季铵盐型阳离子聚合物的合成及其应用

介绍季铵盐型阳离子聚合物的合成方法,主要包括二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基氯化铵、表氯醇和丙烯酰胺等单体直接聚合方法,及天然高分子和聚乙烯醇的改性制备方法等。同时总结了季铵盐型阳离子聚合物在涂料、环境、水处理等领域的应用。     

聚(4-乙烯基吡啶季铵盐-丙烯酰胺)的抗菌性能与机理研究

季铵盐型阳离子聚合物具有絮凝、缓蚀与杀菌等多种功能,据此,我们通过分子设计,先将丙烯酰胺与4-乙烯基吡啶（4-VP）进行共聚合,然后使用季铵化试剂硫酸二甲酯使共聚物阳离子化,制备了吡啶季铵盐型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（QPAV）,本文报道QPAV的抗菌性能,并探讨其抗菌机理,结果表明,吡啶季铵盐型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺具有很强的抗菌性能,且其抗菌机理是基于杀菌而不仅仅是抑菌。     

丙烯酰胺与4-乙烯基吡啶共聚物的季胺化及其若干性能

将丙烯酰胺 (AM)与 4 乙烯基吡啶 (4VP)的共聚物 (P(AM co 4VP) )用硫酸二甲酯季铵化 ,制备了系列吡啶季铵盐型阳离子丙烯酰胺共聚物 ,用FTIR、1 H NMR和紫外分光光度法表征了其分子结构与组成 ,并重点研究了其絮凝与缓蚀性 ,考察了阳离子度与分子量对其各种功能的影响 .研究结果表明 ,吡啶季铵盐型阳离子丙烯酰胺共聚物具有优良的絮凝 缓蚀等功能 ,且阳离子度越高 ,性能越好 ,而分子量对其性能亦有显著的影响 .     

三烷基季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成与性能测定

用柠檬酸、十二烷基二甲基叔胺与环氧氯丙烷反应合成了柠檬酸三酯三烷基季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂。实验结果表明,在异丙醇溶剂中,反应体系在80℃,反应时间12h,产物的收率为91.5%。用红外光谱、元素分析、高效液相色谱对其结构进行了表征,通过测定其临界胶束浓度、Krafft点及泡沫性能,对产物表面活性进行了分析。     

硫脲基咪唑啉季铵盐的合成及其缓蚀作用

用戊酸、羊蜡酸、油酸、二乙烯三胺、氯化苄和硫脲为原料,合成了6种咪唑啉季铵盐化合物。 采用静态失重法和极化曲线法,比较了硫脲基烷基咪唑啉型季铵盐和烷基咪唑啉型季铵盐在80 ℃、1 mol/L的HCl溶液中对碳钢的缓蚀性能,研究了这两类缓蚀剂与无机阴离子和阴离子表面活性剂的协同作用。 结果表明,硫脲基烷基咪唑啉季铵盐类的缓蚀效果明显优于烷基咪唑啉季铵盐类,硫脲基羊脂酸咪唑啉缓蚀剂的缓蚀率可达98.3%。 当以羊脂酸、二乙烯三胺、氯化苄和硫脲为原料合成的硫脲基烷基咪唑啉型季铵盐化合物与I-质量比为1∶1复配时,缓蚀效果最佳,比单独使用硫脲基烷基咪唑啉季铵盐化合物的缓蚀率提高了1.5%。     

新型N-甲基-N-烯丙基吗啡啉季铵盐类离子液体的合成

离子液体对某些无机和有机物溶解性能好、液态温度和电化学窗口范围宽、热稳定性高、易制备,因而近年来成为国内外研究的热点,目前的离子液体大多由烷基吡啶或双烷基咪唑季铵盐阳离子与氯铝酸根、氟硼酸根、六氟磷酸根以及其它大的阴离子构成,在季铵盐类离子液体中,     

醚化剂GTA的合成及在制备阳离子聚乙烯醇中的应用

以三甲胺(TMA)和环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)为原料,超声条件下合成了醚化剂失水甘油基三甲基氯化铵(GTA),研究了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间对产物收率的影响,确定GTA最优合成工艺条件:n(TMA)∶n(EPIC)=2∶1,反应温度20℃,反应时间4 h,此条件下产物收率72%。用该中间体在碱性条件下对聚乙烯醇进行改性,可制得季铵盐型阳离子聚乙烯醇膜材料,通过正交实验确定季铵盐型阳离子聚乙烯醇最优合成工艺条件:n(GTA)∶n(PVA)=2∶1,反应温度60~70℃,反应时间5 h,p H为10,终产物收率88%。     

阳离子丙烯酸树脂乳液涂饰剂的合成研究

以丙烯酸二乙氨基乙酯及其它丙烯酸酯类、乙烯基类单体作为共聚单体,以过醋酸-双氧水为引发体系,采用核-壳乳液共聚方法,对阳离子丙烯酸树脂的合成进行了研究,结果表明;引发剂体系和乳化剂体系对乳液的性能、乳胶粒的形态结构、聚合物的性能以及工艺过程的平稳性至关重要。该项研究为阳离子丙烯酸系聚合物在制革业中的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

季铵盐阴离子交换膜研究进展

近年来,阴离子交换膜燃料电池的发展受到了广泛关注。开发具有碱稳定性能优异,电导率高的阴离子交换膜(AEMs)材料成为了研究的热点。AEMs主要由聚合物骨架和阳离子基团组成,这两者是影响膜碱稳定性和电导率的重要因素。本文综述了季铵盐类阴离子交换膜聚合物骨架结构中含有醚氧键和不含醚氧键的烷基季铵盐AEMs、N-螺环季铵盐AEMs和环季铵盐AEMs的碱稳定性、电导率等性能;总结了不同骨架结构季铵盐AEMs碱稳定性的差异;分析了季铵盐的降解机理。同时对于含有季铵盐阳离子交换基团的AEMs的结构设计进行了分析和展望。     

有机高分子抗菌剂的制备及抗菌机理

综述了有机高分子抗菌剂的研究进展,分别对带有季铵盐、季鳞盐、有机锡、吡啶类、胍盐类、卤代胺类和壳聚糖衍生物类七种抗菌基团的有机高分子抗菌剂的合成及应用等方面作了评述.重点介绍了季铵盐与季鳞盐两种有机高分子抗菌剂的发展情况,对季铵盐和季鳞盐应用于抗菌剂领域的优劣进行了比较.介绍了近几年发展较快的几种有机高分子抗菌剂的制备...     

Kinetics of the batch cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene: A comparative study with the anionic case

An in‐depth study on the kinetics of the cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene in a batch reactor is presented. This study is focused on the effect of the amount of the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), using two different cationic initiators: 2,2′‐azobisisobutyramidine dihydrochloride (AIBA), 2,2′‐azobis (N,N′‐dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dihydrochloride (ADIBA), on kinetics and colloidal features such as conversion, number of particles, number average of radicals per particle, mean particle diameter, and particle size distribution (PSD) of the polystyrene latices obtained by emulsion polymerization in a batch reactor. Furthermore, the results of the cationic emulsion polymerization were compared with its homologous anionic case. Using DTAB as cationic surfactant an expected increase in the total rate of polymerization was observed when the DTAB concentration increased. However, the total number of particles increased much more than in the anionic system. On the other hand, a dependence on the particle size of the rate of polymerization per particle together with the average number of radicals per particle was found. These differences between cationic and anionic emulsion polymerizations were explained taking into account the limited particle coagulation observed with cationic surfactants, and the high rate of radical formation of cationic initiators. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4461–4478, 2006     

Chlorothioxanthone-Onium salts: Efficient photoinitiators of cationic polymerization

The interaction of iodonium, sulphonium, phosphonium, arsonium, selenonium, and heterocyclic nitrogen salts with the excited triplet state of 2-chlorothioxanthone (CTX) has been studied through time-resolved laser spectroscopy. Bimolecular quenching rate constants (k_e) have been measured for the first time. Measuring of the rate constants (k_q) of the quenching reaction by monomers permits the calculation of charge transfer (ø_CT) quantum yields. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Semicontinuous seeded cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene: The effects of the concentration and type of cationic surfactant

The objective of this work was to analyze the effects of the concentration and type of cationic surfactant on the kinetic features (instantaneous and overall conversions) and colloidal characteristics [mean particle diameter, particle size distribution (PSD), and surface charge density] in the semicontinuous seeded cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene. 2,2′‐Azobis(N,N′‐dimethyleneisobutyramidine)dihydrochloride was used as an initiator. The surfactants were dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTAB). So that the evolution of some polymeric and colloidal characteristics of the synthesized latices could be followed, the overall and instantaneous conversions were defined and determined gravimetrically. The PSDs and average particle diameters were determined by transmission electron microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. The surface charge density was determined by conductimetric titration. The evolution of the instantaneous conversions, the total number of particles, and the PSDs of the different reactions were related to the nucleation, growth, and coagulation processes taking place in the semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerizations. The PSDs obtained from the reactions carried out with the emulsifier DTAB, at a concentration equal to its critical micelle concentration (cmc) and at a concentration twice its cmc, presented more and smaller particles than those obtained by the addition of HDTAB to the polymerization recipe. At lower emulsifier concentrations equal to half of the cmc, the system had lower colloidal stability with DTAB. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2322–2334, 2003     

Novel pyridinium salts as cationic thermal and photoinitiators and their photosensitization properties

Novel pyridinium salts [N‐(α‐phenylbenzyl)‐, N‐(1‐naphthylmethyl)‐, or N‐cinnamyl p‐ or o‐cyanopyridinium hexafluoroantimonates] were synthesized by the reaction of p‐ or o‐cyanopyridine and the corresponding bromides followed by anion exchange with KSbF₆. These pyridinium salts polymerized epoxy monomers at lower temperatures than previously reported for N‐benzyl‐2‐cyanopyridinium hexafluoroantimonate. The o‐substituted pyridinium salts showed higher activity than the p‐substituted ones, and the crosslinked epoxy polymers cured with these initiators showed higher glass‐transition temperatures. These pyridinium salts photoinitiated radical polymerization as well as cationic polymerization. The photopolymerization was accelerated by the addition of aromatic ketones as photosensitizers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1037–1046, 2002     

Novel N‐methylbenzothiazolium salts as hardeners for epoxy and acrylate monomers

Novel N‐methylbenzothiazolium salts [N‐methyl‐2‐benzylthiobenzothiazolium, N‐methyl‐2‐(4‐nitrobenzylthio)benzothiazolium, N‐methyl‐2‐(1‐ethoxycarbonylethylthio)benzothiazolium, and N‐methyl‐2‐methylthiobenzothiazolium hexafluoroantimonates] were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding 2‐substituted benzothiazole with dimethylsulfate, followed by anion exchange with KSbF₆. These benzothiazolium salts cationically polymerized an epoxy monomer by photoirradiation. They also polymerized an acrylate monomer via a photoradical process. The use of aromatic compounds such as 2‐ethyl‐9,10‐dimethoxyanthracene as photosensitizers was effective in enhancing the polymerization. These benzothiazolium salts also served as thermal cationic initiators. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3828–3837, 2003     

Cationic amphiphiles of both lipid and nonlipid nature in gene therapy

The synthesis and biological activity of cationic lipids and cationic amphiphiles of different natures are considered. The general factors influencing the transfection efficiency are identified and summarized for various classes of compounds. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 385–400, March. 2000.     

乙烯基阳离子聚合引发剂的新进展

本文围绕着乙烯基阳离子聚合这一核心，简要地介绍了近年来在阳离子聚合引发剂方面取得的新进展，包括活性阳离子聚合和普通阳离子聚合引发剂两个部分。     

Photocationic and radical polymerizations of epoxides and acrylates by novel sulfonium salts

Novel sulfonium salts [methyl‐, 2‐indany‐, or 1‐ethoxycarbonylethyl methyl‐2‐naphthylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate and 2‐indany‐, 1‐ethoxycarbonylethyl‐, 2‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropyl‐, 2‐phenylpropyl‐, 2‐phenylethyl‐, 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐ethyl‐, or 3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐propyl methylphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphates] were synthesized by the reaction of dimethylsulfate and the corresponding sulfides followed by anion exchange with KPF₆. These sulfonium salts could polymerize epoxy monomers at lower temperatures than previously reported for benzylsulfonium salt initiators. In particular, sulfonium salts with naphthyl groups showed higher photoactivity than already reported for di(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)iodonium and triphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphates. These sulfonium salts showed higher activity in photoradical polymerization and photocationic polymerization. The photopolymerization was accelerated by the addition of 4‐methoxy‐1‐naphthol, N‐ethylcarbazole, 2,4‐dimethylthioxanthone, phenothiazine, and 2‐ethyl‐9,10‐dimethoxyanthracene as photosensitizers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3816–3827, 2003     

阳离子聚合的进展

首先介绍了阳离子聚合的简史,由于阳离子高活性的特点使其发展较慢,阳离子聚合研究的突破来自对引发反应的深入理解,而近代阳离子聚合的要点则在于使链引发、链增长和链终止成为可控。阳离子聚合的进展密切与大分子工程相关。本文对活性阳郭聚合做了较详细的讨论。并举遥爪聚人事物及嵌段聚合物的研究成就。最后,提出了阳离子聚合是发展中的问题供参考。     

Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of 3-Ethyl-3-(phenoxymethyl)-oxetane in Nitrogen Atmosphere

Abstract

The photoinitiated cationic polymerizations of 3-ethyl-3-(phenoxymethyl)-oxetane (PhO) and phenyl glycidyl ether (PhE) with diphenyl-4-thiophenoxyphenyl sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate as the cationic photoinitiator were carried out in air and nitrogen atmospheres. A real time FT-IR method was used to estimate the polymerization rates. The number-average molecular weight (M _n) of the resulting polymers were measured by gel permeation chromatography. In nitrogen, the photopolymerization rate of PhO was more than four times greater than in air, while there was no essential difference for PhE. The M _n of the PhO polymer increased from 13,900 (in air) to 61,200 (in nitrogen) at the peak top. The fast polymerization mechanism in nitrogen was postulated to be the radical-assisted decomposition of the sulfonium salt.