负载型Pd/SnO2催化剂低温催化甲烷燃烧

天然气储量巨大,被广泛应用于发电和工业窑炉等.甲烷作为天然气中最主要的成分,是氢碳比最高的碳氢化合物,其温室效应显著.因此,不完全燃烧所引起的CH4排放,不仅导致能源浪费,同时也可造成环境污染.与传统火焰燃烧相比,CH4催化燃烧具有更高的燃烧效率,并可显著地减少大气污染物(CO,NOx和未完全燃烧的烃类)的排放.贵金属Pd催化剂对CH4催化燃烧表现出优异的催化性能,其中Pd颗粒的尺寸、Pd的化学状态、载体性质及其与Pd之间的相互作用等对其活性有显著影响.本文以不同温度(600,800,1000和1200℃)焙烧所得SnO2为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/SnO2催化剂,研究了SnO2焙烧温度对CH4催化燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的SnO2均为锐钛矿结构,并且随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,晶型愈加完美,晶粒尺寸显著增大.催化剂中引入的Pd以高分散形式存在,CH4催化燃烧反应活性随着载体SnO2焙烧温度的升高而显著提高,其中Pd/SnO2(1200)表现出最高的CH4燃烧活性,起燃温度和最低全转化温度分别为265和390℃.在反应温度为300℃时,Pd/SnO2(1200)上甲烷的反应速率是Pd/SnO2(600)的36倍.XPS等结果表明,随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,Pd的化学状态也有所差异:对于低温焙烧的SnO2(<800℃),Pd以Pd4+的形式进入到SnO2晶格内;随着焙烧温度的升高(>1000℃),Pd以Pd2+物种的形式存在于载体表面.结合活性评价结果推测,Pd的化学状态可能并非是影响催化剂活性的最关键因素.TEM等结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1000)上PdO的(101)晶面与载体SnO2的(101)晶面相近,分别为0.2641 nm和0.2638 nm.O2-TPD和CH4-TPR结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1200)催化剂上单位Pd原子上O2的脱附量是Pd/SnO2(600)的3倍,单位Pd原子上CH4的消耗量比催化剂Pd/SnO2(600)高出45%.因此,PdO和SnO2在构型上存在的晶面匹配可提高催化剂对O2的活化能力.综上所述,SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配有利于氧在Pd-SnO2界面的活化,同时载体SnO2中的晶格氧亦可以通过"氧反溢流机理"补充到表面PdO/Pd上,从而增强催化剂对O2的吸附和活化能力,并提高CH4催化燃烧反应性能.升高SnO2的焙烧温度可强化SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配,从而使催化剂活性随着SnO2焙烧温度升高而增大.     

镁助剂改性Pd/Al_2O_3甲烷催化燃烧催化剂:Mg/Al物质的量比对催化剂载体及活性物种形成的影响

本文研究了系列不同含量镁助剂改性的Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧反应。研究表明,随着镁添加量的增加,载体由Al_2O_3转变为尖晶石型MgAl_2O_4,进一步增加Mg/Al物质的量比至3∶1时,形成了Mg(Al)O_x固溶体;催化剂中活性相Pd物种以金属Pd,PdO_x或Pd-载体复合氧化物形式存在,各物种的相对含量以及Pd?PdO间的转化能力存在一定的差异。PdO_x物种表现为具有较高的低温活性,而金属Pd和Pd-载体复合氧化物的高温活性较好。当Mg/Al物质的量比为1∶3时,催化剂的Pd?PdO转化能力最强,表现出了最高的甲烷催化燃烧反应活性。     

Ni的引入对Pd/Al2O3催化甲烷燃烧性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Ni掺杂的Pd/Al2O3催化剂,考察了其低浓度甲烷催化燃烧活性和水热稳定性.结果表明,随着Ni的引入及其含量的增加,Pd/Al2O3催化剂性能明显提高,Ni含量至20%时,在0.4%CH4,4%H2O和空气平衡的原料气组成,80000h-1空速和600oC条件下反应150h后,CH4转化率仍能保持在97.5%以上.X射线衍射、H2程序升温还原、NH3程序升温脱附和透射电镜等结果表明,NiAl2O4晶相的形成改善了载体酸性和活性组分的分散度,从而提高了催化剂性能.     

CeO2-Y2O3涂层和负载型Pd催化剂催化燃烧VOCs

制备了一种粘附在堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上的CeO2-Y2O3(CeY)复合氧化物新涂层. 以二氧化铈和柠檬酸钇为前驱体, 制备过程中无有害物质产生, 对环境友好. CeY涂层和Pd/CeY催化剂通过SEM、EDX、XRF和Raman光谱等表征. 结果表明, 此涂层的粘结强度高, 对活性组分的吸附性能好, 适合用来负载钯催化剂. Y2O3大部分进入了峰窝陶瓷的孔道内, CeO2和Pd物种则富集在载体的表面. 以CO、甲苯和乙酸乙酯的催化燃烧来评价Pd/CeY催化剂的性能, 此催化剂具有较好的催化活性和热稳定性. 500 ℃焙烧的催化剂, CO、甲苯和乙酸乙酯的T99(转化率99%以上所需的最低反应温度) 分别为150、220和310 ℃; 1050 ℃焙烧的催化剂, 它们的T99分别为180、250 和330 ℃. 高温焙烧的催化剂, 活性物种PdO的晶粒增大, 这可能导致催化剂的活性下降.     

Pd/CexZr1-xO2/Al2O3催化剂上甲烷燃烧及TPR/TPO性能研究

考察了Ce-Zr复合氧化物的添加对Al2O3负载Pd催化剂的甲烷燃烧性能的影响，并利用XRD，TPR，TPO技术对Pd／CexZr1-xO2／Al2O3体系催化剂的物相结构及氧化还原性能进行了研究。结果表明，Ce-Zr复合氧化物的添加抑制了氧化铝载体的。相变并提高了PdO的分解温度，从而提高了催化剂的耐热稳定性。催化剂经高温1100℃焙烧老化后，由于Ce-Zr复合氧化物的存在促进了表面PdO物种的还原，从而提高了甲烷的催化燃烧活性（T20％和T90％值降低），其中Pd／Ce0.2Zr0.8O2／Al2O3催化剂具有最好的催化活性及热稳定性。     

负载型Pd/SnO_2催化剂低温催化甲烷燃烧（英文）

天然气储量巨大,被广泛应用于发电和工业窑炉等.甲烷作为天然气中最主要的成分,是氢碳比最高的碳氢化合物,其温室效应显著.因此,不完全燃烧所引起的CH_4排放,不仅导致能源浪费,同时也可造成环境污染.与传统火焰燃烧相比,CH_4催化燃烧具有更高的燃烧效率,并可显著地减少大气污染物(CO,NOx和未完全燃烧的烃类)的排放.贵金属Pd催化剂对CH_4催化燃烧表现出优异的催化性能,其中Pd颗粒的尺寸、Pd的化学状态、载体性质及其与Pd之间的相互作用等对其活性有显著影响.本文以不同温度(600,800,1000和1200 oC)焙烧所得SnO_2为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/SnO_2催化剂,研究了SnO_2焙烧温度对CH_4催化燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的SnO_2均为锐钛矿结构,并且随着SnO_2焙烧温度的升高,晶型愈加完美,晶粒尺寸显著增大.催化剂中引入的Pd以高分散形式存在,CH_4催化燃烧反应活性随着载体SnO_2焙烧温度的升高而显著提高,其中Pd/SnO_2(1200)表现出最高的CH_4燃烧活性,起燃温度和最低全转化温度分别为265和390 oC.在反应温度为300 oC时,Pd/SnO_2(1200)上甲烷的反应速率是Pd/SnO_2(600)的36倍.XPS等结果表明,随着SnO_2焙烧温度的升高,Pd的化学状态也有所差异:对于低温焙烧的SnO_2(800 oC),Pd以Pd4+的形式进入到SnO_2晶格内;随着焙烧温度的升高(1000 oC),Pd以Pd2+物种的形式存在于载体表面.结合活性评价结果推测,Pd的化学状态可能并非是影响催化剂活性的最关键因素.TEM等结果表明,Pd/SnO_2(1000)上Pd O的(101)晶面与载体SnO_2的(101)晶面相近,分别为0.2641 nm和0.2638 nm.O_2-TPD和CH_4-TPR结果表明,Pd/SnO_2(1200)催化剂上单位Pd原子上O_2的脱附量是Pd/SnO_2(600)的3倍,单位Pd原子上CH_4的消耗量比催化剂Pd/SnO_2(600)高出45%.因此,Pd O和SnO_2在构型上存在的晶面匹配可提高催化剂对O_2的活化能力.综上所述,SnO_2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配有利于氧在Pd-SnO_2界面的活化,同时载体SnO_2中的晶格氧亦可以通过"氧反溢流机理"补充到表面Pd O/Pd上,从而增强催化剂对O_2的吸附和活化能力,并提高CH_4催化燃烧反应性能.升高SnO_2的焙烧温度可强化SnO_2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配,从而使催化剂活性随着SnO_2焙烧温度升高而增大.     

焙烧温度对 Pd/Al2O3 催化剂上甲烷燃烧反应性能的影响

 考察了载体与催化剂焙烧温度对 Pd/Al2O3 催化剂上低浓度甲烷催化燃烧反应性能的影响. 采用 X 射线衍射、透射电镜、N2 物理吸附、NH3 程序升温脱附和 O2 程序升温氧化等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 焙烧温度对催化剂活性及稳定性的影响显著. 随着载体焙烧温度的升高, Al2O3 的比表面积、物相结构、酸中心的数量及强度明显改变, 相应的 Pd/Al2O3 催化剂中载体与 Pd 的相互作用减弱, Pd 分散度降低. 当载体焙烧温度为 1 100 °C, Pd/Al2O3 焙烧温度为 200 °C 时, 所得催化剂在 260 h 的连续反应中, 甲烷转化率始终维持在 99%以上.     

焙烧温度对CeO2改性Pd/Al2O3甲醇分解催化剂性能的影响

考察了焙烧温度对Pd/Al2O3和CeO2改性Pd/Al2O3甲醇分解催化剂反应性能的影响.在300℃～700℃范围内焙烧,Pd/Al2O3和Pd/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的活性都呈现出先升高后降低的趋势.XRD结果表明高温焙烧时活性组分Pd在γ-Al2O3载体表面发生聚集是Pd/Al2O3催化剂活性降低的原因,而XPS结果却表明,Pd在CeO2改性γ-Al2O3载体表面的浓度与Pd/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的活性变化并非呈现一致关系,TPR表明活性组分Pd和助剂CeO2在γ-Al2O3上产生了一定的相互作用.从而认为Pd的分散度以及Pd和CeO2之间的相互作用共同决定催化剂的甲醇分解性能.     

焙烧温度对甲硫醇催化剂K_2WO_4/Al_2O_3结构和性能的影响

研究了焙烧温度对溶胶-凝胶法制备的甲硫醇催化剂K2WO4/Al2O3的表面结构和催化性能的影响.表征结果显示,K2WO4在Al2O3上分散得较好,在450和550oC焙烧的催化剂颗粒大小均匀,无明显团聚现象.随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积减小,表面钨物种与Al2O3的相互作用减弱,与碱物种的相互作用增强,酸碱强度降低.K2WO4/Al2O3表面不含质子酸.催化剂活性与其比表面积及表面的共轭酸碱对密切相关.评价结果表明,在550oC焙烧而制得的催化剂活性最高.     

KBH4还原法制备超细Pd/γ-Al2O3 催化剂及其在蒽醌加氢反应中的应用

 通过KBH4还原浸渍到载体上的Pd物种制备了超细Pd/γ-Al2O3 催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、高倍透射电镜、能谱、能量损失谱和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱等对其进行了表征. 结果表明,催化剂中活性组分Pd以纳米尺度的微晶形式存在,而不是Pd-B非晶态合金. 蒽醌加氢制双氧水反应证明,与浸渍焙烧法制备的PdO/γ-Al2O3 催化剂相比,经KBH4还原制得的Pd/γ-Al2O3 催化剂中钯的晶体颗粒更小,分散度更高,从而催化剂的活性更高,其氢化效率比PdO/γ-Al2O3 提高了35%.     

Direct detection of a phase change in PdO/CeO2 supported on chi-Al2O3 by means of in situ high-temperature measurements of XRD and FTIR.

Phase changes between PdO and Pd metal can be directly detected in PdO/CeO2 catalysts supported on chi-Al2O3 by means of in situ high-temperature measurements of X-ray diffraction and FT-IR in relation to the catalytic activity for the methane oxidation of microcrystalline PdO. Reversible changes in the solid phases are observed from PdO to Pd and Pd to PdO under O2-deficient and O2-excess atmospheres, respectively. Nanosizes of PdO and Pd crystallites, the distorted PdO crystal structure along the (110) plane, and also a distorted Pd metal crystal structure along the (200) plane as well as the large surface area elucidate the high catalytic activity for the methane oxidation of PdO/CeO2 catalysts prepared with an atomic ratio of Pd:Ce = 1:1.     

Catalytic abatement of CO and volatile organic compounds in waste gases by gold catalysts supported on ceria-modified mesoporous titania and zirconia

Mesoporous oxides TiO2 and ZrO2, synthesized by surfactant templating via a neutral C13(EO)6–Zr(OC3H7)4 assembly pathway, and ceria‐modified TiO2 and ZrO2, prepared by a deposi‐tion–precipitation (DP) method, featuring high surface areas and uniform pore size distributions were used as supports for gold catalysts. The supported gold catalysts were assessed for the cata‐lytic abatement of air pollutants, i.e., CO, CH3OH, and (CH3)2O. The gold was supported on the mes‐oporous oxides by a DP method. The supports and catalysts were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, and temperature‐programmed reduction technique. A high degree of synergistic interaction be‐tween ceria and mesoporous ZrO2 and TiO2 as well as a positive modification of the structural and catalytic properties by ceria was observed. The ceria additive interacts with the mesoporous oxides and induces a strong effect on the reducibility of the supports. The catalytic behavior of the catalysts was discussed to determine the role of the ceria modifying additive and possible interaction be‐tween the gold nanoparticles and ceria‐mesoporous oxide supports. The gold catalysts supported on ceria‐modified mesoporous ZrO2 displayed superior catalytic activity (~100%conversion of CO at 10 °C and CH3OH at 60 °C). The high catalytic activity can be attributed to the ability of the sup‐port to assist oxygen vacancies formation. The studies indicate that the ceria‐modified mesoporous oxide supports have potential as supports for gold‐based catalysts.     

Enhanced active site extraction from perovskite LaCoO_3 using encapsulated PdO for efficient CO_2 methanation

The extraction of metallic nanoparticles from perovskite-type oxides(ABO₃) under mild reducing conditions is a novel way to prepare well-dispersed supported catalysts(B/AOd). Herein, we found that the encapsulated PdO in perovskite LaCoO_3(PdO@LaCoO_3) could facilitate the phase transformation of the perovskite structure at a low temperature owing to both strong H2 spillover of Pd and intimate interaction between the encapsulated PdO and LaCoO₃. The pure LaCoO₃ without PdO was relatively inert to CO₂ hydrogenation(CO₂ conversion <4%). In contrast, PdO@LaCoO₃ exhibited excellent CO₂ methanation performance with 62.3% CO₂ conversion and >99% CH4 selectivity. The characterization results demonstrated that the catalytically active Co2 C was in-situ formed by carburization of the extracted Co0 during CO₂ methanation for the PdO@LaCoO₃ sample. Whereas, the LaCoO₃ with surface supported PdO(PdO/LaCoO₃) showed a weak interaction and remained a perovskite structure with few Co₂C active centers after the catalytic reaction, which was similar to the parent LaCoO₃. Accordingly, the PdO/LaCoO₃ showed an inferior catalytic performance with 31.8% CO₂ conversion and 87.4% CH₄ selectivity. Therefore, the designed encapsulation structure of PdO within perovskite is critical to extract metallic NPs from perovskite-type oxides, which has the potential to prepare other integrated nanocatalysts based on perovskite-type oxides.     

中孔分子筛负载钴催化剂制备及其在费-托合成中的催化性能

 以HMS,MCM－41,AlHMS和ZrO2／HMS等中孔分子筛为载体,采用孔体积浸渍法制备了系列负载型钴催化剂．XRD测定结果表明,Co氧化物完全分散于分子筛内表面,载体仍保持中孔分子筛的特征;低温N2吸附测定结果表明,表面负载金属钴后,分子筛的比表面积和孔体积下降,孔径减小,孔壁增厚．比较了不同中孔分子筛负载Co催化剂在F－T反应中的催化性能,以短程六角对称的HMS为载体,有利于F－T反应中的链增长,烃类产物主要为微晶蜡;以ZrO2／HMS为载体可抑制CH4的生成,提高C5＋的选择性．     

不同载体负载的铂催化剂在丙酮酸乙酯不对称氢化反应中的活性及其铂流失率比较

以介孔树脂材料FDU-14和介孔碳材料CMK-3为载体制备了两种负载型铂催化剂, 用N₂气吸附、X射线衍射及CO化学吸附等手段对这两种催化剂进行了表征, 并将这两种不同的负载型铂催化剂在丙酮酸乙酯不对称氢化反应中的催化性能及其铂流失率与商品化Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂进行了比较. 研究结果表明, 尽管Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂的初始活性和光学选择性均较高, 然而相同反应条件下乙酸溶剂中Pt/FDU-14和Pt/CMK-3催化剂的铂流失率比Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂的低. 通过对催化剂进行CO吸附原位傅里叶变换红外漫反射光谱(DRIFTS)表征, 从载体的不同表面电子性质角度解释了不同载体负载的铂催化剂在丙酮酸乙酯不对称氢化反应中的活性和铂流失率的差异.     

Autothermal reforming of methane over Ni catalysts supported over ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3

Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3, ZrO2-Al2O3, CeO2-Al2O3 and ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 were prepared by coprecipitation method, and their catalytic performances for autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen were investigated. The Ni-supported catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR and XPS. The relationship between the structures and catalytic activities of the catalysts was discussed. The results showed that the catalytic activity and stability of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was better than those of other catalysts with the highest CH4 conversion, H2/CO and H2/COx ratio at 750 ℃. The catalyst showed a little deactivation along the reaction time during its 72 h on stream with the mean deactivation rate of 0.08%/h. The catalytic performance of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was also affected by reaction temperature, no2 ： nCH4 molar ratio and nH2O ： nCH4 molar ratio. TPR, XRD and XPS measurements indicated that the formation of ZrO2-CeO2 solid solution could improve the dispersion of NiO, and inhibit the formation of NiAl2O3, and thus significantly promoted the catalytic activity of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst.     

Pd/Hβ-zeolite catalysts for catalytic combustion of toluene: Effect of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio

The effect of pure and high silica Hβ zeolites on the catalytic performance of toluene combustion over Pd/H/3 catalyst was evaluated.Pure and high silica β zeolites were prepared by direct synthesis procedures,then 0.1 wt% of palladium was impregnated on different Hβ zeolites via incipient wetness technique using palladium nitrate as the Pd source.The Pd/Hβ catalysts were characterized by XRD,N2 adsorption/desorption,H2O adsorption,NH3-TPD,H2-TPR and XPS techniques.With increasing the SIO2/Al2O3 ratio of β zeolite,the activity of the Pd/Hβ catalysts for toluene combustion increased clearly and the pure silica β zeolite supported Pd catalyst showed the best catalytic activity.The superior catalytic performance of Pd/β catalyst prepared from pure silica β zeolite was attributed to its high hydrophobicity and the preserving ability for PdO active species.     

MCM-41 supported Cu-Mn catalysts for catalytic oxidation of toluene at low temperatures

Complete catalytic oxidation of toluene was investigated on Cu-Mn doped mesoporous and microporous catalysts, i.e., Cu-Mn/MCM-41, Cu-Mn/beta-zeolite, Cu-Mn/ZSM-5 (where SiO2/Al2O3 is either 25 or 38), and Cu-Mn/porous silica, in the presence of excess oxygen. The result shows that mesoporous catalysts have exhibited the highest catalytic activity among these catalysts above. The less amount of coke formation due to the unique mesoporous structures could play a key role in the high activity on the mesoporous catalyst. In addition, the bimetallic Cu-Mn-MCM-41 supported catalyst shows higher oxidation activity than either single metal catalyst, i.e., Cu-MCM-41 and Mn-MCM-41. The highly dispersed Cu-Mn mixed oxides on mesoporous structures probably provide active sites for the complete oxidation of toluene on these mesoporous catalysts.     

Pd catalysts supported on modified Zr0.5Al0.5O1.75 used for lean-burn natural gas vehicles exhaust purification

Composite supports Zr0.5Al0.5O1.75 modified by metal oxides,such as La2O3,ZnO,Y2O3 or BaO,were prepared by co-precipitation method,and palladium catalysts supported on the modified composite supports were prepared by impregnation method.Their properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),NH3 temperature-programmed desorption(NH3-TPD),H2 temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR),N2 adsorption/desorption,and CO-chemisorption.The catalytic activity and the resistance to water poisoning of the prepared Pd catalysts were tested in a simulated exhaust gas from lean-burn natural gas vehicles with and without water vapor.The results demonstrated that the modified supports had an apparent effect on the performance of Pd catalysts,compared with the Pd catalyst supported on the unmodified ZrAl.The addition of ZnO or Y2O3 promoted the conversion of CH4.In the absence of water vapor,Pd/ZnZrAl exhibited the best activity for CH4 conversion with the light-off temperature(T50) of 275℃ and the complete conversion temperature(T90) of 314℃,respectively.However,in the presence of water vapor,Pd/YZrAl was the best one over which the light-off temperature(T50) of methane was 339℃ and the complete conversion temperature(T90) was 371℃.These results indicated that Pd catalyst supported on the modified composite ZrAl support showed excellent catalytic activity at low temperature and high resistance to H2O poisoning for the exhaust purification of lean-burn natural gas vehicles.