低阶煤中含氧官能团分布的研究

采用化学法测定了四种典型中国低阶煤中羧基、醇羟基、酚羟基、甲氧基和羰基含氧官能团。其中,羧基的定量分析采用醋酸钙溶液和pH值为8.3的缓冲溶液进行,分析了测定条件对羧基和酸性含氧官能团测定结果的影响。结果表明,在N₂气氛下比空气条件下测定羧基含量准确,褐煤中羧酸根的主要存在形式为羧酸盐,酸洗后煤样中酚羟基的测定值随着离子交换溶液pH值的增加而增大;褐煤中的含氧官能团主要是羧基和羟基,分别占总氧量的34.49%和34.79%;在不同低阶煤中存在不同含量的羰基,甲氧基含量较小。     

低温加压热解脱氧对胜利褐煤亲水性的影响

在固定床反应器中考察了低温（200~350 ℃）、加压（0.25~8.00 MPa）热解条件下胜利褐煤主要含氧官能团的变化规律,并进一步分析了褐煤中含氧官能团的脱除对其吸水能力的影响。结果表明,温度升高对胜利褐煤中羧基和酚羟基的脱除非常有效,压力变化对羧基脱除影响极小,而在3.00~4.00 MPa时对酚羟基脱除效果最佳;同时羧基对煤样的表面极性和亲水性具有决定性作用,当羧基含量不变时,固体比表面积对煤样的吸水性影响相对较明显。     

水热法改性褐煤及含氧官能团与水相互作用的研究

利用水热法对蒙东褐煤进行了改性。通过微量热仪测定和分析了煤炭表面骨架大分子和各种官能团与水结合能的大小。结果表明,水热法改性后,褐煤中的羧基和羰基随温度升高显著降低,而羟基的变化比较复杂。计算得到了低阶煤中含氧官能团和煤炭表面骨架大分子亲水能力由大到小的顺序是羧基酚羟基羰基煤炭表面骨架大分子。     

内在矿物对高灰褐煤CO_2气化的影响研究

利用分选结合逐级酸洗的方法制备出不同灰含量和矿物组成的褐煤煤样,使用沉降管反应器(DTR)和热重分析仪(TGA)研究内在矿物在1 000-1 200℃对褐煤CO_2气化的影响。结果表明,内在矿物对褐煤CO_2气化具有促进作用,且促进机制具有温度敏感性。低温时(1 000℃),内在矿物可通过增加初生半焦微晶结构的无序度,间接提高气化碳转化率。高温时(1 100-1 200℃),内在矿物通过催化煤焦气化,直接促进气化碳转化率的上升。碱性指数不适用于表征本研究的褐煤内在矿物的催化作用。Ca是内在矿物中影响整体催化能力的主要成分,而且羧酸盐形式的Ca是其中的活性组分。不同的催化机制是导致煤焦中钙的催化活性因其化学形式而异的根本原因。羧酸盐形式的Ca可降低煤焦气化反应的活化能,而CaO则提高反应的表观频率因子。     

丙三醇脱水反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

为了理解纤维素热解初期的脱水反应机理, 采用Gaussian 03程序中的密度泛函理论UB3LYP/6-31＋＋G(d,p) 方法, 对模型化合物丙三醇脱水反应机理进行了量子化学理论研究. 设计了6种可能的脱水反应途径, 对各种反应的反应物、产物和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化, 计算了不同温度下各反应途径的标准热力学和动力学参数. 计算结果表明: 除了形成中间体IM_a和IM_b的反应外, 其它反应均为吸热反应; 温度高于400 K时, 丙三醇开始发生脱水反应; 与1-2-脱水反应相比, 1-3-脱水反应的反应势垒更低, 其活化能为233.75 kJ/mol; 当反应加入金属离子Li^＋时, 有利于脱水反应的发生, 这时1-2-脱水反应的活化能为201.95 kJ/mol, 1-3-脱水反应的活化能为202.14 kJ/mol.     

2-[(4-氯苯基亚氨基)甲基]-8-羟基喹啉质子转移的理论研究

研究了2-[(4-氯苯基亚氨基)甲基]-8-羟基喹啉的三种质子转移途径: 分子内质子转移、水分子辅助质子转移和甲醇分子辅助质子转移. 以该席夫碱化合物的晶体结构作为模型, 在B3LYP/6-31＋G(d)水平上, 优化得到稳定态和过渡态的几何构型. 对三类质子转移前后的结构、能量、红外光谱、化学位移进行研究, 结果表明水分子辅助质子转移和甲醇分子辅助质子转移中, 水和甲醇分子利用氢键作用参与质子转移过程, 形成七元环状过渡态, 大大降低了反应的能垒, 有利于质子的转移, 氢键在降低活化能方面起着重要作用.     

8-羟基鸟嘌呤自由基的开环反应机理

使用经实验校准的B3LYP/DZP++方法研究了8-羟基鸟嘌呤自由基的开环反应机理. 计算结果表明, 该反应先后历经C8—N9键的断裂、羟基H原子向N7原子转移两个步骤完成, 转移中的H原子具有阳离子的特征. 当没有水存在时, 羟基H原子的转移反应需经历一个四元环的过渡态, 具有较高的活化能, 反应较困难. 但如果有水分子存在, 羟基H原子的转移步骤将经历一个低活化能的六元环过渡态, 使整个8-羟基鸟嘌呤自由基的开环反应可以在较温和的条件下顺利完成. 在无水催化时, 羟基H转移是反应的速率控制步骤; 而有水催化时, 反应的速率由C8—N9键的断裂步骤控制.     

反应(Cl+HBr→HCl+Br和Cl+HBr→BrCl+H)机理和速率的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-311G**基组下,计算研究了反应Cl+HBr→HCl+Br和Cl+HBr→BrCl+H的机理,求得的各过渡态均通过振动分析加以确认.运用求得的反应活化能,以及不同温度下过渡态和反应络合物的配分函数,借助绝对反应速率理论求得50～1500K的反应速率常数.     

内蒙胜利褐煤腐殖酸对煤平衡复吸水的影响

研究了褐煤中重要的成分腐殖酸对褐煤水分的影响。测定了内蒙胜利褐煤中腐殖酸含氧官能团的含量,并分析了褐煤、棕黑腐殖酸和残余煤的等温吸附和脱附曲线。通过Dent吸附等温模型研究了褐煤和棕黑腐殖酸第一层吸附和第二层吸附。结果表明,胜利褐煤2/5羧基和1/5羟基是由腐殖酸提供的。棕黑腐殖酸相对褐煤孔径和孔容较小,不利于水簇的形成。腐殖酸对褐煤的复吸水是不利的     

褐煤中有机氮的赋存形态分布和分子结构特征

利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了先锋褐煤(XL)、小龙潭褐煤(XLT)和胜利褐煤(SL)及其萃取残渣表面有机氮的形态分布。结果表明,三种萃取残渣表面五种有机氮的含量分布各异,但均以吡咯型氮为主。考察了在300℃下Na OH催化的褐煤萃取残渣的超临界甲醇解反应,XL、XLT和SL萃取残渣超临界甲醇解所得石油醚可溶物的收率分别为46.0%、43.8%和47.6%(质量分数)。用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FTICR/M S)分析石油醚可溶物中的含氮化合物(NCCs)。结果表明,NCCs主要包括N_1、N_1O_1-N_1O_5、N_2、N_2O_1-N_2O_4、N_3O_2和N_5O_2-N_5O_4类化合物。根据不饱和度和碳原子数的分布推测了NCCs的分子结构特征,表明绝大部分NCCs含羟基和羧基等含氧官能团,氮原子主要以吡咯、吡啶和氨基的形式存在于芳环结构中,以1-3个芳环的结构为主。褐煤中的-C-O-桥键的断裂是生成NCCs的一个重要路径。     

Conclusive evidence on the insensitivity of additive rules to the combinational details of exchange and correlation functional in hybrid DFT methods

This account is a quest to evaluate the sensitivity of additive rules among total electronic energies of some triple molecular sets to the employed computational level. To achieve the goal, seven randomly generated hybrid functionals have been constructed and employed for calculation on a test set of 29 molecules containing second and third row elements. The computational results based on these nonoptimized DFT methods in conjunction with those of standard B3LYP method clearly demonstrates that in contrast to atomization or isomerization energies, additive rules among total electronic energies are insensitive to reliability or precision of computational method. This insensitivity to details of exchange‐correlation functional indicates that additive rules can be generally well considered using simple computational methods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009     

Implementation and validation of the Lacks-Gordon exchange functional in conventional density functional and adiabatic connection methods

We present an analysis of the numerical performances of the exchange functional proposed by Lacks and Gordon, which we have implemented in the Gaussian series of programs. This functional has been built with the double aim of respecting most of the known scaling and asymptotic properties and of giving good numerical performances, especially as concerns noncovalent interactions. We have found that the coupling of the Lacks-Gordon exchange and Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functionals provides a reliable conventional density functional approach. The corresponding parameter-free adiabatic connection model, in which the ratio between Hartree-Fock and Lacks-Gordon exchange is determined a priori from purely theoretical considerations, allows us to obtain remarkable results for both covalent and noncovalent interactions in a satisfactory theoretical scheme, encompassing the free electron gas limit and most of the known scaling conditions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 418–429, 1998     

Local potentials in independent‐electron models

Density functional theory, exact for ground states, is commonly assumed to imply an independent‐electron model in which only local potential functions appear. It has recently been shown that several paradoxes in different aspects of the theory can be resolved if this locality hypothesis is abandoned. However, the locality hypothesis itself appears to be implied by rigorous variational theory. This conflict is discussed and resolved here. The resolution involves embedding the density functional theory in an orbital functional theory whose functional derivatives are not confined to normalized ground states. The orbital Euler–Lagrange equations of this extended theory in general contain effective potentials that are linear operators acting on orbital wave functions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 81: 384–388, 2001     

The Influence of the Exchange-Correlation Functional on the Non-Interacting Kinetic Energy and Its Implications for Orbital-Free Density Functional ApproximationsSCI北大核心CSCD

In this work it is shown that the kinetic energy and the exchange-correlation energy are mutual dependent on each other.This aspect is first derived in an orbital-free context.It is shown that the total Fermi potential depends on the density only,the individual parts,the Pauli kinetic energy and the exchange-correlation energy,however,are orbital dependent and as such mutually influence each other.The numerical investigation is performed for the orbital-based non-interacting Kohn-Sham system in order to avoid additional effects due to further approximations of the kinetic energy.The numerical influence of the exchange-correlation functional on the non-interacting kinetic energy is shown to be of the orderof a few Hartrees.For chemical purposes,however,the energetic performance as a function of the nuclear coordinates is much more important than total energies.Therefore,the effect on the bond dissociation curve was studied exemplarily for the carbon monoxide.The data reveals that,the mutual influence between the exchange-correlation functional and the kinetic energy has a significant influence on bond dissociation energies and bond distances.Therefore,the effect of the exchange-correlation treatment must be considered in the design of orbital-free density functional approximations for the kinetic energy.     

最优化“调控”区间分离密度泛函理论的研究进展

发展精确、高效的交换-关联泛函一直是密度泛函理论工作者所追求的神圣目标。传统密度泛函被证实在计算原子或分子体系的某些基态和激发态性能时存在困难,而且预测不具有普适性;另一方面,一些高水平方法如耦合簇（CC）理论和基于格林函数（G）和屏蔽库仑作用（W）近似的多体微扰理论（MBPT）,尽管相对精确但往往需要消耗昂贵的计算成本,因而其研究体系的尺寸和实用性受到了很大的限制。近年来,“最优化”调控区间分离泛函的发展在一定程度上使得上述问题得到改善,尤其是在消耗较少的计算成本前提下能够达到与高水平方法相媲美的预测精度,引起了越来越多的关注。本文首先简要回顾了密度泛函领域的理论背景,在区间分离密度泛函理论的基础上,重点介绍了最优化“调控”的概念;并且结合近期的理论工作对其在实际计算时的表现进行评价;最后,就最优化“调控”方法的前景和应用进行了展望。     

The Liu‐Parr power series expansion of the Pauli kinetic energy functional with the incorporation of shell‐inducing traits: Atoms

An approximate expression for the Pauli kinetic energy functional T_p is advanced in terms of the Liu‐Parr expansion [S. Liu, R.G. Parr, Phys. Rev. A 1997 , 55, 1792] which involves a power series of the one‐electron density. We use this explicit functional for T_p to compute the value of the noninteracting kinetic energy functional T_s of 34 atoms, from Li to Kr (and their positive and negative monoions). In particular, we examine the effect that a shell‐by‐shell mean‐square optimization of the expansion coefficients has on the kinetic energy values and explore the effect that the size of the expansion, given by the parameter n, has on the accuracy of the approximation. The results yield a mean absolute percent error for 34 neutral atoms of 0.15, 0.08, 0.04, 0.03, and 0.01 for expansions with n = 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively (where ). We show that these results, which are the most accurate ones obtained to date for the representation of the noninteracting kinetic energy functional, stem from the imposition of shell‐inducing traits. We also compare these Liu‐Parr functionals with the exact but nonexplicit functional generated in the local‐scaling transformation version of DFT.     

Link between the kinetic‐ and exchange‐energy functionals in the generalized gradient approximation

An approximate kinetic‐energy functional of the generalized gradient approximation form was derived following the “conjointness conjecture” of Lee, Lee, and Parr. The functional shares the analytical form of its gradient dependency with the exchange‐energy functionals of Becke and Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof. The two free parameters of this functional were determined using the exact values of the kinetic energy of He and Xe atoms. A set of 12 closed‐shell atoms was used to test the accuracy of the proposed functional and more than 30 others taken from the literature. It is shown that the conjointness conjecture leads to a very good class of kinetic‐energy functionals. Moreover, the functional developed in this work is shown to be one of the most accurate despite its simple analytical form. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002     

Method for evaluation of density functional integrals in molecular calculations

Numerical methods for computing variationally optimized molecular orbitals within the Hartree–Fock approximation are augmented to include correlation functionals of the density in the energy and the numerical methods for carrying this out are described. The approach is applied explicitly to the Colle–Salvetti correlation energy functional. It is found that the gradient terms in the Colle–Salvetti functional present numerical problems associated with the low-density behavior, but also that they make a relatively small contribution to the correlation energy. In the three cases considered, HF, H₂O and N₂, it is found that the Colle–Salvetti correction considerably underestimates the correlation energies obtained in coupled-cluster theory.     

连接子化学在聚合物-缀合物中的应用*

聚合物的缀合物化学近年来发展迅速,其反应产物既具有聚合物良好的稳定性、力学性能与特殊的结构形貌特点,亦因缀合各种分子而体现出完全不同的物理化学特性与独特的功能性。连接子化学是一类新型的具有高活性、高产率、高选择性的化学反应,对官能团位点敏感程度极高,对于聚合物与缀合分子的连接非常适合,适用于多种不同分子的缀合。本文旨在结合一些近年来具创新性的研究成果,介绍并总结连接子化学在聚合物缀合物中的应用进展,并对其广泛的前景进行合理的展望。