铁与水蒸气反应的实验改进

新人教版必修1中“铁与水蒸气反应”的实验,该实验装置虽简单易操作,但实验成功率很低,故笔者对该实验装置进行了小改进,设计了一种实验装置同样简单易操作,但实验现象更明显,实验成功率更高的实验装置。     

微粒运动实验创新设计与改进

对微粒运动实验的仪器、用品作了改进,重新设计实验装置,使实验装置达到了小型化、封闭化、简洁化,实验达到了绿色环保要求,满足了大面积的学生探究实验操作使用,取得了良好的效益。     

抽滤装置的2点改进

本文对实验操作中常用的抽滤装置进行了 2点改进：一是设计了一种连接器,从而可以使用任何耐压容器作为抽滤瓶;另外是采用内冷式冷凝器代替传统的外冷式冷凝器。改进后的装置操作容易,使用起来方便快捷,效果很好。     

氨气喷泉实验的一体化设计

改进了氨气的喷泉实验装置设计,优化了试剂用量,将氨气生成与喷泉实验融为一体,使其操作简单,实验成功率高,而且能在3 min内完成。     

高考化学实验试题的创意与设计

本文通过分析近几年高考化学实验试题命题的选材及创意的特点,提出了高考化学实验试题装置、操作创新设计的基本要求,并以启普发生器反应器的设计、防止液体倒吸发生装置的设计、测量气体体积装置的设计、喷泉实验装置的设计、具有特殊作用的实验改进装置的设计、Fe(OH) 2 的制备操作装置的设计为例剖析了高考实验命题与解题的思路。     

化学实验中的绿色化技术

绿色化技术是新课程化学实验倡导的实验技术之一,但是使用现有的仪器使化学实验技术绿色化显得力不从心。为此,我们研制了一些装置,并从实验前的准备、实验的实施和实验产物的处理3个阶段对化学实验绿色化技术进行了探索,为开展绿色化学实验和改进实验仪器提供了思路。     

初中化学教材中铁钉锈蚀实验的数字化改进

针对沪教版九年级化学上册教材中的“铁钉锈蚀实验”存在反应时间长、课堂操作难、可视化程度低、控制变量难等问题,结合数字化传感技术对该实验进行一系列的探究与改进,设计了2组对比实验,通过定量测定还原铁粉在生锈过程中的耗氧量,探究钢铁锈蚀的条件以及影响钢铁锈蚀速率的因素。     

几则电化学实验的改进与创新

介绍了几则有关电化学实验的改进与创新.其中包括盐桥的改进、简易原电池装置的设计、简易氢氧燃料电池的制作、铁的吸氧腐蚀实验的改进与创新、牺牲阳极的阴极保护法实验的改进等内容,并详细介绍了其中的实验方法、效果及设计理由.     

对卤代烃消去反应实验修订的理解与思考

对苏教版高中化学教材选修5《有机化学基础》中卤代烃消去反应实验的3次修订做了比较研究。结合卤代烃消去反应的原理,进行了实验反应物用量、反应装置、反应条件、产物检验的分析与思考。提出在教材实验改进中应使操作更规范、现象更明确、指导更具针对性,及对反应条件选择和实验装置创新的改进建议。     

铜锌原电池演示实验装置改进

对铜锌原电池实验所用装置进行了改进,避免了原电池实验中盐桥制作的烦琐和应用不便,提高了实验的可操作性和实验效率。     

多功能微波等离子体化学反应装置及其应用

建立了一台多功能微波等离子体化学反应实验装置,可用于化学合成、表面处理、多相催化等多种研究,为新方法、新工艺、新思路的实现提供了实验基础。     

Drying of organic solvents: quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of several desiccants

Various commonly used organic solvents were dried with several different drying agents. A glovebox-bound coulometric Karl Fischer apparatus with a two-compartment measuring cell was used to determine the efficiency of the drying process. Recommendations are made relating to optimum drying agents/conditions that can be used to rapidly and reliably generate solvents with low residual water content by means of commonly available materials found in most synthesis laboratories. The practical method provides for safer handling and drying of solvents than methods calling for the use of reactive metals, metal hydrides, or solvent distillation.     

A fast method of zone melting as an aid in analytical chemistry

A new zone-melting apparatus is described which allows relatively high zone speeds up to 100 cm/h. The time required for effective separations is only a few hours so that the apparatus can be used for analytical purposes. The difference between the theoretical and actual distribution coefficients obtained is small; the distribution coefficients of unknown substances in mixtures can thus be derived from the result of zone melting, which offers a means of identification. The apparatus is fully automated and normal freezing is incorporated as a first step. A means of preventing the breakage of the glass tube containers is described. The principles of operation and possible applications are discussed.     

L'analyse qualitative et quantitative des huiles lourdes de goudron par chromatographie gazeuse

A method of gas chromatography is described for the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of tar heavy oils: naphthalenic oils, wash oils, anthracenic oils, etc.The apparatus used can be easily constructed in an industrial laboratory. The results are calculated by a very simple method of internal normalization requiring no previous standardization.The composition of various oils, determined by the proposed method, is given.     

Preparation of spheroidal and ellipsoidal particles from spherical polymer particles by extension of polymer film

Generation of particles of various sizes and shapes can be of great interest to scientists and engineers. We have developed a new and robust apparatus which can generate oblate spheroids from spherical polymer particles. A sheet of film dispersed with spherical particles was held by an eight-jaw extensional apparatus. The jaws were positioned in the edges of a regular octagon and moved radially to induce biaxial extension in an oil bath above the glass transition temperatures of the film and particles. We have demonstrated that polystyrene particles dispersed in a polyvinyl alcohol film can be stretched to generate various shapes by this method. The microscopic studies show that the oblate spheroids obtained by this method are virtually exact spheroids without showing knife edges. Also depending on positions with regard to holders, ellipsoids and even prolate spheroids can be obtained. The method has been found to be robust in that the deformation is always reproducible regardless of film thickness and very small deformation can be applied for nearly spherical particles. We have confirmed that this method can be applied for particles of submicrons to 10?μm in diameter or even larger ones. It is expected that the spheroids and ellipsoids obtained by this method can be of help in many studies including colloids, suspension rheology, electrophoresis, printed electronics, and pharmaceutical science.     

Automation of factor-jump thermogravimetry for active computer control

A scheme of automation of a thermogravimetry apparatus is described which was developed with the factor-jump method in mind. Temperature, pressure and flow rates of two gases are controlled; all components except the furnace are commercially available. This paper describes the details of the automation scheme and provides data on the quality of its performance. The scheme includes a mini-computer; if no feedback is required, a recording computer terminal can be used instead.     

Compact apparatus for rapid measurement of high-pressure phase equilibria of carbon dioxide expanded liquids

A new apparatus based on a synthetic method was developed for phase equilibrium measurements. The characteristic features of the apparatus are its light weight (ca. 288 g), variable-volume with a free piston, position sensing device for the piston, precise pressure and temperature control, and a window for visual observation. The inner volume of the cell can vary from 2.5 to 8.8 cm³. The cell was constructed from titanium so that the composition of the sample can be determined by direct weighing of the cell. The apparatus was designed for temperatures up to 473 K and pressures up to 25 MPa.     

Revision of the volumetric method for measurements of liquid–liquid equilibria in binary systems

A theoretical analysis of the accuracy of the volumetric method for the determination of liquid–liquid equilibrium was carried out. The results show that, under certain conditions, this method can be used to investigate systems showing relatively small mutual solubilities. Relations were derived to estimate standard deviations of the equilibrium compositions determined by the volumetric method.

In the experimental part of the work, an apparatus for measurements of mutual solubilities of liquids was constructed. A procedure that enabled us to determine precisely volumes of liquid phases was developed. This procedure and apparatus present the advantage that relatively small amounts of samples are required (approximately 2 × 20 ml). Theoretical conclusions concerning the applicability of the volumetric method were checked by measuring mutual solubilities at 303.15 K in systems methylcyclohexane + N,N-dimethylformamide, 1-butanol + water and dimethyl phthalate + water. Further, the method was used to measure systematically the liquid–liquid equilibrium in systems ethyl acetate + ethylene glycol and phenyl acetate + ethylene glycol at temperatures from 293 to 323 K. Data for these systems were acquired by means of other methods as well and a good agreement was observed on comparison.