侧链末端为磺酸根基团的磺化改性聚砜的制备及其阳离子交换膜的基本性能

采用两步一锅法,在聚砜(PSF)主链上键联了末端基为磺酸根基团的侧链,获得了疏水主链与磺酸根基团"微相分离"结构的磺化改性PSF。以氯乙基异氰酸酯(CEIC)为亲电试剂,使PSF主链上的苯环发生付-克烷基化反应,制得侧链含有活性基团—NCO的中间产物聚合物PSFeic;通过活性基团—NCO与对羟基苯磺酸钠(HBSAS)生成氨基甲酸酯的较快速的反应,获得了侧链末端为磺酸根基团的磺化改性聚砜PSF-sas。采用FT-IR、1 H-NMR及紫外分光光度法对目标产物聚合物PSF-sas的化学结构进行了表征。以PSF-sas为膜材,采用流延法制备了PSF阳离子交换膜,测定了交换膜的基本性能,包括离子交换容量、吸水率及质子传导率。研究结果表明,在路易斯酸催化剂作用下,CEIC与PSF主链上苯环之间的付-克烷基化反应可顺利进行,生成中间聚合物产物PSF-eic;以强极性的二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)为溶剂,反应24h,PSF-eic分子链中乙基异氰酸酯(eic)的键合量可达2.43mmol/g。在此基础上进行第2步反应,可得到磺酸根基团含量为2.23mmol/g的目标产物PSF-sas,所制备的阳离子交换膜,具有高的离子交换容量,适当的吸水率与高的质子传导率。     

侧链结构对侧链型磺化聚砜质子交换膜性能的影响

以双酚A型聚砜(PS)为基础,与自制的1,4-二氯甲氧基丁烷反应制备氯甲基化聚砜(CPS),接着与2-萘酚-6,8-二磺酸钾(NSK)进行亲核取代反应制备萘磺酸型侧链磺化聚砜(PS-NS)。采用溶液浇注法制备相应的质子交换膜(PEMs),结合前期研究的脂肪磺酸型侧链磺化聚砜(PS-ES)和苯磺酸型侧链磺化聚砜(PS-BS) PEMs,考察侧链结构对PEMs的吸水率、吸水溶胀率和尺寸稳定性的影响关系。结果表明,与主链型芳香聚合物PEMs相比,3种侧链型磺化聚砜PEMs由于亲水基团远离疏水主链,能够形成类似于Nafion膜的相分离结构,在高吸水率下保持更好的尺寸稳定性;在相同的离子交换膜容量(IEC)下,PS-ES、PS-BS和PS-NS膜随着侧链刚性苯环数目的增加,侧链的运动能力减弱,导致PEMs的尺寸稳定性增加,相应的质子传导率减小; PS-ES膜在25℃和85℃的质子传导率分别达到0. 072和0. 141 S/cm,PS-NS在25℃和85℃的尺寸溶胀性仅为21. 8%和51. 5%,性能与商业化的Nafion115膜十分接近。     

侧链型磺化聚砜的制备及侧链链长对质子交换膜性能影响的研究

以氯乙酰氯和氯丁酰氯为亲电试剂,通过Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应,在聚砜(PSF)主链引入了含氯的且碳原子数目不同的(分别为2和4)柔性侧链,然后以对羟基苯磺酸钠(HBSS)为试剂,通过亲核取代反应制备了侧链型磺化聚砜2PSF-BSS和4PSF-BSS。采用佛尔哈德分析法、红外光谱(FT-IR)以及核磁氢谱(1HNMR)对侧链型磺化聚砜的化学结构和性能进行了表征,重点考察主要因素对Friedel-Crafts酰基化和亲核取代反应的影响,实验结果表明:以无水Al Cl3为催化剂,CH2Cl2为反应溶剂,反应温度50℃,CAPSF和CBPSF中氯含量分别达到2.03mmol/g和2.07mmol/g,第2步亲核取代反应遵循SN1机理,在强极性溶剂DMSO中磺酸基键合量分别为1.48mmol/g和1.46mmol/g。同时初步探索侧链链长对质子交换膜的质子传导率的影响,随着侧链长度的增长,侧链的柔性增强,亲水微区与疏水微区微相分离的程度增强,导致交换膜的质子传导率增大。     

萘磺酸型侧链磺化聚砜质子交换膜的性能

以聚砜(PS)和自制的1,4-二氯甲氧基丁烷(BCD)为氯甲基化试剂通过Fridel-Crafts烷基反应制备氯甲基化聚砜(CPS),紧接着氯甲基与2-萘酚-6,8-二磺酸钾(NSK)试剂通过亲核取代反应制备一种萘磺酸型磺化聚砜(PS-NS),在用红外和核磁氢谱充分表征的基础上制备一系列磺酸基团键合量不同的PS-NS质子交换膜(分别为PS-NS-1,PS-NS-2,PS-NS-3)重点研究温度对质子交换膜性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:由于亲水基团与疏水主链距离较远,能够形成类似于Nafion膜的微相分离结构,使得该质子交换膜在高磺化度下仍能保持高的尺寸稳定性,同时随着温度升高,质子交换膜的吸水率、溶胀性以及质子传导率增加,PS-NS-3在25℃和85℃的吸水率为21. 3%和42. 7%,但是溶胀率仅为22. 2%和50. 3%,与商业化Nafion115膜(24. 9%和55. 0%)的性能十分接近,表现出很好的尺寸稳定性。     

侧链型磺化聚砜质子交换膜构-效关系的研究

在制备氯乙酰基化聚砜(CAPS)和氯丁酰基化聚砜(CBPS)的基础上,以对羟基苯磺酸钠(HBS)为试剂,通过亲核取代反应制备侧链长度不同的两种侧链型磺化聚砜2PS-BS和4PS-BS (侧链碳原子数目分别是2和4),利用FT-IR和1H-NMR表征它们的化学结构后,采用溶液浇注法制备它们的质子交换膜(PEM),同时结合我们前期制备的侧链型磺化聚砜1PS-BS质子交换膜,研究柔性侧链的长度对PEM性能的影响。研究结果显示,与主链型PEM相比,1PS-BS、2PS-BS和4PS-BS由于亲水基团远离疏水主链,能够形成类似于Nafion膜的相分离结构,相应的PEM在高吸水率下仍能保持优越的尺寸稳定性和耐氧化性能。在相同的温度和IEC下,3种PEM随着柔性侧链长度的增加,PEM的相分离程度增强,进而导致PEM的尺寸稳定性、耐氧化性能和质子传导率增强,其中4PS-BS-4膜在25℃时的吸水溶胀性仅为7.1%,优于相同条件下Nafion115和Nafion117膜(室温溶胀率分别为9.5%和11%),相应的质子传导率达到了0.049S/cm,满足燃料电池的实际应用要求。     

燃料电池用侧链型磺化聚砜质子交换膜的性能

在制备氯甲基化聚砜(CPS)的基础上,以1,2-二羟基苯-3,5-二磺酸钠为试剂,通过亲核取代反应制备一种侧链末端为磺酸基团的侧链型磺化聚砜(PS-BDS),并采用溶液浇注法制备相应的质子交换膜(PEM),研究温度对PEM性能的影响规律。 结果表明,由于亲水基团远离疏水聚合物主链,该PEM能够形成亲水微区远离疏水微区的相分离结构,亲水区域对主链的影响较小,该PEM在高磺化度下仍能保持较好的尺寸稳定性,随着温度的升高,PEM的吸水率(WU)、吸水溶胀率(SW)和质子传导率(PC)升高,其中PS-BDS-4(离子交换容量为1.57 mmol/g)在25和85 ℃时的SW仅为22.1%和55.0%,甲醇的渗透率(DK)仅为10.17×10^-7 cm²/s,低于商业化的Nafion115(16.8×10^-7 cm²/s)和Nafion117(23.8×10^-7 cm²/s),表现出很好的综合性能。     

具有高效长侧链的芘磺酸型磺化聚砜阳离子交换膜的性能

以双酚A型聚砜和无致癌毒性的溴甲基化试剂1,4-二溴丁烷为原料,通过烷基化反应在聚砜分子上引入可交换溴原子制备溴代聚砜(BPSF),将BPSF与8-羟基-1,3,6-芘三磺酸钠(TS)试剂通过亲核取代反应制备一种磺酸基团远离聚合物主链的芘磺酸型磺化聚砜(PS-TS)。采用溶液流延法制备PS-TS阳离子交换膜,通过控制亲核取代反应的时间制备了一系列磺酸基团含量不同的磺化聚砜膜PS-TS-n(PSF-TS-1(0.79 mmol/g)、PSF-TS-2(1.01 mmol/g)、PSF-TS-3(1.28 mmol/g))。结果表明,由于亲疏水区域距离较远,形成的相分离程度明显,PSF-TS膜在高吸水率下仍能保持很好的尺寸稳定性,随着磺酸基团含量增多,相分离程度增强,其中磺酸基团含量为1.32 mmol/g的PSF-TS-3膜在25和85℃的溶胀率仅为22.9%和51.3%,相应的质子传导率达到了0.088和0.149 S/cm,尺寸稳定性超过了商业化Nafion115膜在相同条件下的性能,有望用于燃料电池的实际应用。     

基于一锅法的磺化聚砜质子交换膜的性能

以双酚A型聚砜(PSF)为基质材料,通过傅-克烷基化反应在PSF主链引入—NCO活性基团,制备乙基异氰酸化聚砜(PS-SA)。 在制备PS-SA的基础上,采用两步一锅法,PS-SA与2-萘酚-6,8-二磺酸钾通过亲核取代反应,制备一种侧链含有萘环的萘磺酸型磺化聚砜PS-NS,充分表征聚合物的化学结构,以溶液浇注的方法制备质子交换膜,研究了温度对PS-NS膜的吸水率(WU,Water Uptaking)、吸水溶胀性(Swelling Ratio)、质子传导率(Proton Conductivity)等基本性能的影响。 结果表明,PS-NS膜由于亲水基团距离较远,能够很容易形成相分离结构,所制备的质子交换膜高WU下尺寸稳定性仍然很高,其中PS-NS-4膜(磺酸基团键合量为1.42 mmol/g)在25和85 ℃的WU高达27.2%和40.3%,但是相应的吸水溶胀性仅为25.2%和57.2%,与相同条件下Nafion115膜的性能十分接近。     

一类含多磺酸结构侧链型聚芳醚酮质子交换膜材料的合成及性能研究

为进一步改善芳香型磺化聚合物质子交换膜材料的离子传导率、尺寸稳定性和耐化学氧化稳定性,从聚合物结构设计出发,首先利用9,9-双(3-苯基-4-羟基)苯基芴与4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)二苯酚、1,4-二(4-氟苯甲酰基)苯经芳香亲核缩聚合成了一系列含芴和苯侧基结构新型聚芳醚酮聚合物(4-PAEK-xx),进一步通过温和的后磺化反应,制备了一系列含多磺酸结构侧链型聚芳醚酮质子交换膜(4-SPAEK-xx).对所制备的侧链型聚芳醚酮质子交换膜的结构和性能分别进行了表征分析.结果表明,该类质子交换膜具有适中的吸水率和较低的溶胀率,80°C时的吸水率和溶胀率分别在21%~51.2%和7.4%~17.2%.该类聚芳醚酮质子交换膜展现出了良好的离子传导性,80°C时的离子传导率在115~171 mS/cm,其中4-PAEK-45膜(离子交换容量为2.12 mequiv/g)的离子传导率已经超过了商品化的Nafion膜.此外,所制备的侧链型聚芳醚酮质子交换膜还表现出了良好的热稳定性、力学性能和耐化学氧化性.磺化膜优良的综合性能主要归因于侧链多磺酸结构和长尺寸含氟疏水结构单元的同时引入,其中侧链多磺酸结构的引入降低了主链磺化结构单元的比例,同时使亲水性的磺酸基团与分子主链分隔开来;而长尺寸含氟疏水性结构单元的引入进一步提高了膜材料的尺寸稳定性和耐氧化稳定性.     

自交联聚乙烯亚胺-聚砜高温质子交换膜研究

为了制备出兼具高电导率和优异力学性能的高温质子交换膜,本工作采用化学自交联的方法将含氮功能基团聚乙烯亚胺（PEI,平均分子量200）接枝到氯甲基化聚砜（CMPSF）高分子链上制备磷酸掺杂型高温质子交换膜的基膜（PEI-PSF）.其中,PEI上的含氮功能基团既作为磷酸吸附位点,使高温质子交换膜获得高的质子传导率,同时又作为交联位点与CMPSF高分子链上的苄氯基团发生自交联反应,使聚合物膜具有优良的力学性能.傅里叶变换红外光谱和X-射线光电子能谱测试结果表明,CMPSF高分子链上的苄氯基团与PEI上的含氮功能基团发生完全反应,且随着聚砜氯甲基化程度的增加,膜中引入的PEI含量相应增加,进而提升了PEI-PSF膜的磷酸掺杂水平.氯甲基化程度为58%的PEI-PSF膜（PEI-PSF-58）磷酸吸附量达到122 wt%,在180℃无水条件下质子电导率达到3.4×10^-2 S·cm^-1,同时该复合膜拉伸强度达到30 MPa.基于磷酸掺杂的PEI-PSF-58复合膜的高温质子交换膜燃料电池在150℃干气条件下的输出峰功率达到200 mW·cm^-2,并且在78 h的测试时间内展示出了良好的稳定性.     

用于质子交换膜的磺化聚酰亚胺的合成与性能研究

从分子设计的角度出发, 合成了一种新型的磺化二胺单体, 通过聚合反应制备了磺酸基在侧链上的质子交换膜. 由于特殊结构的设计, 这种质子交换膜的水解稳定性和氧化稳定性均得到提高.     

含二氮杂萘酮结构磺化聚酰亚胺共聚物的合成及其膜性能研究

将磺化二胺单体4,4′-二(4-氨基苯氧基)联苯-3,3′-二磺酸(BAPBDS),含二氮杂萘酮结构的二胺1,2-二氢-2-(4-氨基苯基)-4-[4-(4-氨基苯氧基)-苯基]-二氮杂萘-1-酮(DHPZDA)和1,4,5,8-萘四甲酸二酐(NTDA)进行缩合聚合反应,通过改变磺化二胺单体BAPBDS的含量,合成了一系列不同磺化度的聚酰亚胺(SPIs).采用FT-IR,1H-NMR表征了聚合物的结构,热重分析仪(TGA)研究了聚合物的耐热稳定性.以间甲酚为溶剂,通过溶液浇铸法成膜研究了该系列聚合物膜的性能.结果表明,与其它磺化聚酰亚胺相比,该系列磺化聚酰亚胺的溶解性以及在高温下(80℃)水解稳定性有较大提高.     

Thermal and hydrolytic stability of sulfonated polyimide membranes with varying chemical structure

Many important properties required for fuel cell applications including hydrolytic stability, depend on various factors like flexibility of the polymer backbone, ring structure and phase separation. This paper is primarily focused on studying the effect of the chemical backbone structure on the hydrolytic stability and other properties. To study the difference in the hydrolytic stability with change in the chemical backbone structure of sulfonated polyimides we synthesized phthalic sulfonated polyimides and naphthalenic sulfonated polyimides. Two series of phthalic sulfonated polyimides were prepared using 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and 4,4′-methylene dianiline (MDA), and 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidine) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and oxydianiline (ODA). 4,4′-Diaminobiphenyl-2,2′-disulfonic acid (BDSA) was used to introduce sulfonic acid group into both series. Naphthalenic polyimides were synthesized from 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetra-carboxylic dianhydride, BDSA, MDA and ODA. Also to observe other properties according to variation of sulfonic acid content, the degree of functionalisation was effectively controlled by altering the mole ratio between the sulfonated and non-sulfonated diamine monomers in phthalic sulfonated polyimides. The hydrolytic stability of the polyimides was followed by FT-IR spectroscopy at regular intervals. Polyimides prepared using naphthalenic dianhydride, NTDA, exhibited higher hydrolytic stability than the phthalic dianhydrides. The proton conductivity, ion exchange capacity (IEC) and water uptake measurements revealed the dependence on the molecular weight of the repeating unit. The proton conductivity of the sulfonated polyimides was found to vary with chemical backbone structure.     

聚苯基喹噁啉的研究与应用进展

聚苯基喹噁啉(PPQ)是一类重要的热塑性芳杂环聚合物材料。苯基取代喹噁啉环赋予了PPQ优良的耐热稳定性、耐水解性以及在有机溶剂中良好的溶解性。本文综述了近年来国内外在PPQ材料基础研究与应用领域内的最新进展情况,从四酮单体的合成、PPQ的合成以及在高技术领域中的应用等角度进行了阐述。着重介绍了PPQ在集成电路层间介质材料、先进显示用电子传输材料以及燃料电池质子交换膜材料中的应用,最后结合作者的研究工作对PPQ材料在未来高技术领域中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Quantum chemical studies on tautomerism of 2-, 3- or 4-hydroxyquinoline derivatives along with their thio and azo analogs

The geometries, relative stabilities and proton affinities for the different tautomers of 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and their thio and azo analogs along with their fixed forms (i.e. model molecules in which the proton migration is eliminated) were calculated with full geometry optimization using AM1, PM3 and MNDO methods. The predominance of oxo forms over hydroxy forms were confirmed with all three methods both in gas and liquid phases, as cited in the literature, with the exception of 3-hydroxyquinoline for which the AM1 and MNDO methods both in gas and liquid phases suggest the predominance of the hydroxy form. For the thio analogs the predominance of thione forms over mercapto forms and for the amino analogs the predominance of the amino forms over imino forms were confirmed both in gas and liquid phases with all three methods as indicated in the literature.     

Preparation and properties of covalently cross-linked sulfonated copolyimide membranes containing benzimidazole groups

A series of sulfonated copolyimides containing benzimidazole groups (SPIs) were synthesized by random copolymerization of 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole (APABI), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether-2,2′-disulfonic acid (ODADS) and 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene (BAPF) in m-cresol in the presence of benzoic acid and triethylamine at 180 °C for 20 h. Membranes with good mechanical properties were prepared by solution cast method. Proton exchange treatment resulted in ionic cross-linking and the membranes were further covalently cross-linked by treating them in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) at 180 °C for 6 h. The covalently cross-linked membranes displayed slightly lower ion exchange capacities (IECs) and proton conductivities than the corresponding covalently uncross-linked ones because small part of the sulfonic acid groups had been consumed during the cross-linking process. Fenton’s test (3% H₂O₂ + 3 ppm FeSO₄, 80 °C) revealed that benzimidazole groups played an important role in the radical oxidative stability of the membranes, while the cooperative effect of benzimidazole groups and covalent cross-linking led to much more significant enhancements in the radical oxidative stability of the membranes than each alone. The membrane 4 (ODADS/APABI/BAPF = 2/1/1, by mol), for example, after covalent cross-linking could maintain membrane form within 8 h measurement, which was much longer than that (3 h) before covalent cross-linking under the same conditions. The membrane 5 (ODADS/BAPF = 3/1, by mol) without benzimidazole groups, however, after covalent cross-linking started to break into pieces after 85 min measurement, which was only slightly longer than that (60 min) before cross-linking under the same conditions.     

Proton mobility in the solid inorganic hydrates of acids and acid salts

The method for the calculation of the proton-transfer frequency (n_t) and its activation energies (E_t) was suggested. Results of the calculations were presented. The experimental data on the activation energy of proton-containing group rotation and protonconductivity values for some hydrates of inorganic acids and acid salts were compared with the calculated ones.     

Novel proton-conducting polymer inclusion membranes

The preparation and characterization of new polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) for proton transport is described. PIMs were prepared with different polymeric cellulose-based compounds and PVC as supports, tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as plasticizers and dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (DNSA) and dinonylnaphthalenedisulfonic acid (DNDSA) as carriers. The effects of the nature and content of the supports, plasticizers and carriers on membrane proton conductivity was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This technique was also used to evaluate the chemical stability of a CTA–NPOE–DNDSA membrane while its selectivity was monitored with respect to sodium and calcium ions through counter-transport experiments. DSC and TGA techniques were used to determine the thermal stability of these membranes. A PIM based on CTA–DNDSA–NPOE showed the highest proton conductivity (3.5 mS/cm) with no variation of its behavior during 2 months of evaluation. FTIR characterization did not show structural changes of the membrane in this period of time. Thermal analysis indicates that it is stable up to 180 °C. An empirical functional relationship between PIM resistance and composition indicates that increasing plasticizer and carrier concentrations enhances the conductivity of the membranes, while increasing CTA content tends to decrease this property. Transport experiments showed a good selectivity of the CTA–DNDSA–NPOE membrane for protons over calcium or sodium ions.