毛竹酶解/温和酸水解木质素的快速热解研究

采用热裂解-气相色谱/质谱仪联用技术,研究毛竹酶解/温和酸水解木质素(简称EMAL)的热解特性和热解产物的分布与形成规律.以温度为重要因素,研究其对木质素快速热裂解产物的影响,并通过主要的热解产物推断热解反应途径.研究结果表明,EMAL的热解产物主要是2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、酚类、脂类和少量乙酸.热解温度对热解产物组分的相对含量有显著影响,250~400 ℃时,产物主要是2,3-二氢苯并呋喃,320 ℃时其相对含量最高,达到66.26%;400~800 ℃时,热解产物主要是酚类,600 ℃时其相对含量最高,达到62.58%;800 ℃时出现了少量的乙酸.     

爱沙尼亚油页岩及其热解产物的电子顺磁共振研究

采用电子顺磁共振（EPR）技术,系统地研究了热解温度对样品自由基浓度、g因子和线宽的影响。结果表明,油页岩干酪根及其制备的热解产物沥青、焦油和半焦的自由基浓度为2.29×10¹⁴-9.16×10¹⁴。当热解温度低于380℃时,主要发生干酪根的热解聚,当热解温度超过380℃,主要为中间产物热沥青的分解阶段,表现为热沥青的自由基浓度N_g和g因子值高于半焦。对EPR谱图线宽分析可知,当温度高于380℃时,焦油的线宽明显大于半焦和热沥青,说明液体内部自由基中自旋粒子间以及自旋粒子与环境的相互作用要比固体剧烈的多。温度低于380℃时,半焦和热沥青由于热解反应的进行,自由基自旋粒子之间及其与环境的相互作用增强,线宽随着温度的升高而增加。温度高于380℃时,半焦和热沥青的EPR曲线线宽降低,表明随着温度的升高自由基自旋粒子的相互作用减弱。     

平朔煤热解过程中PAHs的释放特性

利用热解-气质联用仪(PY-GC-MS)研究了平朔煤在不同热解温度下多环芳烃(PHAs)的释放规律,并探讨了该过程中PAHs的生成机理。研究结果表明,16种PAHs的生成总量随着热解温度的升高先增大后减少,在800℃达到最大值。且PAHs环数分布规律对热解温度具有显著的依赖性,不同环数的PAHs,其最大生成量时所对应的热解温度亦不同。随着热解温度的升高,煤结构中的桥键、芳香环上的脂肪侧链以及较难断裂的甲基、酚羟基等依次断裂,使得PAHs的生成量不断增加,当温度升高至1 000、1 200℃时,伴随着缩合反应加剧,大环PAHs的生成量继续增加。由总体趋势看出,平朔煤大分子网络结构的热裂解主要发生在600~800℃,热解缩合反应主要发生在高温下。平朔煤热解过程中的PAHs除小部分来自煤中可萃取的芳烃结构挥发外,主要来自煤中大分子芳香结构裂解以及热解生成自由基碎片的高温聚合。     

典型烟煤热解机理的反应动力学模拟

建立合理有效的烟煤大分子模型,采用基于反应力场(Reactive Force Field,ReaxFF)的分子动力学方法模拟1400-2600 K典型烟煤的热解过程,得出产物分布和中间自由基的演变历程。研究表明,随着热解温度的升高,焦炭产量先增加后降低,焦油产量的变化趋势与焦炭相反,热解气产量单调增加。煤在低温下热解主要发生一次反应,生成焦油自由基碎片和小分子气体;高温下焦油碎片的二次反应显著,生成含量较多但数量较少的焦炭及含量与数量较多的小分子气体。2000 K是一次反应向二次反应的温度转折点。在高温热解时,煤中的C与H逐渐迁移到焦炭和焦油中,而含氧官能团较为活跃,O逐渐迁移到热解气中。二次反应阶段,O最活泼,H次之,C最稳定。热解过程中最先产生的气体是H2O; NH3主要来源于二次反应; H2S在二次反应阶段被消耗转化为其他产物; H2产量最多,且随热解温度升高而增加,尤其在二次反应中大量生成,主要源于裂解产生的氢自由基碰撞和芳香结构的缩合。基于ReaxFF模拟结果得到煤热解失重活化能为39. 45 k J/mol。     

固体热载体热解霍林河褐煤实验研究

在处理量为10kg/h的粉煤-固体热载体移动床实验装置上,以循环灰为热载体对其进行了热解特性评价实验.考察了热解温度(460℃~610℃)、反应时间(6min~8min)及煤粒粒径对热解产物产率和组成的影响.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,气体产率增大;焦油产率在520℃时达到最大值4.94%.热解煤气的热值为19.80...     

醋酸铜热解制备无氯Cu2O/AC催化剂及其催化氧化羰基化

以醋酸铜为前驱物, 采用浸渍法负载后进行热处理使醋酸铜热解, 获得了负载型无氯Cu2O/AC(活性炭)催化剂, 并通过催化甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC). 在氮气和惰性气体气氛下, 一水合醋酸铜Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O在30~450 ℃范围内产生3个失重过程, 其中在150~300 ℃范围内Cu(CH3·COO)2热解生成Cu2O; 而在300~450 ℃范围内生成单质Cu. 在200~350 ℃范围内, 将Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O/AC加热处理4 h后, 催化剂上逐步形成了Cu2O, 到350 ℃时, 水合醋酸铜几乎全部转化为Cu2O, 并有极少量单质Cu形成. 在300~350 ℃热处理4 h后, 催化剂中铜主要以Cu2O形式存在, 并表现出良好的氧化羰基化催化活性. 在n(CO)∶n(MeOH)∶n(O2)=4∶10∶1及SV=5600 h-1条件下, 于300 ℃热处理4 h所制备的催化剂的甲醇转化率达到6.21%, DMC的时空收率为128.16 mg·g-1·h-1, 选择性为64.26%.     

神府煤热解-活化耦合反应产物特性及机制研究

利用两段式固定床反应装置,研究了神府煤热解-活化耦合产物的特性,探讨了热解温度及活化剂(H_2O(g)、CO_2和H_2O(g)/CO_2)对产物性能的影响,揭示了热解-活化耦合反应机制。结果表明,热解温度对半焦的CO_2化学反应性影响较小;采用热解-活化两段耦合工艺,可使神府煤热解的焦油产率明显提高,产率最高为17.8%;不同活化剂对两段耦合过程产生的混合煤气(mixture coal gases,MCG)和焦油产率影响为H_2O(g)H_2O(g)/CO_2CO_2,其焦油组分均以饱和分和芳香分为主;采用H_2O(g)/CO_2(1∶1)活化剂,可有效提高活性炭的比表面积,其BET比表面积为845.37 m~2/g。热解-活化耦合机制主要为活化段产生的合成气(synthesis gases,SG)为热解段煤的加氢热解提供了氢源,丰富的氢自由基促进了煤的加氢热解反应,改变了耦合过程的产物分布和特性。     

基于裂解气质联用分析的生物质逐级热解研究

为探究生物质快速热解反应历程,利用裂解气质联用仪对生物质进行逐级热解实验,考察在不同温度区间热解液体产物组分的分布规律。实验结果表明,生物质的化学组成和热解温度区间对热解液体产物都有重要影响。桉木在25℃~400℃热解液体产物较少,主要是吡喃和芳香类化合物,其中5,6-二氢-4-羟基-吡喃-2-酮相对峰面积随温度升高而降低;在450℃~500℃热解液体产物种类和产量均较多,主要以酮类和芳香类化合物为主。玉米芯热解规律和桉木的相似,但在25℃~350℃主要以呋喃类化合物为主,主要热解液体产物是2,3-二氢-苯并呋喃和2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚,在400℃~450℃热解液体产物以酮类化合物为主。生物质主要化学组分在不同温度区间热解得到不同液体产物,对其进行选择性热解,能够有效实现生物质资源的综合利用。     

温度对稻草流化床快速热解液相产物影响的研究

研究了温度对稻草流化床快速热解中热解油产率的影响,利用GC/MS、FT-IR考察了不同热解温度(300℃~600℃)及冷凝温度(22℃、-4.4℃)下,稻草经过热解所获得的热解油组成。结果表明,稻草在400℃热解温度下可获得最高热解油产率43.1%;冷凝温度对热解油的品质有较大影响,降低冷凝温度能够增加热解油中有机物的含量,热解油中的水分含量随之降低,同时热解油的热值也随之得到提高。     

不同烟草生物质热解释放致香物质的研究

采用烟叶和烟梗为原料,使用热裂解气相色谱法对烟草的燃烧时间、燃烧温度进行控制,精确模拟实际烟草致香物质释放环境,精确捕获、并半定量物质,从而在实验室模拟、分析、研究烟草燃烧物中致香物质的组成和特点。研究分别考察了两种生物质在500℃、550℃下释放的致香物质组成。结果表明,烟梗、烟叶中元素组成中硫、氮两种元素含量低,而C/H比值两种烟草生物质均较高。两个热解温度下烟叶的热解产物中致香物质的含量均明显高于烟梗。升高热解温度均有利于获得更高相对含量的热解成分。烟叶热解产物中烯烃类物质相对含量比烟梗中多,而烟梗热解产物中酚类物质含量比烟叶中多。提高热解温度有利于酮类致香物质含量产生。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.