宁波市江东区1～6岁儿童血铅水平调查

随机抽取了宁波江东区１ ～６ 岁的散居儿童和集居儿童１０７０ 名, 其中男５４９ 名, 女５２１名, 于１９９９ 年１ 月至６ 月进行了静脉血铅测定。结果显示, 江东区１ ～６ 岁儿童血铅为０－４８８ ±０－１０６ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ, 儿童血铅浓度≥０－４８３ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ 者, 占总调查人数的４７－１ ％ 。不同年龄的血铅水平及不同性别的血铅水平虽略有差异, 但经统计学分析, 无显著差异。从血铅水平的等级分布分析, 血铅水平在１００ ～１４９－９ μｇ／Ｌ 者, 占９３－８ ％ , 血铅水平在１５０ ～１９９－９ ％ μｇ／Ｌ 者, 占６－１ ％ 。通过血铅检测, 对早期发现的高血铅儿童进行及时的个体干预是非常重要的, 也是预防儿童铅中毒的重要途径。     

血铅对新生儿体格生长发育的影响

对１９９６年６月￣１９９７年１２月住院新生儿１１５进行了血铅检测，将检测结果分为相对低铅组（血铅≤０．９９μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）与高铅组（血铅１．００￣２．２４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ），对两组孕周、体重、身长（高）、头围、胸围以及ＲＢＣ、Ｈｂ进行了回顾性比较分析。结果显示：高铅组在体重、身长、胸围、Ｈｂ四方面均较低铅组落后，经统计学处理有显著性差异（Ｐ均〈０．０１）。提示血铅水平与小儿体格生长呈负相关，防治亚临床型     

铅影响儿童健康

对１９９３年６月至１９９６年６月因体弱多病，生长发育矮小等来诊的３５１例儿童作了血铅测查和临床全征分析，以期引起儿科临床医师重视。     

惠东县乡镇学龄前儿童血铅水平分析

为了解惠东县乡镇3～6岁儿童血铅水平。采取随机与特定结合的方法,于2 0 0 4年1 0月～1 1月对惠东县5个乡镇的790名3～6岁儿童进行了血铅水平测定。检测采用全国统一的BH -2 1 0 0钨舟原子吸收仪及随机专用试剂进行。所有操作均严格按照要求进行。结果表明,惠东县乡镇3～6岁儿童血铅水平为(70 70±2 4 89) μg/L达到我国近年来5 2个调查结果所示的普通市区儿童血铅水平70～90 μg/L的下限。其中高于国际儿童铅中毒标准占9 6%。儿童的血铅水平存在明显的区域差异,制鞋工业乡镇较高。同时儿童血铅水平存在着性别差异。男童较女童偏高。提示不能忽视乡镇儿童铅污染情况,尤其是制鞋工业乡镇的儿童高血铅水平应引起有关部门重视。     

南昌市城区530名儿童血铅水平与锌、铁、钙关系的研究

为了解南昌市城区儿童血铅水平与锌、铁、钙的关系,采用严格质量控制的流行病学研究方法,于2001年5月－6月对城区530名儿童进行了血铅、锌、铁、钙测定。结果表明,530名2－8岁儿童血铅水平均值为81．63μg/L,铅中毒（血名值≥ 100μg/L）流行率为27．92％,铅中毒组患儿缺锌、缺铁比例均高于非铅中毒组,血锌均值铅中毒组低于非铅中毒组,差别有非常显著意义,P＜0．01,血钙、血铁水平两组差别无显著意义。血锌值与血铅水平呈负相关。提示对铅中毒患儿及时纠正缺锌、缺铁、缺钙状态是减少肠道对铅吸收的重要措施。     

280例患病生儿全血中14种元素变化的研究

于１９９７年６月－１９９８年１０月间对２８０例患４种常见病新生儿全血中１４种元素进行了检测,并与正常足月、顺产新生儿１００例对比。结果表明：（１）Ｇ－６ＰＤ缺陷引起的高胆红素血症组与正常组对照,男、女Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ均低于正常组;     

温州市1～13岁儿童血铅水平调查

随机抽取了温州市1~13岁的散居和集居儿童共2 038名,其中男1 404名,女634名,于2004年1月至2005年6月进行了静脉血铅测定。结果显示,温州市1~13岁儿童血铅为(60.30±29.57)μg/L,血铅含量≥100μg/L者,占总调查人数的10.99%,不同年龄的血铅水平及不同性别的血铅水平均存在差异。     

湖南省湘潭市1038例儿童血铅调查

于 2 0 0 0年 3月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月在湖南省湘潭市对 1 0 38例 1～ 8岁儿童进行了血铅抽样调查。结果显示 2 85例儿童血铅 >1 0 0 μg/L ,占调查人数的 2 7 7%。男女童之间血铅水平无显著差异P >0 0 5。高血铅年龄分布在 2岁组、 6岁年龄组 ,与其他年龄组比较有显著差异P <0 0 5。工业区儿童血铅水平高于市中心区P <0 0 1 ,农村郊区儿童血铅水平最低。本调查为湖南湘潭地区环境治理提供了科学依据。     

奉化市949例儿童铅污染调查分析

为了解浙江省奉化市儿童血铅水平 ,于 1 999年 1 0月采用 2 0 0 2ZPP锌原卟啉血液荧光测定仪 ,对该市 94 9例 4～ 6岁儿童血铅进行了测定。测定结果发现ZPP水平≥ 2 98/g·Hb有 331例 ,占 34 88%。并对相关因素进行了调查 ,发现居室环境、饮食习惯、不良卫生习惯、父母职业等对儿童的铅污染有关 ,但也有 4 7例原因不明。因此 ,儿童保健工作者在日常工作中要加强如何避免儿童铅污染的宣教及指导 ,同时要常规开展血铅测定 ,早期发现 ,及早干预     

产母及新生儿血铅水平及影响因素的研究

为了解佛山市产母、新生儿血铅水平及其相关影响因素 ,采用电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法 ,于 2 0 0 2年 5～ 9月 ,取本院产科产母静脉血及其新生儿脐血 1 5 2例 ,进行血铅、钙、锌、铁、铜和锰水平测定 ,按妇幼保健管理卡内容 ,进行相关记录。结果表明 ,产母血铅水平90 1± 3 4 8μg/L ,BPb≥ 1 0 0 μg/L者占 2 0 3 9% ;新生儿脐血铅水平 89 2± 3 1 6μg/L ,铅中毒率为2 2 3 7% ;母子血铅值呈显著正相关 (r=0 85 7,P <0 0 1 ) ,产母血铅值与其血钙、铁值显著负相关 (r=0 2 66,-0 3 0 1 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;城郊产母及新生儿血铅水平显著高于城区。揭示市郊孕妇、新生儿血铅较高 ,血钙、锌、铁含量影响血铅水平     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.