镉系量子点的生物毒性及相应机制

量子点(quantum dots,QDs)由于其优异的荧光特性在生物学和生物医学领域具有广泛的应用,并且在肿瘤的诊断和治疗方面也表现出巨大的潜力,但是随之而来的生物毒性问题近几年备受研究者们的高度关注。本文选取研究最多的Cd系量子点为代表,总结了量子点体外体内生物毒性的一般规律和特点,重点从量子点进入体内途径、内吞进入细胞方式和细胞内发挥功能等方面探讨了其毒性效应的机制。希望以此为发展安全低毒量子点提供指导和建议,促进量子点的临床应用。     

量子点在法庭科学手印显现中的研究进展

随着纳米技术的进步,纳米颗粒正在被逐步应用到法庭科学领域的手印检验之中。近年来,半导体量子点因其良好的荧光特性而备受国内外法庭科学家的推崇,但大多数半导体量子点具有毒性,且会对环境造成污染,这些问题制约了半导体量子点在法庭科学领域中的应用。与传统有机染料和金属内核的半导体量子点相比,碳量子点具有毒性低、污染小、生物相容性优异的特点,现已应用于医学、生物、化学等多个领域。本文综述了半导体量子点在手印显现中的应用,介绍了碳量子点的研究进展,并指出碳量子点显现手印是今后法庭科学领域的重要研究方向。     

蛋白包覆的作用模式对CdTe量子点光稳定性及细胞毒性的影响

<正>量子点(quantum dots,QDs)是一种新型荧光纳米材料,具有宽带吸收与窄带发射、发射波长随粒径可调、双光子吸收截面大和抗光漂白等优异性质,在细胞和活体成像、化学和生物传感等领域正在得到越来越广泛的应用。随着应用研究的不断深入,量子点的生物效应特别是其细胞毒性引起了人们的普遍关注,提高量子点的稳定性及生物相容性已成为一个重要的研究课题。本论文通过系统研究牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)包覆的三种作用模式(静电模式、     

温敏性碳量子点的快速制备、荧光性质及细胞成像应用

以草酸和尿素为碳源,超纯水为溶剂,采用微波方法快速合成了具有热敏性的氮掺杂碳量子点,对其形貌、结构、荧光性质和荧光强度的影响因素,以及细胞毒性进行了测试和讨论,并用于小鼠结肠癌细胞(CT26.WT)成像。结果表明,制备的碳量子点近似球形,粒径约3.8 nm。碳量子点具有良好的温度响应的荧光性质。在10~80℃温度范围内,相对荧光强度与温度之间存在良好的线性关系。随着温度的增加,碳量子点的荧光强度减小,温度从10℃升至80℃,相对荧光强度减少了25%,当温度反向降低时,其荧光强度恢复到原始值。碳量子点温度与荧光强度之间的线性关系,使之在温度响应的荧光传感领域具有潜在的应用价值。对碳量子点进行氮掺杂能有效提高其荧光量子产率,当草酸和尿素质量比为3∶1时,荧光量子产率最高,为9.5%。另外,合成的碳量子点还具有优异的抗盐性能、强稳定性等特点,不仅能有效被CT26.WT细胞吞噬,还显示出低毒性和生物相容性,MTT分析结果表明,在1 000μg·mL~(-1)的碳量子点存在下,CT26.WT细胞存活率达85%,荧光碳量子点有望作为温敏性的荧光纳米探针在细胞研究领域得到应用。     

基于量子点的检测技术在法庭科学物证鉴定中的应用研究进展

由于具有独特的纳米尺寸效应和高灵敏度的光电效应,碳量子点以及半导体量子点技术已经被广泛应用于材料科学、生物和医药等领域。本文在简述量子点结构、合成方法等基础上,着重介绍了基于量子点的检测技术在法庭科学领域毒物、毒品和微量物证鉴定中的应用,旨在分析基于量子点的检测技术研究与应用现状,展望其在法庭科学领域中的应用前景。     

光致发光胶体量子点研究及应用

胶体量子点材料由于具有激发光谱宽、半峰宽窄、颜色可调和可溶液加工等特点受到广泛关注。经过30多年的发展,量子点材料已实现了"绿色合成路线"和核壳结构设计的优化,部分量子点已可以做到工业化产品生产供应,并已开发出商业化应用的光致发光器件,该系列器件相继应用于LED(light-emitting diode,发光二极管)照明和显示领域。尤其是光致发光量子点器件在显示领域的商业应用,其将色域典型值从传统的72%提高到100%以上,显示色彩更加丰富多彩,吸引了越来越多的产业界厂商参与到量子点应用的阵营中。本文介绍了胶体量子点发光的基本原理、量子点制备及结构设计发展历程、量子点光致发光器件在LED照明和显示领域的应用情况,以及其广阔的应用前景和面临的挑战。     

基于量子点的多组分分析研究进展

半导体荧光量子点因其独特的一元激发/多元发射、耐光漂白、发射波长可调等光学性质在细胞生物学研究、生物化学传感、药物筛选及示踪、环境监测等诸多领域都得到广泛的应用.本文简述了量子点的基本特性,重点介绍了近年来基于量子点的荧光特性及其与荧光共振能量转移、分子信标、荧光原位杂交等分析技术相结合而发展起来的一些新技术,以及基于QDs的阳极溶出伏安法和电化学发光在多组分分析方面的研究进展,最后就该研究领域现存的问题和将来的发展方向提出了拙见.     

单个量子点的光学性质与应用

量子点(QDs)是一种具有诸多优良光学特性的荧光纳米颗粒,已在化学分析、生物传感、分子影像等领域得到了广泛应用.单个量子点的光学性质研究有望发现一些宏观方法不能发现的实验现象,可以为改善其光学性能提供思路,有助于更好的应用于各领域.本文评述了单个量子点的检测与判定方法,单个量子点的荧光增强、漂白、眨眼(blinking)、蓝移等光学性质及其在单分子示踪、生物化学传感、超分辨定位技术等方面的应用.总结了目前量子点作为荧光探针在实际应用中遇到的问题,并提出未来量子点将朝着合成能同时满足尺寸小、量子产率高、 "non-blinking"、蓝移幅度大、无生物毒性的量子点及能同时为成像/检测提供荧光探针与散射探针的等离子体量子点等研究方向发展.     

量子点毒性效应的研究进展

量子点（quantum dots,QDs）作为一种新型的纳米材料已备受关注．由于其独特的荧光特性,量子点已经成功地应用于生命科学等领域．近年来,量子点的生物学毒性效应及其环境影响成为新的研究热点．本文综述了量子点毒性效应的相关研究,并对该领域的前景及研究方向进行了评述和展望．     

纳米材料在生物分析应用中存在的若干问题

从三个方面考察与总结了一些常用的纳米材料(如碲化镉量子点,纳米金和碳纳米点)在生物分析应用中存在的问题：(1)纳米材料的毒性. 三种裸露纳米材料的平行比较实验表明,碲化镉量子点能够导致细胞代谢活性下降、细胞发生皱缩、甚至死亡,具有很强的毒性;纳米金在高浓度(30 μg/mL)时可对细胞代谢产生一定的抑制作用;而碳纳米点对细胞几乎不产生影响,具有较好的生物相容性. 三种纳米材料的相对毒性为：碲化镉量子点>>纳米金>碳纳米点. 这种相对毒性还得到了绿豆芽生长抑制实验的支持. (2)纳米材料的非均一性. 这主要表现在以下几个方面：粒径分布的非均一性,表面修饰/性质的非均一性,以及在生物样品(如细胞)中分布的非均一性. (3)纳米材料的环境敏感性或稳定性. 实验表明,碲化镉量子点、纳米金和碳纳米点的光学性质对环境pH的改变均十分敏感,而且纳米金不抗盐,在离子强度较高的盐溶液中不稳定、易聚集. 这些问题的严重性在许多以往的研究中并未引起人们的全面重视. 我们希望通过本研究以及对这些问题的再次探讨,能促使人们在实际应用中对相关纳米材料进行重新的审视和合理的选择. 此外,为克服这些问题,我们在文中提到的一些措施可供参考.     

Application of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy in the Studies of Colloidal Quantum Qots

Colloidal quantum dots display remarkable optical and electrical characteristics with the potential for extensive applications in contemporary nanotechnology. As an ideal instrument for examining surface topography and local density of states (LDOS) at an atomic scale, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) has become indispensable approaches to gain better understanding of their physical properties. This article presents a comprehensive review of the research advancements in measuring the electronic orbits and corresponding energy levels of colloidal quantum dots in various systems using STM and STS. The first three sections introduce the basic principles of colloidal quantum dots synthesis and the fundamental methodology of STM research on quantum dots. The fourth section explores the latest progress in the application of STM for colloidal quantum dot studies. Finally, a summary and prospective is presented.     

Quantum dot-based energy transfer: perspectives and potential for applications in photodynamic therapy

Quantum dots have emerged as an important class of material that offers great promise to a diverse range of applications ranging from energy conversion to biomedicine. Here, we review the potential of using quantum dots and quantum dot conjugates as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The photophysics of singlet oxygen generation in relation to quantum dot-based energy transfer is discussed and the possibility of using quantum dots as photosensitizer in PDT is assessed, including their current limitations to applications in biological systems. The biggest advantage of quantum dots over molecular photosensitizers that comes into perspective is their tunable optical properties and surface chemistries. Recent developments in the preparation and photophysical characterization of quantum dot energy transfer processes are also presented in this review, to provide insights on the future direction of quantum dot-based photosensitization studies from the viewpoint of our ongoing research.     

Quantum dots for single bio-molecule imaging.

The emerging nanomaterial, quantum dots or QDs, offers numerous potential applications in the biological area. As cell labeling probes, QDs become now an alternative of existing organic fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins. In this short review, we cover typical and successful applications of QDs as fluorescent probes in cell labeling and genomic diagnosis. As a future important application, biomolecular detection at a single molecule level utilizing QDs is also discussed.     

Blood compatible heteratom-doped carbon dots for bio-imaging of human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Carbon dots have unique advantages in biological applications owing to their excellent optical prope rties.However,the biosafety evaluation of carbon dots has limitations owing to cytotoxicity in vitro,and the re is little pre-safety evaluation before in vivo and clinical applications.Whether the carbon dots are or not suitable for applications in vivo,evaluation analysis can be made based on hemolysis and changes in erythrocyte morphology.In this work,a green fluorescent N,S-doped carbon dots(N,S-CDs)were obtained by hydrothermal method,tobias acid,and m-phenylenediamine as precursors.N,S-CDs not only possessed excellent dispersibility,uniform particle size,high quantum yield(37.2%)and stable photoluminescence property but also retain their photostability and stro ng fluorescence intensity in the acid/alkaline solutions,different ionic strengths(NaCl)and under 365 nm UV illumination.Moreove r,the N,S-CDs displayed low cytotoxicity and high cellular uptake efficiency in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC)and excellent blood compatibility to the erythrocyte.It is foreseeable that N,S-CDs could be further studied as a promising biological imaging agent in vivo.     

Hexagonal boron nitride quantum dots: Properties,preparation and applications

As a new type of quantum dots (QDs), hexagonal boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) exhibit promising potential in the applications of disease diagnosis, fluorescence imaging, biosensing, metal ion detection, and so on, because of their remarkable chemical stability, excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and outstanding photoluminescence properties. However, the large-scale fabrication of homogeneous BNQDs still remains challenging. In this article, the properties and common fabrication methods of BNQDs are summarized based on the recent research progress. Then, the corresponding yields, morphologies, and fabrication mechanisms of these as-obtained BNQDs are discussed in detail. Moreover, the applications of these as-obtained BNQDs in different fields are also discussed. This article is expected to inspire new methods and improvements to achieve large-scale fabrication of homogeneous BNQDs, which will enable their practical applications in future.     

Chemical analysis and cellular imaging with quantum dots

Quantum dots are tiny light-emitting particles on the nanometer scale. They are emerging as a new class of biological labels with properties and applications that are not available with traditional organic dyes and fluorescent proteins. Their novel properties such as improved brightness, resistance against photobleaching, and multicolor light emission, have opened new possibilities for ultrasensitive chemical analysis and cellular imaging. In this Research Highlight article , we discuss the unique optical properties of semiconductor quantum dots, surface chemistry and bioconjugation, current applications in bioanalytical chemistry and cell biology, and future research directions.     

水溶性近红外Ⅱ区荧光Ag2Te量子点的合成

量子点具有独特的光学性质, 在生物医学领域有着广泛的应用. Ag₂Te作为Ⅰ-Ⅵ族量子点中的一员, 因具有生物毒性小和带隙窄等优势而备受关注, 但是目前直接合成水溶性Ag₂Te量子点的方法较少, 而且可调节的荧光发射波长范围有限. 本文提出了一种合成荧光发射波长位于近红外Ⅱ区窗口的水溶性Ag₂Te量子点的新方法. 该方法以硝酸银为银前体, N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸为配体, 碲前体利用硼氢化钠还原亚碲酸钠得到, 反应条件温和(室温、 大气氛围)且不涉及有毒的有机试剂, 绿色环保. 通过进一步的阳离子处理钝化其表面缺陷, 可以得到尺寸均一的超小粒径水溶性Ag₂Te量子点, 量子点的荧光发射波长为1160 nm, 量子产率为8.0% (以IR26染料为参照). 该方法所合成的Ag₂Te量子点具有良好的生物相容性, 注入小鼠体内后能观察到明显的近红外荧光, 具有进一步生物应用的潜力.     

化学合成荧光量子点在指纹显现中的应用

简要阐述了量子点的光学特性、制备方法及其在指纹显现中的应用。重点介绍了Ⅱ~Ⅵ族的CdS基、CdTe基、CdSe基、ZnSe基量子点和Ⅲ~Ⅴ族的InP量子点的化学合成、修饰及其在指纹显现中的研究进展,最后介绍了第Ⅳ族C、Si量子点的研究现状,并对其在指纹显现中的潜在应用作了展望。     

碳量子点的制备及其在能源与环境领域应用进展

碳量子点(carbon quantum dots,CQDs)作为碳纳米材料家族的新成员引起了科学家广泛关注和极大的研究兴趣。 CQDs具有优良的光学特性、生物相容性及微弱的细胞毒性,在生物医药、生物传感器及光电子设备、环境及能源等领域中具有重要的应用。 本文从CQDs的制备方法出发,介绍了近年来发展的新型制备方法,讨论了其优缺点以及对所得CQDs在组成、结构和性质等方面的影响;基于CQDs独特的光学及电化学性能,重点介绍了CQDs在环境与能源领域的应用。 此外,对CQDs研究过程中存在的若干挑战进行了分析,提出了未来发展的一些思考和建议,为拓展CQDs多方面应用提供重要参考。     

Functional Carbon Quantum Dots: A Versatile Platform for Chemosensing and Biosensing

Carbon quantum dot has emerged as a new promising fluorescent nanomaterial due to its excellent optical properties, outstanding biocompatibility and accessible fabrication methods, and has shown huge application perspective in a variety of areas, especially in chemosensing and biosensing applications. In this personal account, we give a brief overview of carbon quantum dots from its origin and preparation methods, present some advance on fluorescence origin of carbon quantum dots, and focus on development of chemosensors and biosensors based on functional carbon quantum dots. Comprehensive advances on functional carbon quantum dots as a versatile platform for sensing from our group are included and summarized as well as some typical examples from the other groups. The biosensing applications of functional carbon quantum dots are highlighted from selective assays of enzyme activity to fluorescent identification of cancer cells and bacteria.