3-氯-2-氯甲基-1-丙烯引发苯乙烯原子转移自由基聚合的研究

原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)是一种活性自由基聚合方法,通过它可以合成结构可控的官能性聚合物[1].双官能性聚合物是制备嵌段聚合物[2]和模型网络的前驱体[3,4],具有较大的理论和应用价值,寻求新的双官能引发剂以获得末端官能性聚合物已经成为当前ATRP研究领域的重要研究方向之一     

水分散体系中甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸八氟戊酯嵌段共聚物的合成与表征

在聚合物链上引入氟元素可以赋予聚合物很多优异的性能 ,如良好的热稳定性、化学稳定性、生物相容性和憎水憎油性等 .含氟单体与一般单体共聚是合成含氟共聚物的重要途径 .通过原子转移自由基聚合 (ATRP)不仅可以实现多种单体的控制 (共 )聚合 ,而且可以合成出具有预定分子量、窄分子量分布以及结构明晰聚合物[1] ,我们曾报道了溶液体系中用ATRP方法合成含氟嵌段共聚物[2～ 4] .众所周知 ,大多数含氟聚合物都是通过乳液或悬浮聚合反应合成的 .然而 ,普通的乳液或悬浮聚合难以合成结构和组成可控的聚合物 ,如嵌段共聚物 ,所以近年来 ,水…     

新引发体系引发MMA活性自由基聚合

近年来 ,关于活性自由基聚合的研究极为活跃 ,已经发现了多种基于增长链自由基被可逆钝化形成休眠种的活性自由基聚合方法[1,2 ] .它们主要包括引发转移终止剂 ( Iniferter) ,稳定自由基聚合( SFRP) ,原子转移自由基聚合 ( ATRP) ,可逆加成 -断链链转移聚合 ( RAFT)等 .其中 ATRP因其具有可聚合单体多 ,反应条件相对缓和等优点而成为该领域的研究热点 [3～ 5] .ATRP活性自由基聚合的实现主要是在过渡金属催化剂的作用下 ,通过循环往复的碳 -卤键的活化、加成、碳 -卤键的再形成而得到最终活性的聚合物 ,引发体系由引发剂、过渡金属…     

甲基丙烯酸丁酯的反向ATRP“活性”/可控自由基聚合研究

自由基聚合以其可聚合的单体种类多、反应条件温和易控制、实现工业化生产容易等优点一直在高分子合成领域占有重要地位,而实现自由基“活性”/可控聚合更是高分子化学工作者孜孜以求的目标之一.然而由于自由基非常活泼,在反应过程中极易发生偶和、歧化终止和链转移等副反应,使自由基活性聚合的实现变得非常困难.1995年Matyjaszewski等[1]提出的原子转移自由基聚合(Atom transfer radical polymerization,ATRP)的概念为自由基活性聚合研究开辟了一条崭新的途径.ATRP反应过程如反应式1所示     

原子转移自由基聚合合成耐热性共聚物

自 1 995年第一篇有关过渡金属催化的原子转移自由基聚合 (ＡＴＲＰ)论文发表以来 ,国内外许多研究者都纷纷开展这方面的工作 ,人们已用该法合成了各类指定结构的聚合物[1～ 6] ,选用合适的引发剂比较容易合成出具有良好加工流动性的星型和超支化聚合物[2 ,3,6] .Ｎ 取代马来酰亚胺由于其环状结构而被广泛用于自由基共聚合制备耐热性聚合物[7～ 9] ,但Ｎ 取代马来酰亚胺的引入将降低聚合物的加工流动性 ,若能实现含Ｎ 取代马来酰亚胺单体结构的可控ＡＴＲＰ共聚合 ,利用多官能团引发剂如四溴甲基苯合成出星型耐热性共聚物 ,将可望同时改善聚…     

点击化学与活性自由基聚合联用构建特殊结构聚合物

点击化学由于其高效、可靠、高选择性等特点,一经提出便在复杂结构聚合物制备上得到广泛关注,而活性自由基聚合则具有聚合过程和聚合物结构可控等特点.本文综述了点击化学与活性自由基聚合方法如原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),可逆加成断裂链转移聚合(RAFT),氮氧调控活性自由基聚合(NMP),以及原子转移氮氧自由基聚合反应(AT...     

AB_2型星形杂臂偶氮液晶聚合物的合成及表征

通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)与ATRP衍生物化学修饰结合的方法,合成了一系列AB2型星形杂臂偶氮液晶聚合物.其中,A为聚苯乙烯,B为聚6-[4-(4′-甲氧基苯基)偶氮苯氧基己酯](PMMAZO).合成分三步进行.首先,以ATRP方法得到ω-溴聚苯乙烯活性链PS(Br).然后对PS(Br)进行化学改性,得到带两个末端溴原子的聚苯乙烯活性链PS(Br)2·最后,以PS(Br)2作为双官能团大分子引发剂,引发6-[4-(4′-甲氧基苯基)偶氮苯氧基]己酯(MMAZO)发生ATRP聚合,得到星形杂臂PS(PMMAZO)2聚合物.进一步对聚合产物进行了GPC和1H-NMR分析.结果表明合成产物是预期的星形杂臂聚合物,产物分子量可控且分子量分布狭窄.同时,以DSC和POM表征了星形杂臂聚合物的液晶性.     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基共聚合研究进展

与其它可控/活性自由基聚合相比,可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合具有适用单体范围广、反应条件温和、不受聚合实施方法的限制等优点,因此成为目前高分子合成研究最为活跃的领域之一.通过它不但实现了广泛单体的可控/活性聚合,还合成了嵌段、接枝、梳型、星型、无规及梯度等结构的聚合物.本文综述了RAFT自由基共聚合领域的研究进展,内容主要包括已报道的RAFT自由基共聚合反应体系和RAFT过程对共聚产物组成的影响.     

氟烯烃的活性/可控自由基聚合研究进展

含氟聚合物具有优异而独特的性能,主要是通过氟烯烃的聚合反应合成的。自从上世纪90年代以来,活性/可控自由基聚合反应获得极大的进展,发展了多种活性自由基聚合的方法,为聚合物的精确设计、合成提供了强有力的手段。氟烯烃的活性/可控自由基聚合反应研究始于上世纪70年代,碘转移聚合已经成功地应用于含氟热塑性弹性体的商业化生产。文献已经报道的氟烯烃活性/可控自由基聚合反应包括碘转移聚合(ITP)、烷基硼自由基聚合、原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和可逆加成断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)或黄原酸酯交换法(MADIX)等。通过这些方法可以制备出分子量确定、结构多样化的含氟聚合物,如嵌段、接枝和遥爪聚合物等,使含氟聚合物的应用范围得到进一步拓展。本文结合本课题组的研究工作,对氟烯烃活性/可控自由基聚合反应的研究进展进行了简要综述。     

(甲基)丙烯酸氟烷基酯的“活性”/可控聚合

带氟烷基侧链的(甲基)丙烯酸氟烷基酯聚合物是一类具有独特表面性能和光学特性的氟聚合物,传统的自由基共聚合由于无法调节聚合物的微细结构和氟原子的分布,限制了该类聚合物在更广领域的应用.活性聚合为聚合物分子设计和合成提供了一个有效方法,利用活性聚合方法可以获得预期结构和性能的含氟嵌段聚合物材料.由于引入了氟烷基侧链,(甲基)丙烯酸氟烷基酯的活性聚合又有其特殊性,本文针对它的活性阴离子聚合、基因转移聚合、活性自由基聚合等方面作一综述.     

Comparative studies on miscibility and phase behavior of linear and star poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) blends with poly(vinylidene fluoride)

The comparative studies on the miscibility and phase behavior between the blends of linear and star‐shaped poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were carried out in this work. The linear poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) was synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of 2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline in the presence of methyl p‐toluenesulfonate (MeOTs) whereas the star‐shaped poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) was synthesized with octa(3‐iodopropyl) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane [(IC₃H₆)₈Si₈O₁₂, OipPOSS] as an octafunctional initiator. The polymers with different topological structures were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is found that the star‐shaped poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) was miscible with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), which was evidenced by single glass‐transition temperature behavior and the equilibrium melting‐point depression. Nonetheless, the blends of linear poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) with PVDF were phase‐separated. The difference in miscibility was ascribed to the topological effect of PMOx macromolecules on the miscibility. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 942–952, 2006     

采用ATRP合成天然橡胶接枝共聚物——Ⅲ.NR-g-PMMA的制备

N-溴代丁二酰亚胺与天然橡胶(NR)反应合成了大分子引发剂——溴代天然橡胶[NR-Br(1)].通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),以CuBr/PMDTA为催化体系,1引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)接枝共聚制得新型天然橡胶-g-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯[NR-g-PMMA(2)],其结构经1H NMR和IR表征.初步聚合反应动力学研究结果表明,NBS与NR在高温下反应容易伴随双键加成和环化反应,于室温反应所得1具有较高的引发活性;接枝聚合符合一级动力学反应,即2的分子量随MMA单体转化率的提高而增加.     

Synthesis of a novel liquid crystal rod–coil star block copolymer consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly{2,5‐bis[(4‐methoxy‐phenyl)oxycarbonyl] styrene} via atom transfer radical polymerization

A bromine capped star‐shaped poly(methyl methacrylate) (S‐PMMA‐Br) was synthesized with CuBr/sparteine/PT‐Br as a catalyst and initiator to polymerize methyl methacrylate (MMA) according to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Then, with S‐PMMA‐Br as a macroinitiator, a series of new liquid crystal rod–coil star block copolymers with different molecular weights and low polydispersity were obtained by this method. The block architecture {coil‐conformation of the MMA segment and rigid‐rod conformation of 2,5‐bis[(4‐methoxyphenyl)oxycarbonyl] styrene segment} of the four‐armed rod–coil star block copolymers were characterized by ¹H NMR. The liquid‐crystalline behavior of these copolymers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. We found that the liquid‐crystalline behavior depends on the molecular weight of the rigid segment; only the four‐armed rod–coil star block copolymers with each arm's M_n,_GPC of the rigid block beyond 0.91 × 10⁴ g/mol could form liquid‐crystalline phases above the glass‐transition temperature of the rigid block. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 733–741, 2005     

丙烯酸(N-甲基全氟己烷磺酰胺基)乙酯与MMA梯度共聚物的合成与表征

通过电子转移再生催化剂的原子转移自由基聚合(ARGET ATRP)研究了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酸(N-甲基全氟己烷磺酰胺基)乙酯(C₆SA)的共聚可控性及单体的反应活性, 利用Kelen-Tüdos法测得MMA和C₆SA的表观竞聚率分别为r(MMA)=1.42, r(C₆SA)=0.34. 在此基础上, 考察了聚合过程中共聚物组成和表面能的变化. 共聚物的凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)曲线呈现严格的单峰分布, 分子量随着转化率的增加而增加, 且分布较窄(多分散系数PDI<1.3), 共聚反应表现出"活性"聚合的特征. 静态接触角测试结果显示, 共聚物表面能随着转化率的增加而降低, ¹H NMR结果显示, C₆SA链节的含量随着分子链的增长而增加, 分子链由开始时的MMA为主导转变为后期的C₆SA为主导, 表明形成了梯度共聚物.     

Grafting of polymethyl methacrylate from poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) copolymer using atom transfer radical polymerization

Atom transfer radical polymerization was employed for the first time to prepare graft copolymer having by ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer as backbone and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as branches. The polymerization of MMA was initiated by EVA carrying chloropropionate groups as macroinitiator, in the presence of copper chloride (CuCl) and bipyridine (bpy) at 80 °C. The macroinitiator was prepared by esterification of partially hydrolyzed EVA with 2-chloropropionyl chloride. Successful graft copolymerizations were performed both in toluene/γ-butyrolactone mixed solvent and in toluene solution, with grafting efficiency of 12% and 6%, respectively. Molecular weight distribution of the PMMA segments around 1.2 has been achieved with pure toluene solution. The ATRP graft copolymerization was supported by an increase of the molecular weight of the graft copolymers, as compared to that of the macroinitiator and also by their monomodal molecular weight distribution.     

水分散体系中苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯梯度共聚物的合成与表征

以2-溴代异丁酸乙酯(EBiB)为引发剂,CuBr/CuBr₂/1,10-邻二氮菲(phen)为复合催化剂,十二烷基磺酸钠(SLS)为乳化剂,考察了水分散体系中苯乙烯(St)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的原子转移自由基共聚合的可控性和相对反应活性.在此基础上,通过反应进料法在水分散体系中进行了St和MMA的梯度共聚合,反应表现出“活性”聚合的特征,即所得共聚物的数均分子量随着单体转化率的增加而增大,分子量分布较窄(M_w/M_n<1.50).用¹HNMR跟踪分析了聚合反应过程中共聚物微观组成的变化规律,结果表明,共聚物链中MMA链节的累积含量和瞬时含量都随着共聚物相对链长的增加而增加,即随着聚合物相对链长的增加共聚物的微观组成从St链节占主导地位逐渐变化为以MMA链节占主导地位,表明确实形成了St和MMA的梯度或渐变共聚物.     

Synthesis and characterization of block copolymers from 2‐vinylnaphthalene by anionic polymerization

The anionic polymerization of 2‐vinylnaphthalene (2VN) has been studied in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at ?78 °C and in toluene at 40 °C. 2VN polymerization in THF, toluene, or toluene/THF (99:1 v/v) initiated by sec‐butyllithium (sBuLi) indicates living characteristics, affording polymers with predefined molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. Block copolymers of 2VN with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) have been synthesized successfully by sequential monomer addition in THF at ?78 °C initiated by an adduct of sBuLi–LiCl. The crossover propagation from poly(2‐vinylnaphthyllithium) (P2VN) macroanions to MMA and tBA appears to be living, the molecular weight and composition can be predicted, and the molecular weight distribution of the resulting block copolymer is narrow (weight‐average molecular/number‐average molecular weight < 1.3). Block copolymers with different chain lengths for the P2VN segment can easily be prepared by variations in the monomer ratios. The block copolymerization of 2VN with hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane also results in a block copolymer of P2VN and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) contaminated with a significant amount of homo‐PDMS. Poly(2VN‐b‐nBA) (where nBA is n‐butyl acrylate) has also been prepared by the transesterification reaction of the poly(2VN‐b‐tBA) block copolymer. Size exclusion chromatography, Fourier transform infrared, and ¹H NMR measurements indicate that the resulting polymers have the required architecture. The corresponding amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(2VN‐b‐AA) (where AA is acrylic acid) has been synthesized by acidic hydrolysis of the ester group of tert‐butyl from the poly(2VN‐b‐tBA) copolymer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4387–4397, 2002     

Synthesis of degradable poly(methyl methacrylate) star polymers via RAFT copolymerization with cyclic ketene acetals

Copolymerization of the cyclic ketene acetal 5,6‐benzo‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (BMDO) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) is studied with respect to its copolymerization parameters and the suitability to control BMDO/MMA copolymerizations via the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) technique to obtain linear and 4‐arm star polymers. BMDO shows disparate copolymerization behavior with MMA and r₁ = 0.33 ± 0.06 and r₂ = 6.0 ± 0.8 have been determined for polymerization at 110 °C in anisole from fitting copolymer composition vs. comonomer feed data to the Lewis–Mayo equation. Copolymerization of the two monomers is successful in RAFT polymerization employing a trithiocarbonate control agent. As desired, polymers contain only little amount of polyester units stemming from BMDO units and preliminary degradation experiment show that the polymer degrades slowly, but steadily in aqueous 1 M NaOH dispersion. Within ten days, the polymers are broken down to low molecular weight segments from an initial molecular weight of M_n = 6000 g mol^?1. Star (co)polymerization with an erythritol‐based tetra‐functional RAFT agent following the Z‐group approach proceeds efficiently and polymers with a number‐average molecular weight of 10,000 g mol^?1 are readily obtained that degrade in similar manner as the linear copolymer counterparts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1633–1641     

Grafting of polymers onto a carbon‐fiber surface by ligand‐exchange reaction of poly(vinyl ferrocene‐co‐vinyl monomer) with polycondensed aromatic rings of the surface

To improve the surface of carbon fiber, the grafting reaction of copolymer containing vinyl ferrocene (VFE) onto a carbon‐fiber surface by a ligand‐exchange reaction between ferrocene moieties of the copolymer and polycondensed aromatic rings of carbon fiber was investigated. The copolymer containing VFE was prepared by the radical copolymerization of VFE with vinyl monomers, such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene, using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. By heating the carbon fiber with poly(VFE‐co‐MMA) (number‐average molecular weight: 2.1 × 10⁴) in the presence of aluminum chloride and aluminum powder, the copolymer was grafted onto the surface. The percentage of grafting reached 46.1%. On the contrary, in the absence of aluminum chloride, no grafting of the copolymer was observed. Therefore, it is considered that the copolymer was grafted onto the carbon‐fiber surface by a ligand‐exchange reaction between ferrocene moieties of the copolymer and polycondensed aromatic rings of carbon fiber. The molar number of grafted polymer chain on the carbon‐fiber surface decreased with increasing molecular weight of poly(VFE‐co‐MMA) because the steric hindrance of grafted copolymer on the carbon‐fiber surface increases with increasing molecular weight of poly(VFE‐co‐MMA). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1868–1875, 2002