Comparison of ordered mesoporous materials sorption properties towards amino acids

The adsorption of amino acids such as l-phenylalanine and l-histidine was carried out on a series of mesoporous carbons obtained with the use ordered silicas KIT-6, SBA-16, SBA-15 as templates and furfuryl alcohol as carbon precursor. Small angle XRD analysis confirmed the ordered mesoporous structures of all materials obtained. They were also characterised by well-developed surface areas and high pore volumes. Adsorption behaviour of amino acids on ordered mesoporous carbons was investigated in potassium phosphate buffer solutions with adjustable l-phenylalanine and l-histidine concentration, ion strength, and pH. The highest sorption capacity towards the amino acids were observed at pH close to the isoelectric point of l-phenylalanine (pI = 5.48) and l-histidine (pI = 7.59). Electrostatic, hydrophobic and steric interactions had very strong effect on the adsorption of amino acids on mesoporous carbons. The amount of l-phenylalanine and l-histidine adsorbed decreased in the following sequence: C_KIT-6 > C_SBA-16 > C_SBA-15 that was strongly related to their structure, surface areas and average pore diameters.     

铝修饰改性对SBA-15分子筛性质及催化剂性能的影响

分别采用调变pH值合成法和后处理嫁接法制备了铝修饰改性的SBA-15分子筛,通过XRD、Al核磁、N₂吸附脱附、NH₃-TPD等方法对改性分子筛的理化性质进行了分析表征,考察了不同的Al修饰改性方法对分子筛性质和加氢裂化催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,调变pH值合成法能够有效地对SBA-15进行Al改性,得到的Al-SBA-15分子筛具有高度有序的六方孔道结构,较好的水热稳定性。Al的引入提高了SBA-15的表面酸性,并使其在加氢裂化反应中表现出较好的中油选择性。     

Characterization and acidic properties of Al-SBA-15 materials prepared by post-synthesis alumination of a low-cost ordered mesoporous silica

A series of Al-containing SBA-15 type materials with different Si/Al ratio, were prepared by post-synthesis modification of a pure highly ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 obtained by using sodium silicate as silica source, and amphiphilic block copolymer as structure-directing agent. A high level of aluminum incorporation was achieved, reaching an Si/Al ratio of up to 5.5, without any significant loss in the textural properties of SBA-15. These materials were fully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ²⁷Al NMR spectroscopy, and N₂ adsorption at 77 K. The acid properties of these materials have been evaluated by NH₃-TPD, adsorption of pyridine and deuterated acetonitrile coupled to FTIR spectroscopy. The effective acidity of these materials was evaluated using two catalytic reactions: 2-propanol dehydrogenation and 1-butene isomerization. The adsorption of basic probe molecules and the catalytic behavior revealed an evolution of the acid properties with the Al content. These studies have shown that the Al-SBA-15 materials contain Brønsted and Lewis acid sites with medium acidity which makes them appropriate to be used as acid catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis, catalytic supports, and adsorbents.     

超疏水有机-无机杂化硅基介孔分子筛对苯丙氨酸的吸附研究

为了提高中性氨基酸在硅基介孔分子筛上的吸附量, 采用中性氨基酸苯丙氨酸(Phe)为模型吸附质, 考察Phe在一种新型的通过非模板剂途径制备的有机-无机杂化硅基介孔分子筛上的吸附情况. 利用该分子筛超疏水表面、大的比表面积和孔容以及特殊的疏水区域, Phe达到了非常突出的吸附效果. 通过优化溶剂组成, 发现当溶剂为等体积比的甲醇和水的混合溶液时, Phe在此分子筛上的最大吸附量达到0.827 mmol/L, 远高于同等条件下Phe在常规法制备的甲基化硅基介孔分子筛上的吸附量0.122 mmol/L. 对Phe在该分子筛上的吸附机制进行了简要阐述.     

Methodology for the immobilization of enzymes onto mesoporous materials

Cytochrome c and xylanase were adsorbed onto two mesoporous materials, SBA-15 (a pure silicate) and MSE (an organosilicate), with very similar physical properties but differing chemical compositions. A methodical order was developed whereby the influences of surface area, pore size, extent of order, particle size, surface potentials, isoelectric points, pH, and ionic strength on immobilization were explored. In silico studies of cytochrome c and xylanase were conducted before any immobilization experiments were carried out in order to select compatible materials and probe the interactions between the adsorbents and the mesoporous silicates. The stabilities of the mesoporous materials at different pH values and their isoelectric points and zeta potentials were determined. Electrostatic attraction dominated protein interactions with SBA-15, while weaker hydrophobic interactions are more prominent with MSE for both cytochrome c and xylanase. The ability of the immobilized protein/enzyme to withstand leaching was measured, and activity tests and thermostability experiments were conducted. Cytochrome c immobilized onto SBA-15 showed resistance to leaching and an enhanced activity compared to free protein. The immobilized cytochrome c was shown to have higher intrinsic activity but lower thermostability than free cytochrome c. From an extensive characterization of the surface properties of the silicates and proteins, we describe a systematic methodology for the adsorption of proteins onto mesoporous silicates. This approach can be utilized in the design of a solid support for any protein.     

Effect of the concentration of aluminum on the adsorption,texture, and structure characteristics of a mesoporous mineral mesophase of the SBA-15 type

The effect of Al ion implantation on the properties of mesoporous aluminosilicate mineral phases of the SBA-15 type was studied. The implantation of Al was performed immediately under conditions of the synthesis of SBA-15 in a weakly acidic medium (pH ～ 2.9). It was found that, under these conditions, the amount of Al that can be implanted into the SBA-15 framework is limited (a maximum of 7.2 mol %). According to XPS data, aluminum ions were implanted into the matrix of silica rather than occurring on the surface as an individual phase. The study of nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and the results obtained by X-ray diffractometry and high-resolution electron microscopy suggest that Al-SBA-15 materials exhibited a hexagonal structure of channel pores of the same diameter of 8.3 nm, and the unit cell parameter was 12.3 nm. The degree of crystallinity of the material increased with the concentration of Al.     

Synthesis and lysozyme adsorption of rod-like large-pore periodic mesoporous organosilica

Highly ordered rod-like large-pore periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) was successfully synthesized at low acid concentration with the assistance of inorganic salt using triblock copolymer P123 as a template. The roles of inorganic salt and acidity in the production of highly ordered mesostructure and the morphology control of PMOs were investigated. It was found that the inorganic salt can significantly widen the range of the synthesis parameters to produce highly ordered 2D hexagonal pore structure of p6mm symmetry. However, the uniform rod-like PMOs can only be synthesized in a narrow range of acid and salt concentrations, which were sensitive to induction time. The adsorption of lysozyme on PMO was studied at different pH values in comparison with adsorption on pure silica material under controlled morphology and pore structure. It was found that the adsorption capacity of lysozyme on the PMO was lower than that on pure SBA-15 silica material and the adsorption amounts are larger at pH 9.6 than at 7.0 for both materials. The results show that the electrostatic interaction between lysozyme and PMO/SBA-15 surface is more dominant than the hydrophobic forces and the interaction of neighboring lysozyme molecules also plays an important role.     

Molecular organization of hydrophobic molecules and co-adsorbed water in SBA-15 ordered mesoporous silica material

The purpose of this study was to improve our understanding of the molecular organization of hydrophobic guest molecules in the presence of co-adsorbed water inside SBA-15 ordered mesoporous silica material. Understanding this adsorption competition is essential in the development of applications of controlled adsorption and desorption. The poorly water soluble drug compound itraconazole and the fluorescent probe Nile red were selected for the study. The interaction between itraconazole and SBA-15 was investigated using FT-IR, (1)H MAS NMR and (29)Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, by determination of adsorption isotherms and release kinetics in simulated gastric fluid. The distribution and migration of the hydrophobic fluorescent probe Nile red was visualized in situ using confocal fluorescence microscopy. For both molecules, there was a pronounced influence of the co-adsorbed water on adsorption, hydrophobic aggregation and migration in SBA-15 pores. These insights contribute to the development of practical methods for loading ordered mesoporous silica materials with hydrophobic molecules.     

Preparation and application of nanocatalysts via surface functionalization of mesoporous materials

Surface immobilization of active species onto mesoporous materials is gaining importance, especially in the design of functionalized mesoporous materials as a nanocatalyst through heterogenization of homogeneous catalytic systems. This article summarizes recent work on the synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of the functionalized mesoporous catalysts performed by the present authors. A cationic rhenium(I) complex was encapsulated into mesoporous Al-MCM-41 molecular sieve using a ion-exchange method, yielding a new photocatalyst to be active for photocatalytic reduction of CO₂. Surface functionalization of mesoporous silica SBA-15 with sulfonic acid groups was investigated to give a solid acid catalyst. The chemically modified Fe-containing mesoporous materials, which are active for hydroxylation of phenol, were prepared by a surface-grafting method that iron salts are immobilized onto mesoporous Si-MCM-41 with the help of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as a linker. A cobalt(III) complex was heterogenized onto mesoporous silica SBA-15 containing carboxylic groups in order to utilize as a solid catalyst for the liquid-phase oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Investigation of СО<Subscript>2</Subscript> adsorption on amine-functionalized silicas and metal-organic polymers

Adsorption properties of amine-functionalized mesoporous silica NH₂-SBA-15, zeolite-like imidazole framework ZIF-8, and amine-functionalized metal-organic polymer NH₂-MIL-53 have been investigated. Non-modified mesoporous adsorbent SBA-15 has a higher sorption capacity for CO₂ than microporous ZIF-8, although microporous sample is characterized by a larger surface area and the values of total pore volume are close. When amine groups are present on the surface of the adsorbents, the chemical adsorption contributes more then the physical one. The adsorption capacity increases with increasing concentration of the functional groups which, in its turn, correlates with adsorbent surface area. Among the studied samples, the best adsorption properties demonstrate amine-functionalized adsorbents, aminefunctionalized mesoporous silica NH₂-SBA-15, and amine-functionalized metal-organic polymer NH₂-MIL-53.     

Formation of titanium nitride nanoparticles within mesoporous silica SBA-15

We report the first synthesis of titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles inside the nanoscale channels of mesoporous silica SBA-15. The TiN precursor, Ti(NMe(2))(4) in toluene, was incorporated into the methyl group-modified channels of the SBA-15 powder. The functionalization of pore surfaces with methyl groups generates hydrophobic surfaces that facilitate impregnation with Ti(NMe(2))(4) and minimizes reactions between the TiN precursor and the hydroxyl groups on the surface of SBA-15. Formation of TiN nanoparticles inside the mesoporous channels of SBA-15 was carried out by subsequent ammonolysis at high temperatures (700-750 degrees C). The final products have been characterized by TEM and EELS images, powder XRD patterns, FTIR spectra, UV-vis absorption spectra, and nitrogen adsorption isotherm measurements to confirm the presence and distribution of TiN nanoparticles in the SBA-15 samples.     

Synthesis and characterization of SBA-3, SBA-15, and SBA-1 nanostructured catalytic materials

A highly ordered large pore mesoporous silica molecular sieve SBA-3, SBA-15, Al-SBA-15, and SBA-1, were developed and characterized by XRD, BET, FTIR, SEM, and NMR-MAS. The catalytic materials were synthesized using different raw materials and operation conditions. These materials contain a regular arrangement of uniform channels with diameters between 1.8 and 10 nm, high specific surface area and high specific pore volume. The designed methods were effective for the synthesis, presenting each mesostructured materials, patterns of XRD and other characteristics corresponding to the reported ones in literature. The new route employed to synthesize Al-SBA-15, generates a catalyst with only aluminum in tetrahedral form, according to the data of (27)Al NMR-MAS. However, several reports indicated that the coordination of the Al atoms changes below the Si/Al ratio of 45, presenting peaks corresponding to penta and hexa-coordinated aluminum, which are absent in our samples (Si/Al = 50 and 33).     

Protein adsorption on the mesoporous molecular sieve silicate SBA-15: effects of pH and pore size

A mesoporous molecular sieve silicate, SBA-15, with three pore sizes (38.1 A, 77.3 A, and 240 A) has been synthesized using a non-ionic, tri-block copolymer as a template in a sol-gel method. The effects of synthesis conditions on the pore size and pore-size distribution of this adsorbent have been described. The adsorption of proteins on these crystalline, ordered, materials has been studied. The kinetics of adsorption and equilibrium capacity have been probed with three proteins of different dimensions. The effects of electrostatic interactions and protein size are illustrated. It has been shown that SBA-15 materials can be tailored to show size selectivity for proteins, and very high capacities (450 mg/g) can be obtained. Furthermore, the rates of adsorption are shown to be dependent on the pore size, protein structure and solution pH.     

Facile one-pot synthesis of mesoporous heteropolyacids-silica hybrid for catalytic wet hydrogen peroxide oxidation of phenol

The fabrication of molybdovanadophosphoric acids incorporated into SBA-15 mesoporous silicas has been achieved via a one-pot procedure. The as-obtained composite materials were well characterized by XRD, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption which indicated that the composite materials possessed good mesoporous character. FT-IR, ICP showed molybdovanadophosphoric acids had been successfully incorporated into SBA-15 mesoporous silicas with intact structure of Keggin units. Due to well dispersion of the Keggin units, high structural stability, and low leaching level of active Keggin units, the obtained-catalysts systems showed significant catalytic efficiency and reusability for wet hydrogen peroxide oxidation of phenol.     

Pb (II) removal from aqueous media by EDTA-modified mesoporous silica SBA-15

An organic-inorganic hybrid mesoporous silica material was synthesized by two-step post-grafting method of SBA-15 with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxy-silane (APTES) and thionyl dichloride (SOCl(2)) activated ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in sequence and measured by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (EA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen (N(2)) adsorption-desorption analysis and back titration. The material was found having the beneficial properties of mesoporous silica SBA-15 and EDTA. Adsorption potential of the material for Pb (II) removal from aqueous solution was investigated by varying experimental conditions such as pH, contact time and initial metal concentration. The removal efficiency of Pb(2+) was high under studied experimental conditions. The adsorption equilibrium could be reached within 20min and the kinetic data were fitted well by pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion model. The adsorbent exhibited a favorable performance and its maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 273.2mgg(-1). Recycling experiments showed the adsorbent could be regenerated by acid treatment without altering its properties. The chemical states of the elements involved in the adsorption were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that the adsorption mechanism of the material involved Na Pb ion-exchange and carboxyl group dominated surface complexation.     

疏水双功能介孔固体酸的合成及其在乙酸乙酯酯化反应中的应用

通过水热合成法一步合成了具有不同疏水基团－CH₃ 、－(CH₃)₂ 和－(CH₃)₃的双功能介孔固体酸SBA-15-SO₃H－(CH₃)_x催化剂。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N₂吸脱附、元素分析等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在乙酸乙酯酯化反应中进行催化性能评价。结果表明,随着疏水前驱体中甲基数的增加,样品的疏水性增强。SBA-15-SO₃H-(CH₃)_x催化剂的催化活性随着疏水性的增强而提高,而具有较强疏水性的材料SBA-15-SO₃H-(CH₃)₃在反应中具有较高的催化性能。以SBA-15-SO₃H-(CH₃)₃为催化剂,酯化反应的最优条件为：温度为120℃,乙酸与乙醇摩尔比为4∶1,催化剂质量分数为1 %,反应时间为1h。在此条件下,乙醇的转化率和乙酸乙酯的选择性分别为93%和100%。     

Guest-host encapsulation of microporous zeolites in ordered mesoporous materials by molecular simulations

The present work provides the first study of ordered mesoporous materials SBA-15 coated with microporous zeolites ZSM-5 using molecular simulations. Several model structures with characteristics such as periodic arrangement of mesopores, randomly arranged micropores, surface hydroxyls and bulk deformations of SBA-15 were used. Cartesian coordinates of ZSM-5 unit lattice were obtained from the literature and the 100 face of H-ZSM-5 unit cell was then placed on the surface of SBA-15 and the entire structure was equilibrated to obtain final configuration. The resulting structure was characterized using simulated small angle and wide angle X-ray diffraction, Connolly surface area (to compare BET area), accessible pore volume for nitrogen molecules (to compare with t-plot volume of micro and mesopores) and methane adsorption at 303 K. The orientation of ZSM-5 on the SBA-15 had no effect on the surface area, pore volume or adsorption capacity. In order to find out if the addition of microporous ZSM-5 should increase the total methane adsorption capacity due to addition of micropores, we studied adsorption on bare and coated SBA-15. However, total adsorption capacity was found to decrease, while the number of methane molecules adsorbed per unit cell of the SBA-15 structure increased. An existing experimental method (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 14324) of the synthesizing hybrid ZSM-5/SBA-15 structure was studied using accessible micropore volume (by t-plot). It was found that the procedure made all the micropores inaccessible. A modification of the method or use of other host materials is suggested to use the benefits of narrow micropore distribution in ZSM-5.     

Synthesis of carboxyl-modified rod-like SBA-15 by rapid co-condensation

Carboxyl-modified SBA-15 rod-like mesoporous materials have been synthesized by a facile rapid co-condensation of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 2-cyanoethyltriethoxysilane (CTES), followed by hydrolysis of cyanide groups in sulfuric acid. The concentration of carboxylic groups was varied by changing the silica source ratio of CTES/TEOS from 0.05 to 0.3. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the uniform ordered mesoporous structure and rod-like morphology of SBA-15 have been preserved even at the high concentration of carboxylic groups employed. Characterization by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state NMR investigation indicated that carboxylic groups have been successfully grafted onto the surface of SBA-15 through siloxane bonds [(O(3))SiCH(2)CH(2)COOH. The negative charges of the modified SBA-15 materials were enhanced by the presence of the carboxylic groups on the surface. The capacity of lysozyme adsorption of the modified SBA-15 materials were found to be significantly improved as compared with pure silica SBA-15. The maximum amount of lysozyme adsorption on carboxyl-modified was increased with the pH of solution increased from 5.5 to 9.0.     

Immobilization of acetylcholinesterase on functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieve for detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide

A novel method for the immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on amino modified SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieves was developed via electrostatic adsorption and glutaraldehyde crosslinking. The immobilized AChE could be exploited as a fast, sensitive and low-cost biocatalyst towards the detection of pesticides residues which could be stored at room temperature for a long time.     

Sorptive properties of aluminium ions containing mesoporous silica towards <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-histidine

The applicability of aluminium-containing mesoporous materials as carriers for l-histidine has been evaluated for the first time. The modified mesoporous silica such as SBA-15 and SBA-16 were synthesised by hydrothermal method and characterised by low-temperature nitrogen sorption, transmission and scanning microscopy, X-ray and laser diffraction methods. The results of these studies confirmed the ordered mesoporous structures of all materials obtained. The modification of mesoporous materials with aluminium ions changed the textural parameters and particle size distribution relative to those in the pristine material. Aluminium-modified SBA-15 exhibited higher release rate of amino acid than the pure material. The opposite phenomenon was observed when l-His was released from pristine and modified SBA-16 materials. The kinetics of amino acid release from all mesoporous materials followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The results proved that the structural parameters of mesoporous materials and the percentage content of aluminium strongly influenced the release rate of l-His.