土壤样品中砷的形态分析方法研究

对生态地球化学土壤样品,在Tessier修正顺序提取方法(即七步法)的基础上对提取方法、提取时间、提取溶液的处理方法进行优化选择,用超声法提取水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、强有机质结合态和残渣态七种形态的砷元素,用原子荧光光谱法测定各个形态砷的含量。优化后的方法测得As元素各形态的检出限均小于1.0μg/g,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%,准确度高,质量参数均满足生态地球化学土壤样品评价形态分析的需要。     

原子吸收光谱法测定烟叶中的重金属总量及形态分析

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定烟叶中Mn,Cu,Zn元素,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定Cd,Cr,Pb元素,以HNO3-H2O2微波消解法获取烟叶中的重金属总量,以超声水提取法获取水溶态重金属进行初级形态分析,以Tessier逐级提取法获取5种形态的重金属进行次级形态分析。实验结果表明,原子吸收光谱法检测6种重金属线性良好,相关系数(r2)不低于0.998 8,检出限为0.16~3.1μg·L-1。烟叶样品中Mn,Cu,Zn,Cd元素主要以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的形式存在;Cr主要以残渣态的形式存在;而Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态和残渣态的形式存在。     

连续萃取法研究海湾养殖区沉积物中重金属形态

以连续萃取法研究海湾养殖区沉积物中重金属(Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn)的形态,将重金属分离为酸溶态、还原态、有机质结合态、硫化物结合态和残渣态.分别采用基体匹配法和内标法消除高盐基体对电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-OES)和质谱法(ICP-MS)分析结果的影响.对海洋沉积物标准物质分析结果表明,样品稀释后测定值与标准值一致.比较了本连续萃取法和BCR法对沉积物样品中重金属形态的提取结果,并考察了萃取剂的选择性.实验表明,本方法可用于有机质污染和富营养化环境沉积物中重金属形态分析,特别是有机质结合态和硫化物结合态的分析.     

河流底质中汞的形态分析方法研究

底泥中金属的形态分析广泛采用化学浸取法,系借用或修改土壤化学分析的方法而得,选用合适的试剂将不同地球化学相所结合的金属提取而分成数类;水溶态、可交换态,碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、腐殖质结合态、有机质结合态以及残渣部分。本文结合实际河流样品的物相分析,以化学提取法研究汞的赋存形态,对不同化学提取剂的实验条件及提取效果进行了评价,并以相应的化合物进行了模拟实验。最后用汞污染严重的华北蓟运河表层底泥作为实例,验证了所拟操作程序的实用性。     

环境样品中砷、硒形态分析研究进展

综述了近年来环境样品中砷、硒形态分析的研究进展,主要内容包括样品的前处理技术、分离技术、检测技术。前处理技术主要是用各种提取液采用各种方式提取样品中的砷、硒形态,分离技术主要有高效液相色谱分离、气相色谱分离、毛细管电泳分离等,检测技术主要有原子吸收光谱法、原子发射光谱法、原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法等。最后对其研究前景进行了展望。     

浒苔中有毒有害元素及砷化学形态的研究

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定浒苔中Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等元素含量的分析方法,对各元素的线性关系良好(r=0.999 3～0.999 9),检出限为0.28～2.3 μg/L,元素加标回收率为83%～108%,符合痕量分析要求.并利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)与电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用技术对浒苔样品中的砷化学形态进行了初步探讨,发现其中砷主要以无机As(Ⅴ)和某种未知的砷形态存在,推测该未知砷形态为砷糖类物质.     

氧化与还原条件下伊通河长春区段沉积物重金属形态特征的对比研究

利用改进的Tessier连续萃取法研究了伊通河长春市自由大桥处不同深度沉积物样品在氧化及还原条件下Cu,Pb,Zn和Ni的形态变化规律,同时分析了沉积物样品中酸可挥发性硫(Acid volatile sulfide,AVS)和同时提取重金属(Simultaneous extract metals,SEM)的含量. 实验结果表明，样品经干燥、研磨处理后,Cu有机/硫化物结合态比例减少40%,锰氧化物结合态的比例显著增加; Pb,Zn和Ni 3种元素有机/硫化物结合态比例均略有下降,变化幅度小于Cu,并重新分配到不同的化学相中. 通过SEM中各金属含量与有机/硫化物结合态中金属含量的对比可知,还原性沉积物中Cu除了与硫化物结合外,很大一部分是以有机物形态存在的,Pb,Zn,Ni,Fe和Mn则主要以硫化物形态存在,各元素形态分析均不同程度地受到萃取剂的影响.     

改进BCR法在活性污泥样品重金属形态分析中的应用

利用改进的BCR三步顺序提取法研究了活性污泥中重金属的形态分布。所研究的可提取态包括可交换态,还原态-铁锰氧化物结合态和氧化态-有机物和硫化物结合态。这三态的含量之和加上残渣态的含量与各重金属的总量进行了比较。利用ICP-MS测定了活性污泥提取液以及残渣态中Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb的含量。实验表明,采用改进的BCR法可以用来分析活性污泥样品中的金属形态。     

基于同步辐射X射线荧光光谱和X射线吸收近边结构谱研究铅锌矿区浮萍中砷的耐受机制

水生植物浮萍能够富集高浓度的砷,是植物过滤修复技术的代表,其耐受机理备受关注.本研究利用同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence, SRXRF)和X射线吸收近边结构谱(X-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES)技术,开展了铅锌矿区天然富砷浮萍样品中砷元素的微区分布和形态特征研究.微区SRXRF分析了两个单片浮萍样品FP1和FP2,单点扫描时间分别为5 s和2 s,光斑尺寸分别为70 μm×80 μm和100 μm×100 μm;对FP2样品选择了6个位置进行了微区XANES单点形态分析,扫描的能量范围为11.81~11.96 keV;整体XANES形态分析是针对压片的浮萍样品,扫描的能量范围为11.67~12.27 keV.结果表明,浮萍样品整体和微区XANES数据均表明砷形态为As(Ⅲ);SRXRF微区分析发现浮萍中砷元素具有显著的叶脉分布特征,在一定浓度范围内,砷并不扩散到进行光合作用的叶肉中,有利于减轻砷对叶片的毒害作用,可能是浮萍耐受砷的一个保护机制.     

多元素形态同时分析的研究进展

对近年来多元素形态同时分析的研究进展进行了评述,内容主要涉及气相色谱法、液相色谱法、毛细管电泳和光谱、质谱的联用技术,以及电化学分析法、中子活化分析法等非联用技术在多元素形态同时分析中的应用,简述了环境和生物样品中元素形态的分离富集方法,展望了多元素形态同时分析的发展前景(引用文献62篇)。     

微波辅助提取-液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法分析沉积物中砷的形态

采用微波辅助提取-液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(LC-HG-AFS)联用技术分析了太湖沉积物中砷的形态[亚砷酸(As(III))、二甲基砷酸钠(DMA)、一甲基砷酸二钠(MMA)和砷酸As(V)]。测得沉积物中以无机砷为主,且以As(V)居多。选定以1mol/L的磷酸和0.1mol/L抗坏血酸为提取液,在微波辅助萃取(功率为60W,时间12min)下,萃取率达79.84%～91.57%,回收率在94.78%～107.6%之间。4种砷的形态在0～160μg/L之间时线性良好,检测限为0.6～2.3μg/L,相对标准偏差RSD为1.62%～2.20%。方法具有简便、快速、灵敏的特点。     

Factors affecting arsenic speciation in environmental samples: sample drying and storage

Arsenic is a ubiquitous element. Its toxicity, mobility, and bioaccumulation depend usually on its chemical form, and therefore, arsenic speciation is indispensable for the assessment of environmental risk and human hazard. Little is known about the effect of sample preparation procedures, such as drying and storage, on the resulting arsenic speciation. In this study, we investigated the influence of different drying methods and storage conditions on the arsenic speciation in mineral soils, organic soils, and plants. Drying soils and plants using different methods may change the concentrations of the total methanol–water (20%,?v/v) extractable arsenic, the proportion of organic arsenic and the ratio of arsenite-to-arsenate. Loss of methanol–water extractable arsenic compounds (up to 63%) was observed particularly in the samples rich in water. Following drying, the speciation of organic arsenic changed less than that of inorganic arsenic. Drying showed little influence on the total arsenic determination. None of the storage methods tested could preserve the arsenic speciation in organic soils and plants, although arsenic speciation after one-month storage varied less in freeze-dried samples than wet samples. Storage of the samples at low temperatures (2 or??20°C) had the largest impact on the samples rich in organic matters, leading to less arsenic being extractable by methanol–water. Both drying and storage of the soil and plant samples changed apparently the arsenic speciation. Therefore, we recommend conducting the arsenic speciation possibly with fresh and wet samples, so that the results of arsenic speciation may be more approaching the original states.     

Arsenic Speciation in Marine Sediments: Effects of Redox Potential and Reducing conditions

Abstract

The speciation of arsenic in the environment is among others controlled by reduction, methylation and oxidation processes and therefore influenced by the prevailing redox conditions. In this study we have analyzed sediments taken from La Coruña estuary in the north west of Spain. Inorganic (trivalent and pentavalent) and the organic (MMA and DMA) arsenic speciation is related to Eh, Fe and Mn load. The various of the arsenic species concentration and other parameters was analyzed at different depths in some of the sampling points. Low arsenic concentrations (1–10 μg·g^–1) were found. In spite of oxidising conditions (Eh values between 31–96 mV), most of the samples showed a higher As(V) percentage than As (III). Principal component analysis was made to see a sample groups and the results showed that speciation depends on reducing conditions (Eh and Mn).     

砷形态分析技术研究进展

总结了近年来砷形态分析的分离、检测以及联用技术的研究进展,提出了今后在砷形态分析工作中应关注的主要问题.     

Arsenic speciation patterns in freshwater fish

Muscle of 16 freshwater fish (9 different species belonging to 4 different families) was analysed for arsenic species using HPLC separation (anion and cation exchange) followed by on-line UV-decomposition, hydride generation and AFS detection. The main arsenic compounds found in the extracts were arsenobetaine (AsB), which accounted for 92–100% of extractable arsenic in species of salmonids (Salmo marmoratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta m. fario), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), which accounted for 75% of extractable arsenic in burbot (Lota lota). AsB was also found in lower concentrations in almost all other fish species analysed (Silurus glanis, L. lota, Barbus barbus, Rutilus pigus virgo, Chondrostoma nasus). Arsenite (As(III)) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) were detected in low concentrations in some representatives of Cyprinidae only (R. pigus virgo, C. nasus). Except in salmonids, an unknown cationic compound was present in most of the samples in relatively low concentrations. Cluster analysis of the generated data seems to indicate that there is a correlation between fish family and the arsenic speciation pattern. This is especially clear for the salmonids which show a completely separate cluster and thus a very distinct arsenic speciation pattern.     

A method for rapid determination of arsenic species in vegetables using microwave‐assisted extraction followed by detection with HPLC hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry

Driven by the significant need for characterization of the chemical speciation of arsenic in food, this work developed a method for rapid determination of four common arsenic species, namely, arsenite, arsenate, monomethyl arsenic acid, and dimethyl arsenic acid, in vegetables using microwave‐assisted extraction, followed by detection with high‐performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Initial screening results showed that microwave‐assisted extraction using 1% HNO₃ exhibited the highest overall efficiencies for all arsenic species without causing significant degradation of the organic ones. With the aid of response surface methodology, the optimum conditions established for extraction of arsenic species from vegetables were: 500 mg of freeze‐dried vegetable sample, extracted by closed vessel microwave‐assisted extraction using 10 mL of 2% v/v HNO₃ at 90°C for 17 min. Application of the method in the analysis of 24 market vegetable samples indicates that the extraction efficiencies for total arsenic species were in the range of 91.4–106%. Arsenite and arsenate were found to be the predominant arsenic species in the vegetables, which suggests that vegetable consumption could be an important route of inorganic arsenic exposure for the population with a heavy vegetable diet in arsenic polluted regions.     

Arsenic speciation in clinical samples: urine analysis using fast micro-liquid chromatography ICP-MS

Arsenic speciation is a subject that is developing all the time both from improvements in analytical techniques and from increases in toxicological understanding. Despite speciation methods being widely developed, arsenic speciation is not routinely offered as an analysis in clinical laboratory. The work in this paper describes a simple routine method for arsenic speciation that could be easily implemented in clinical laboratories. The method described, a new, fast analytical method for arsenic speciation, is reported using micro-liquid chromatography hyphenated to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (μLC-ICP-MS). The method uses a low-pressure delivery six-port valve with a 5 cm anion exchange column, which allows a fully resolved separation of five arsenic species (arsenobetaine [AB], arsenite [As³⁺], arsenate [As⁵⁺], mono-methylarsonic acid [MMA⁵⁺] and dimethylarsinic acid [DMA⁵⁺]) in urine in just 6 min. This fast analytical method offers an arsenic speciation method that is feasible for a laboratory that does not have the capability for a dedicated arsenic speciation LC-ICP-MS instrument. The micro-LC system is small, easy to install and is fully integrated with the ICP-MS software. The results reported here are from urine samples from 65 workers in a semiconductor work providing a sample for their routine biological monitoring to assess workplace exposure. Control samples from 20 unexposed people were also determined. Results show that the semiconductor workers exhibit very low levels of arsenic in their urine samples, similar to the levels in the controls, and thus are not significantly exposed to arsenic. Care must be taken when interpreting urinary arsenic species results because it is not always possible to differentiate between dietary and other external sources of exposure.     

毛细管电泳-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定藻类中6种不同形态的砷化合物

建立了一种利用毛细管电泳与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(CE-ICP-MS)分析检测6种不同形态砷化合物的方法。详细研究了缓冲溶液的种类、pH值和浓度,分离电压以及进样时间等因素对6种砷化合物的分离度、灵敏度和重现性等的影响。结果表明,在最佳条件下,三价砷(As3+)、一甲基砷(MMA)、二甲基砷(DMA)、五价砷(As5+)、砷胆碱(AsC)和砷甜菜碱(AsB)6种化合物在25 min内得到完全分离。6次平行测定中,6种砷化合物峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD)为3%～5%,检出限(以As计)(3倍信噪比)为0.08～0.12 μg/L。应用该方法成功地对海带中6种砷化合物进行了分析,回收率为90%～103%。该方法具有耗时短、灵敏度高、样品消耗量少、稳定性好等优点,可用于藻类样品中不同形态砷化合物的分析。     

大气颗粒物中砷及其形态的研究进展

大气颗粒物中毒性准金属元素砷及其形态含量变化引起的环境健康问题受到了广泛关注。由于工业生产和煤燃烧等人类活动,砷普遍存在于多种环境介质中。排放到大气中的砷能够随气流进行长距离迁移,致使一些偏远区域大气中的砷含量明显超出欧盟的限制标准(6 ng/m3)。砷的毒性表达很大程度依赖其存在种态,无机砷毒性大于有机砷,且砷(Ⅲ)的毒性明显强于砷(Ⅴ)。本文概述了大气中砷的来源,并选取自2000年来的代表性成果比较了不同国家及不同功能区大气砷的含量变化,同时对1975年来多数关于大气颗粒物中砷形态变化特征的研究进行了评述。     

Determination of arsenic species in Solanum Lyratum Thunb using capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A simple and highly efficient interface to couple capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry by a microflow polyfluoroalkoxy nebulizer and a quadruple ion deflector was developed in this study. By using this interface, six arsenic species, including arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine, were baseline‐separated and determined in a single run within 11 min under the optimized separation conditions. The instrumental detection limit was in the range of 0.02–0.06 ng/mL for the six arsenic compounds. Repeatability expressed as the relative standard deviation (n = 5) of both migration time and peak area were better than 2.5 and 4.3% for six arsenic compounds. The proposed method, combined with a closed‐vessel microwave‐assisted extraction procedure, was successfully applied for the determination of arsenic species in the Solanum Lyratum Thunb samples from Anhui province in China with the relative standard deviations (n = 5) ≤4%, method detection limits of 0.2–0.6 ng As/g and a recovery of 98–104%. The experimental results showed that arsenobetaine was the main speciation of arsenic in the Solanum Lyratum Thunb samples from different provinces in China, with a concentration of 0.42–1.30 μg/g.