Vibrational pumping in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)

In this tutorial review, the underlying principles of vibrational pumping in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are summarized and explained within the framework of their historical development. Some state-of-the-art results in the field are also presented, with the aim of giving an overview on what has been established at this stage, as well as hinting at areas where future developments might take place.     

CE-MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2008-2010

This review provides an update of the state-of-the-art of CE-MS for metabolomic purposes, covering the scientific literature from July 2008 to June 2010. This review describes the different analytical aspects with respect to non-targeted and targeted metabolomics and the new technological developments used in CE-MS for metabolomics. The applicability of CE-MS in metabolomics research is illustrated by examples of the analysis of biomedical and clinical samples, and for bacterial and plant extracts. The relevant papers on CE-MS for metabolomics are comprehensively summarized in a table, including, e.g. information on sample type and pretreatment, and MS detection mode. Future considerations such as challenges for large-scale and (quantitative) clinical metabolomics studies and the use of sheathless interfacing and different ionization techniques are discussed.     

Passive sampling and/or extraction techniques in environmental analysis: a review

The current state-of-the-art of passive sampling and/or extraction methods for long-term monitoring of pollutants in different environmental compartments is discussed in this review. Passive dosimeters that have been successfully used to monitor organic and inorganic contaminants in air, water, sediments, and soil are presented. The application of new approaches to the determination of pollutants at the sampling stage is discussed. The main milestones in the development of passive techniques for sampling and/or extraction of analytes, and in biomonitors used in environmental analysis, are summarized in this review. Passive samplers and biomonitors are compared.     

Novel analytical procedures for screening of drug residues in water, waste water, sediment and sludge

Traces of pharmaceuticals are continuously introduced into the aquatic environment mainly by sewage treatment plant effluents. Final data about their impact on the ecosystem are still partly missing. Progress in instrumental analytical chemistry has resulted in the availability of methods that allow a monitoring of these pollutants at ng L⁻¹ levels. In this review the state-of-the-art of residue analysis of pharmaceuticals by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques is summarized. Improvements in detection limits over the past years have mainly been due to sophisticated mass spectrometric detection techniques. Furthermore, robust sample preparation and preconcentration protocols based on solid-phase extraction and related procedures have contributed significantly to the achievements observed so far. This review also covers several immunochemical approaches which may serve as an inexpensive alternative for quick screening of samples.     

Recent advances in BiOBr-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation

The efficient utilization of solar energy through photocatalysis is ideal for solving environmental issues and the development sustainable future. BiOBr-based semiconductors possess unique narrowed bandgaps and layered structures, thereby widely studied as photocatalysts for environmental remediation. However, a little has been focused on the comprehensive reviewing of BiOBr despite its extensive and promising applications. In this review, the state-of-the-art developments of BiOBr-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation are summarized. Particular focus is paid to the synthetic strategies for the control of the resulting morphologies, as well as efficient modification strategies for improving the photocatalytic activities. These include boosting the bulk phase by charge separation, enhancing the spatial charge separation, and engineering the surface states. The environmental uses of BiOBr-based photocatalysts are also reviewed in terms of purification of pollutants and CO₂ reduction. Finally, future challenges and opportunities of BiOBr-based materials in photocatalysis are discussed. Overall, this review provides a good basis for future exploration of high-efficiency solar-driven photocatalysts for environmental sustainability.     

离子色谱技术的重要进展和我国近年的发展概况

介绍了离子色谱技术近年的几项重要进展,包括Reagent-Free离子色谱系统,简易阀切换技术,弱电离有机酸的高灵敏分析,快速分析色谱柱,与前处理技术、电感耦合等离子体质谱和氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱联用,在生物医药分析中的应用等;并概述了近年来我国离子色谱在硬件技术研发、仪器检定规范的修改、标准方法和药典修订等方面的进展。     

Flow injection-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry configurations: recent developments and trends

This review aims to provide an account of the state-of-the-art, of recently introduced techniques and of future possibilities offered by flow analysis in order to automate sample pretreatment for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Topics such as on-line solid-liquid extraction, precipitation, coprecipitation, on-wall retention, solvent extraction and chemical vapor generation processes are used to illustrate the versatility of coupling flow injection (FI) for analyte separation and preconcentration in the flow system or in the atomizer. The use of FI to make the introduction of slurries and highly viscous samples easier is considered as well as on-line microwave sample digestion.     

Capillary electrophoresis of inorganic ions: an update

This review as a sequel of three earlier similar reports gives a summary of the progress and significant methodological developments, starting from 2002, in the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for inorganic ion analysis. As substantiated by the illustrative number of relevant references, improvements in sensitivity achieved both in and outside a CE system, advances in manipulating the separation selectivity, novel hardware configurations, and system performance innovations are continually being reported over the review period. Specifically viewed are the recent advancements in elemental (bio)speciation analysis, which remains one of the most fertile areas of CE research, as well as in three recently booming research topics: contactless conductivity detection, separations on microchips, and transient isotachophoretic preconcentration. A state-of-the-art picture of technique's potentialities within the field of interest presented here demonstrates that CE has become recognized and is growing in acceptance as a reliable alternative to traditional analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).     

Sampling of water, soil and sediment to trace organic pollutants at a river-basin scale

Sampling is considered a crucial step in the analysis of organic compounds in the environment. This review describes field sampling techniques and provides detailed step-by-step procedures for collection and preservation of all major environmental matrices (water, sediment and soil) integrated as part of the river-basin water cycle. Attention is given to the prerequisites for obtaining reliable samples, and the practical issues of sample collection (planning, field sampling, sampling strategies and equipment and data quality assessment) are considered. Considering the heterogeneity of environmental matrices, special considerations for each matrix are given to solve typical problems and to find the most appropriate solutions to ensure the quality of the sample. The procedures described in the next sections are commonly used protocols that reflect true field conditions and current state-of-the-art techniques used in the sampling of organic compounds. The aim is to signify the importance of sampling to the overall analytical procedure. Finally, quality control issues to be considered in environmental sampling are given.     

Recent advances in capillary separations for proteomics

The sequencing of several organisms' genomes, including the human's one, has opened the way for the so-called postgenomic era, which is now routinely coined as "proteomics". The most basic task in proteomics remains the detection and identification of proteins from a biological sample, and the most traditional way to achieve this goal consists of protein separations performed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). Still, the 2-D PAGE-mass spectrometry (MS) approach remains lacking in proteome coverage (for proteins having extreme isoelectric points or molecular masses as well as for membrane proteins), dynamic range, sensitivity, and throughput. Consequently, considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of non-gel-based proteome separation technologies in an effort to alleviate the shortcomings in 2-D PAGE while reserving the ability to resolve complex protein and peptide mixtures prior to MS analysis. This review focuses on the most recent advances in capillary-based separation techniques, including capillary liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and capillary electrokinetic chromatography, and combinations of multiples of these mechanisms, along with the coupling of these techniques to MS. Developments in capillary separations capable of providing extremely high resolving power and selective analyte enrichment are particularly highlighted for their roles within the broader context of a state-of-the-art integrated proteome effort. Miniaturized and integrated multidimensional peptide/protein separations using microfluidics are further summarized for their potential applications in high-throughput protein profiling toward biomarker discovery and clinical diagnosis.     

表面活性剂在色谱分析中的应用与进展

表面活性剂应用于色谱分析中可作流动相、固定相、增敏剂等,本文就其在无机、有机及药物分析中的应用予以综述。收集文献98篇。     

Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-mass spectrometry in peptide analysis and peptidomics

In the present work, an exhaustive review of the main developments and applications of CE-MS for peptide analysis is given. This review includes the use of different CE separation modes, MS analyzers, capillary coatings, preconcentration techniques, on-chip applications as well as other different multidimensional strategies for peptide analysis. Key applications are critically discussed and relevant works published from January 2000 to May 2007 are summarized including information concerning the type of sample, CE-MS parameters as well as some figures of merit of the different CE-MS procedures developed for peptide analysis and peptidomics.     

Chromatographic determination of pesticides in soil: Current trends in analysis and sample preparation

Soil is a primary sink and reservoir for pesticides pollution and one of the priority objects in terms of pesticides safety guidelines. Pesticides’ analysis in soil is a field of research which is in constant development facing numerous challenges such as the increasing amount and variety of analytes and their combinations, as well as the increasing demand for faster, simpler, more accurate and multiresidue analysis. This review provides the summary of studies on pesticides analysis in soil based on chromatography-coupled methods published between 2015 and 2022. We discuss the shift toward faster, greener, and simpler alternatives to conventional techniques, application of sample preparation and detection methods to targeted and untargeted pesticide analysis, as well as the developments in stereoselective determination of chiral pesticides. The sample preparation methods such as solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, and derived methods, as well as the recent trends and developments in chromatographic separation of pesticides are covered in this review. For sample preparation, the QuEChERS method is replacing other techniques and has proved to be efficient in both screening and accurate quantification in multiresidue analysis. Shift towards minimal sample preparation is supported by a wider application of highly sensitive and selective separation and detection systems such as LC-MS/MS. The features of different methods of sample preparation and detection are discussed with focus on optimal parameters, advantages, and drawbacks. The optimal parameters of sample preparation methods were summarized based on respective publications, which makes the review a useful tool for method development and further investigations.     

氧还原反应前沿与进展

主要介绍氧还原反应的研究意义、反应机理以及研究现状。氧还原反应作为燃料电池的阴极反应,其能否高效进行将直接影响燃料电池的转化效率。目前,氧还原反应的反应机制仍存在较大争议,包括活性位点及反应步骤等。商业碳载铂虽然活性很高,然而其在实际应用中却会受到多方面限制。本文着重介绍了近些年报道的非金属及非贵金属催化剂。非金属及非贵金属催化剂在自然界中资源丰富、价格低廉、制备简单、导电性及稳定性良好,且不会被小分子毒化。所以,对非金属及非贵金属材料的氧还原研究可为新型能源装置的应用提供参考。     

Psoriasin (S100A7): a putative urinary marker for the follow-up of patients with bladder squamous cell carcinomas

To search for bladder squamous cell carcinoma markers that are released to the urine a blind and systematic analysis of the protein profiles of fresh tumors, their secreted proteins, as well as the patient's urine was carried out using state-of-the-art proteomic technology. We review the data concerning the putative marker psoriasin (S100A7), which, alone or in combination with other biomarkers, may be valuable for the noninvasive follow-up of patients bearing these tumors.     

Membrane-based sample preparation coupled on-line to chromatography or electrophoresis.

A review on the use of membranes for on-line sample preparation prior to chromatographic and electrophoretic analysis is provided. The current state-of-the-art of four membrane-based techniques (dialysis, electrodialysis, filtration and membrane extraction) is described by reviewing their principles and applications. Possible future developments are discussed.     

Targeting prohibited substances in doping control blood samples by means of chromatographic–mass spectrometric methods

Urine samples have been the predominant matrix for doping controls for several decades. However, owing to the complementary information provided by blood (as well as serum or plasma and dried blood spots (DBS)), the benefits of its analysis have resulted in continuously increasing appreciation by anti-doping authorities. On the one hand, blood samples allow for the detection of various different methods of blood doping and the abuse of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) via the Athlete Biological Passport; on the other hand, targeted and non-targeted drug detection by means of chromatographic–mass spectrometric methods represents an important tool to increase doping control frequencies out-of-competition and to determine drug concentrations particularly in in-competition scenarios. Moreover, blood analysis seldom requires in-depth knowledge of drug metabolism, and the intact substance rather than potentially unknown or assumed metabolic products can be targeted. In this review, the recent developments in human sports drug testing concerning mass spectrometry-based techniques for qualitative and quantitative analyses of therapeutics and emerging drug candidates are summarized and reviewed. The analytical methods include both low and high molecular mass compounds (e.g., anabolic agents, stimulants, metabolic modulators, peptide hormones, and small interfering RNA (siRNA)) determined from serum, plasma, and DBS using state-of-the-art instrumentation such as liquid chromatography (LC)–high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), LC–low resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).     

Progress in adsorption-based CO2 capture by metal-organic frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted intense research interest because of their permanent porous structures, large surface areas, and potential applications as novel adsorbents. The recent progress in adsorption-based CO(2) capture by MOFs is reviewed and summarized in this critical review. CO(2) adsorption in MOFs has been divided into two sections, adsorption at high pressures and selective adsorption at approximate atmospheric pressures. Keys to CO(2) adsorption in MOFs at high pressures and low pressures are summarized to be pore volumes of MOFs, and heats of adsorption, respectively. Many MOFs have high CO(2) selectivities over N(2) and CH(4). Water effects on CO(2) adsorption in MOFs are presented and compared with benchmark zeolites. In addition, strategies appeared in the literature to enhance CO(2) adsorption capacities and/or selectivities in MOFs have been summarized into three main categories, catenation and interpenetration, chemical bonding enhancement, and electrostatic force involvement. Besides the advantages, two main challenges of using MOFs in CO(2) capture, the cost of synthesis and the stability toward water vapor, have been analyzed and possible solutions and path forward have been proposed to address the two challenges as well (150 references).