优异的性能。在模拟太阳光照射下,ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂纳米带光催化降解RhB和还原Cr(VI)的效率相较于纯TiO₂颗粒(10%,22%)、TiO₂纳米带(45%,40%)、ZnIn₂S₄(62%,65%)、ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂颗粒(90%,91%)分别提高至100%和100%。最后,通过紫外-可见...     

2D/3D ZnIn2S4/TiO2复合物的原位构筑及其提高的光催化性能

通过高温煅烧和油浴的方法构筑二维/三维(2D/3D) ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂异质结, 应用于光催化降解罗丹明B (RhB)和四环素(TC), 来研究异质结的构筑对TiO₂可见光响应范围和光生载流子对分离效率的影响. 结果表明, TiO₂维持了MOFs的形貌, 显示窄的可见光响应范围和高的光生电荷复合率, 与ZnIn₂S₄纳米片复合后, TiO₂的比表面积增大, 光催化活性位点增多. 带隙宽度也由TiO₂的3.23 eV减小到ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂-II的2.52 eV, 从而获得了更宽的可见光响应范围. 能带结构表明ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂是type II型异质结, 提高了光生载流子对的分离与转移效率. 在可见光照射下, ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂-II显示了最高的RhB光催化降解效率(93%), 分别是TiO₂和ZnIn₂S₄的18和2倍. 同时, ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂-II也显示出比TiO₂和ZnIn₂S₄更高的TC降解效率(90%). 循环实验表明ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂-II能保持良好的稳定性, 经5次循环实验后仍能降解83%的RhB. 研究表明基于MOFs衍生的TiO₂构筑2D/3D ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂异质结是提高TiO₂光催化性能的一条有效途径.     

Ir2S3/ZnIn2S4催化下可见光诱导发生的烯烃/炔烃的高效硫氢化反应:Ir2S3的作用

C–S键的构建在化学中具有非常重要的意义.利用硫醇和烯烃/炔烃的硫氢化反应来构建C?S键是一种绿色、可持续和低成本的方法.本文以ZnCl₂,InCl₃,硫代乙酰胺为前驱体,在微量IrCl₃存在条件下,通过一步溶剂热法制备得到了含有不同Ir摩尔比(0.5 mol%,1 mol%和2 mol%)的Ir₂S₃/ZnIn₂S₄纳米复合材料,并考察了它在可见光下诱导烯烃/炔烃的硫氢化反应中的催化性能.以苄基硫醇和苯乙炔的硫氢化反应为模型反应,发现在ZnIn₂S₄中引入微量的Ir₂S₃可明显提升其性能,其中以0.5 mol%Ir₂S₃/ZnIn₂S₄为催化剂时反应性能最佳;反应15 h后苄基硫醇的转化率为97%,苄基苯乙烯基硫醚的产率为95%,明显高于以未修饰的ZnIn₂S₄为催化剂时的转化率和产率.在反应中加入自由基捕获剂TEMPO之后可淬灭该反应,表明与未修饰的ZnIn₂S₄相同,以Ir₂S₃/ZnIn₂S₄复合材料催化的硫氢化反应同样是由硫醇自由基诱发的反应.这种微量Ir₂S₃对ZnIn₂S₄上光诱导硫氢化反应的提升作用在所考察的多个系列底物的反应中都有不同程度的体现,尤其对于一些空间体积较大的底物,其提升作用尤为明显,表明微量Ir₂S₃的存在对ZnIn₂S₄上光诱导硫醇和烯烃/炔烃硫氢化反应的提升作用具有普适性.通过研究负载不同助催化剂(MoS₂,NiS和Pd)的ZnIn₂S₄纳米复合材料在烯烃/炔烃硫氢化反应中的性能及其电化学交流阻抗,我们发现,Ir₂S₃的存在可促进ZnIn₂S₄上光生电子空穴的分离,从而有利于巯基自由基的生成,同时还抑制了副物氢气的产生,因此,烯烃/炔烃的硫氢化反应性能显著提高.该文提出了一种在可见光下利用半导体光催化来构建C?S键的绿色途径,对于理解和设计新的光催化有机合成反应体系具有一定的指导意义.     

ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4复合材料的制备及可见光催化制氢性能

采用水热方法制备了ZnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料, 并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和荧光光谱(PL)等手段对其结构和性能进行表征. 结果表明, 当ZnIn₂S₄的负载量为20%(质量分数)时, 复合材料表现出最佳的光催化制氢性能, 制氢速率可达到637.08 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 分别为纯ZnIn₂S₄和纯g-C₃N₄的4倍和37倍. 其原因在于ZnIn₂S₄和g-C₃N₄之间具有紧密的异质结结构, 两者有效的结合改善了组分的能带匹配和界面电荷转移, 从而大幅增强了载流子的分离和迁移, 进而提高光催化的性能.     

新型核壳Ag@AgSeX纳米粒子析氢助剂:原位表面硒化以提升TiO2的光催化产氢活性

纯相光催化材料的产氢性能主要受限于较低的电荷分离效率和缓慢的界面催化反应速率.表面负载助催化剂因其能够实现快速转移光生电子和提供界面催化活性中心被认为是促进电荷分离和提升界面催化反应的有效手段.贵金属类材料,尤其是金属铂(Pt),被认为是光催化产氢领域的理想助剂,但储量低和价格昂贵严重制约了其大规模实际应用.因此,发展低成本的产氢助剂对未来光催化产氢技术的发展至关重要.金属银(Ag)是一种优异的导电金属材料,其高电导率(6.3×10⁷ S m^–1)能够在光催化产氢反应中快速转移光生电子,从而极大地抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合.与金属Pt相比,Ag作为助剂在光催化体系中的析氢活性并不理想,这主要归因于Ag表面缺乏有效的产氢活性位点,使得界面催化产氢反应速率受到极大限制,最终表现出较低的光催化产氢活性.因此,优化Ag表面性质并提供丰富的界面产氢活性位点对于提升Ag助剂的光催化产氢活性具有重要意义.本文采用原位表面/界面工程策略对金属Ag助剂进行改性,以设计高效的Ag修饰光催化材料.首先通过一步光沉积方法制备了Ag纳米粒子修饰的TiO₂光催化材料,然后,将金属Ag纳米粒子表面部分原位硒化为非晶态AgSe_x,成功制备了新型核壳结构Ag@AgSe_x助剂修饰的TiO₂光催化剂(TiO₂/Ag@AgSe_x).X射线衍射、高分辨透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱等表征结果表明,所得结构为Ag@AgSe_x助剂的核壳结构.光催化结果表明,TiO₂/Ag@AgSe_x光催化剂具有比TiO₂和TiO₂/Ag更高的光催化产氢速率,其中TiO₂/Ag@AgSe_x(20μL)表现出最高的光催化产氢速率,是TiO₂/Ag样品的2.4倍.结合原位X射线光电子能谱和密度泛函理论计算结果认为,TiO₂/Ag@AgSe_x光催化剂的高效产氢活性可以归因于金属Ag核和非晶AgSe_x壳的协同机制,即具有优良导电性的金属Ag核可以有效且快速地转移光生电子,而非晶态AgSe_x壳可以提供大量的产氢活性中心,最终实现高效的电荷分离效率和快速的界面催化反应,显著提升TiO₂的光催化产氢活性.综上,本文为构建高效的Ag改性光催化剂以及开发经济高效的太阳能转换助催化剂提供了新的思路.     

盐酸后处理制备高效制氢光催化剂Zn2In2S5

采用水热法制备了ZnIn₂S₄固溶体, 并通过用盐酸对其进行后处理获得了系列Zn_mIn₂S_m+3(m≥2, 整数)固溶体. 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、 荧光光谱(PL)和电化学测试对催化剂的组成、 结构和性能进行了表征. 研究了系列固溶体可见光光催化制氢活性. 结果表明, ZnIn₂S₄固溶体经0.5 mol/L HCl处理后能转化为Zn₂In₂S₅固溶体, 其制氢活性为ZnIn₂S₄固溶体的2.2倍, 并且具有良好的稳定性.     

梯型In2O3/ZnIn2S4杂化体系的构建及其光催化固氮增效

工业化固氮合成氨主要采用Haber-Bosch法.然而,该工艺条件苛刻,需要氮气与氢气在高温高压和使用催化剂的条件下反应,耗费大量能源,同时产生温室气体.与Haber-Bosch法不同,光催化固氮不需要使用氢气,而是利用清洁的太阳能和水直接提供固氮反应所需的还原电子和质子,反应耗能低且绿色无污染,是一种理想的固氮方法.然而,目前光催化固氮合成氨受限于光催化剂载流子分离效率低、氮气吸附和活化难,总体固氮效率仍然很低.大量研究证明,构建梯型异质结是一种改善光催化活性的有效手段,这是因为梯型异质结体系不仅有效分离光生载流子,而且保留了光生空穴和电子的强氧化还原能力.另外,表面缺陷不仅可以充当吸附位点,有效调控表面N2分子的吸附特性,还可以起到活化N2分子的作用.本文设计了富含空位的In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄梯型异质结,系统考察了复合体系中组分配比对晶型结构、微结构和光学吸收等的影响,并通过XPS谱研究了In₂O₃和ZnIn₂S₄之间存在强的相互作用,这为光生载流子的高效分离奠定了基础.同时,结合XPS、Raman和EPR测试揭示了材料中表面空位的成功构筑.在此基础上,深入研究了In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄梯型异质结在室温常压下光催化固氮合成氨的活性.研究结果表明,所有的梯型异质结均展现出明显的光催化固氮活性,其中50 wt%In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄梯型体系具有最高的光催化固氮活性,自然光照射2 h产生的氨气浓度达到18.1±0.77 mg·L-1,分别是In₂O₃和ZnIn₂S₄的21.0和2.72倍.并且该复合体系具有较高的光催化稳定性,在连续循环使用6次时,产生氨气浓度仍然可达到16.3±0.86 mg·L^-1.荧光光谱测试、光电化学测试和表面光电压测试证明了电荷的有效分离和转移.综上,构建In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄梯型体系后,所制备的In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄活性得到增强,这主要归因于空位对氮气的吸附和活化作用以及梯型异质结中载流子的高效分离机制.另外,研究表明·CO₂-物种是光催化固氮合成氨的主要活性物种.     

硫化铟锌的改性合成及光催化特性

随着社会经济的高速发展,能源的短缺和生态的破坏引起了人们的关注。近年来,寻找合适的解决方案已成为关注的重点。作为一种绿色环保技术,光催化由于其高效、低成本等优点而成为能源和环境问题的研究热点。在许多光催化材料中,三元硫化物硫化铟锌(ZnIn₂S₄)由于具有可见光响应特性、简单的制备方法和出色的稳定性而表现出巨大的潜力。然而,较高的载流子复合率限制了其光催化性能。近年来,许多研究报道了改性ZnIn₂S₄以提高其光催化性能,在此,本文详细介绍了各种改性研究,包括ZnIn₂S₄单体的合成、半导体化合物的结构、贵金属沉积、碳元素改性、离子掺杂。然后,系统完整地总结了ZnIn₂S₄在光催化、降解有机污染物、去除六价铬、还原CO₂和有机合成等方面表现出的光催化特性和机理。最后,对ZnIn₂S₄的发展前景提出了展望,以期ZnIn₂S₄光催化剂得到更广泛和深入的研究,尽快在实际生产中得到应用。     

微波辅助快速制备2D/1D ZnIn2S4/TiO2 S型异质结及其光催化制氢性能

The threat and global concern of energy crises have significantly increased over the last two decades. Because solar light and water are abundant on earth, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution through water splitting has been considered as a promising route to produce green energy. Therefore, semiconductor photocatalysts play a key role in transforming sunlight and water to hydrogen energy. To date, various photocatalysts have been studied. Among them, TiO₂ has been extensively investigated because of its non-toxicity, high chemical stability, controllable morphology, and high photocatalytic activity. In particular, 1D TiO₂ nanofibers (NFs) have attracted increasing attention as effective photocatalysts because of their unique 1D electron transfer pathway, high adsorption capacity, and high photoinduced electron–hole pair transfer capability. However, TiO₂ NFs are considered as an inefficient photocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) because of their disadvantages such as a large band gap (~3.2 eV) and fast recombination of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. Therefore, the development of a high-performance TiO₂ NF photocatalyst is required for efficient solar light conversion. In recent years, several strategies have been explored to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ NFs, including coupling with narrow-bandgap semiconductors (such as ZnIn₂S₄). Recently, microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis has been considered as an important strategy for the preparation of photocatalyst semiconductors because of its low cost, environment-friendliness, simplicity, and high reaction rate. Herein, to overcome the above-mentioned limiting properties of TiO₂ NFs, we report a 2D/1D ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ S-scheme heterojunction synthesized through a microwave (MW)-assisted process. Herein, the 2D/1D ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ S-scheme heterojunction was constructed rapidly by using in situ 2D ZnIn₂S₄nanosheets decorated on 1D TiO₂ NFs. The loading of ZnIn₂S₄ nanoplates on the TiO₂ NFs could be easily controlled by adjusting the molar ratios of ZnIn₂S₄ precursors to TiO₂ NFs. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples for water splitting under simulated solar light irradiation was assessed. The experimental results showed that the photocatalytic performance of the ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ composites was significantly improved, and the obtained ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ composites showed increased optical absorption. Under optimal conditions, the highest HER rate of the ZT-0.5 (molar ratio of ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂= 0.5) sample was 8774 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, which is considerably higher than those of pure TiO₂ NFs (3312 μmol·g^-1·h^-1) and ZnIn₂S₄nanoplates (3114 μmol·g^-1·h^-1) by factors of 2.7 and 2.8, respectively. Based on the experimental data and Mott-Schottky analysis, a possible mechanism for the formation of the S-scheme heterojunction between ZnIn₂S₄ and TiO₂ was proposed to interpret the enhanced HER activity of the ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂heterojunctionphotocatalysts.      

羧基功能化石墨烯增强TiO2光催化产氢性能

The use of semiconductor photocatalysts (CdS, g-C₃N₄, TiO₂, etc.) to generate hydrogen (H₂) is a prospective strategy that can convert solar energy into hydrogen energy, thereby meeting future energy demands. Among the numerous photocatalysts, TiO₂ has attracted significant attention because of its suitable reduction potential and excellent chemical stability. However, the photoexcited electrons and holes of TiO₂ are easily quenched, leading to limited photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, graphene has been used as an effective electron cocatalyst in the accelerated transport of photoinduced electrons to enhance the H₂-production performance of TiO₂, owing to its excellent conductivity and high charge carrier mobility. For an efficient graphene-based photocatalyst, the rapid transfer of photogenerated electrons is extremely important along with an effectual interfacial H₂-production reaction on the graphene surface. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the graphene microstructures (functionalized graphene) to improve the H₂-production performance of graphene-based TiO₂ photocatalysts. The introduction of H₂-evolution active sites onto the graphene surface is an effective strategy for the functionalization of graphene. Compared with the noncovalent functionalization of graphene (such as loading Pt, MoS_x, and CoS_x on the graphene surface), its covalent functionalization can provide a strong interaction between graphene and organic molecules in the form of H₂-evolution active sites that are produced by chemical reactions. In this study, carboxyl-functionalized graphene (rGO-COOH) was successfully modified via ring-opening and esterification reactions on the TiO₂ surface by using an ultrasound-assisted self-assembly method to prepare a high-activity TiO₂/rGO-COOH photocatalyst. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric (TG) curves revealed the successful covalent functionalization of GO to rGO-COOH by significantly enhanced ―COOH groups in FTIR and increased peak area of carboxyl groups in XPS. A series of characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XPS, and UV-Vis adsorption spectra, were performed to demonstrate the successful synthesis of TiO₂/rGO-COOH photocatalysts. The experimental data for the hydrogen-evolution rate showed that the TiO₂/rGO-COOH displayed an extremely high hydrogen-generation activity (254.2 μmol∙h⁻¹∙g⁻¹), which was 2.06- and 4.48-fold higher than those of TiO₂/GO and TiO₂, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/rGO-COOH is ascribed to the carboxyl groups of carboxyl-functionalized graphene, which act as effective hydrogen-generation active sites and enrich hydrogen ions owing to their excellent nucleophilicity that facilitates the interfacial hydrogen production reaction of TiO₂. This study provides novel insights into the development of high-activity graphene-supported photocatalysts in the hydrogen-generation field.      

Reducing Packing Factor of ZnIn2S4 to Promote Photocatalytic Activity

Due to the quite sluggish charge-carrier separation in semiconductor photocatalysts, the photocatalytic activity of these materials is still far inferior than anticipated. Herein, a novel approach to reducing the packing factor(PF) of ZnIn₂S₄ semiconductors to improve the charge-carrier separation is offered. The well-crystallized Zn_1-xIn₂S_4-x(x=0, 0.05, 0.1) powders were productively prepared through solid-state reactions. Their structures were verified by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The PF values of Zn_1-xIn₂S_4-x(x=0, 0.05, 0.1) samples were calculated to be 0.683, 0.651, and 0.618, respectively. The reduction of the PF for Zn_1-xIn₂S_4-x with increasing x can promote the separation of photoexcited carriers, and this process was endorsed by their photoelectric response and photoluminescence emission spectra. The Zn_0.9In₂S_3.9 sample with a lower PF value presents roughly 21 times higher photocurrent density and four times higher photodegrading rate of methyl orange than those of pristine ZnIn₂S₄.     

二维/二维FeNi-LDH/g-C3N4复合光催化剂用于促进CO2光还原反应

Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into chemical fuels is a promising route to generate renewable energy and curtail the greenhouse effect. Therefore, various photocatalysts have been intensively studied for this purpose. Among them, g-C₃N₄, a 2D metal-free semiconductor, has been a promising photocatalyst because of its unique properties, such as high chemical stability, suitable electronic structure, and facile preparation. However, pristine g-C₃N₄ suffers from low solar energy conversion efficiency, owing to its small specific surface area and extensive charge recombination. Therefore, designing g-C₃N₄ (CN) nanosheets with a large specific surface area is an effective strategy for enhancing the CO₂ reduction performance. Unfortunately, the performance of CN nanosheets remains moderate due to the aforementioned charge recombination. To counter this issue, loading a cocatalyst (especially a two-dimensional (2D) one) can enable effective electron migration and suppress electron-hole recombination during photo-irradiation. Herein, CN nanosheets with a large specific surface area (97 m²·g^-1) were synthesized by a two-step calcination method, using urea as the precursor. Following this, a 2D/2D FeNi-LDH/g-C₃N₄ hybrid photocatalyst was obtained by loading a FeNi layered double hydroxide (FeNi-LDH) cocatalyst onto CN nanosheets by a simple hydrothermal method. It was found that the production rate of methanol from photocatalytic CO₂ reduction over the FeNi-LDH/g-C₃N₄ composite is significantly higher than that of pristine CN. Following a series of characterization and analysis, it was demonstrated that the FeNi-LDH/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst exhibited enhanced photo-absorption, which was ascribed to the excellent light absorption ability of FeNi-LDH. The CO₂ adsorption capacity of the FeNi-LDH/g-C₃N₄ hybrid photocatalyst improved, owing to the large specific surface area and alkaline nature of FeNi-LDH. More importantly, the introduction of FeNi-LDH on the CN nanosheet surface led to the formation of a 2D/2D heterojunction with a large contact area at the interface, which could promote the interfacial separation of charge carriers and effectively inhibit the recombination of the photogenerated electrons and holes. This subsequently resulted in the enhancement of the CO₂ photo-reduction activity. In addition, by altering the loading amount of FeNi-LDH for photocatalytic performance evaluation, it was found that the optimal loading amount was 4% (w, mass fraction), with a methanol production rate of 1.64 μmol·h^-1·g^-1 (approximately 6 times that of pure CN). This study provides an effective strategy to improve the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction activity of g-C₃N₄ by employing 2D layered double hydroxide as the cocatalyst. It also proposes a protocol for the successful design of 2D/2D photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.      

有机配体表面改性NiCo2O4纳米线用于水全分解

由于水分解在绿色能源领域的重要作用,能够在碱性介质中进行析氢(HER)和析氧(OER)反应的双功能电催化剂具有重要的应用价值。本文报道一种具有丰富缺陷的表面改性NiCo₂O₄纳米线(NWs),在碱性介质中作为一种高效的整体水裂解电催化剂。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,Co²⁺/Co³⁺比值的增加是表面修饰NiCo₂O₄纳米线具有优异双功能电催化性能的重要原因。结果表明,在1.0 mol·L^-1 KOH溶液中,通过有机配体主导的表面改性,优化后的NiCo₂O₄纳米线在电流密度达到10 mA·cm^-2时的HER过电位仅为83 mV,OER过电位仅为280 mV。更重要的是,有机配体表面改性后的NiCo₂O₄纳米线表现出了出色的水分解性能,在2.1 V电压下达到了100 mA·cm^-2的电流密度。目前的工作凸显了提高NiCo₂O₄ NWs尖晶石结构中Co²⁺含量对促进整体水裂解的重要性。     

碳包覆Pd/TiO2光催化产氢协同胺类选择性氧化合成亚胺(英文)

负载型金属纳米催化剂由于其优异的光催化性能,被广泛应用于光催化产氢协同胺类氧化偶联合成高附加值亚胺体系。但在反应过程中,金属表面对H原子和亚胺表现出较强的吸附能力,导致了亚胺易于发生自氢化反应而生成仲胺,显著降低了亚胺的选择性。在本文中,我们证实了在Pd/Ti O₂表面构建超薄碳层(Pd/Ti O₂@C)是一种解决上述问题的有效策略。在Pd/Ti O₂表面构筑的超薄碳层可以有效调控H原子和亚胺在其表面的吸附行为,避免了光催化氧化偶联过程中亚胺的自氢化。因此,Pd/Ti O₂@C光催化剂在光催化产氢协同胺类选择性氧化合成亚胺体系中展现出优异的亚胺选择性。本研究提供了一种便捷有效的策略推动负载型金属纳米催化剂在光催化产氢协同合成高附加值产物体系中的应用。     

全有机S型异质结PDI-Ala/S-C3N4光催化剂增强光催化性能

Organic photocatalysts have attracted attention owing to their suitable redox band positions, low cost, high chemical stability, and good tunability of their framework and electronic structure. As a novel organic photocatalyst, PDI-Ala (N, N'-bis(propionic acid)-perylene-3, 4, 9, 10-tetracarboxylic diimide) has strong visible-light response, low valence band position, and strong oxidation ability. However, the low photogenerated charge transfer rate and high carrier recombination rate limit its application. Due to the aromatic heterocyclic structure of g-C₃N₄ and large delocalized π bond in the planar structure of PDI-Ala, g-C₃N₄ and PDI-Ala can be tightly combined through π–π interactions and N―C bond. The band structure of sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄ (S-C₃N₄) matched well with PDI-Ala than that with g-C₃N₄. The electron delocalization effect, internal electric field, and newly formed chemical bond jointly promote the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers between PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄. To this end, a novel step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction photocatalyst comprising organic semiconductor PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄ was prepared by an in situ self-assembly strategy. Meanwhile, PDI-Ala was self-assembled by transverse hydrogen bonding and longitudinal π–π stacking. The crystal structure, morphology, valency, optical properties, stability, and energy band structure of the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were systematically analyzed and studied by various characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky curve. The work functions and interface coupling characteristics were determined using density functional theory. The photocatalytic activities of the synthesized photocatalyst for H₂O₂ production and the degradation of tetracycline (TC) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) under visible-light irradiation are discussed. The PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ S-scheme heterojunction with band matching and tight interface bonding accelerates the intermolecular electron transfer and broadens the visible-light response range of the heterojunction. In addition, in the processes of the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ photocatalytic degradation reaction, a variety of active species (h⁺, ·O₂^-, and H₂O₂) were produced and accumulated. Therefore, the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ heterojunction exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance in the degradation of TC, PNP, and H₂O₂ production. Under visible-light irradiation, the optimum 30%PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ removed 90% of TC within 90 min. In addition, 30%PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ displayed the highest H₂O₂ evolution rate of 28.3 μmol·h^-1·g^-1, which was 2.9 and 1.6 times higher than those of PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄, respectively. These results reveal that the all organic photocatalyst comprising PDI-based supramolecular and S-C₃N₄ can be efficiently applied for the degradation of organic pollutants and production of H₂O₂. This work not only provides a novel strategy for the design of all organic S-scheme heterojunctions but also provides a new insight and reference for understanding the structure–activity relationship of heterostructure catalysts with effective interface bonding.