全氟辛酸与十二烷基硫酸钠混合溶液中的胶团形成

用表面张力法、电导法,pH测定法研究全氟辛酸-十二烷基硫酸钠混合水溶液的胶团形成及全氟辛酸胶团的特性.结果表明:(1)电导法与pH测定法弥补了表面张力法的不足,进一步证明在碳氟链表面活性剂与碳氢链表面活性剂混合水溶液中形成两种胶团.(2)全氟辛酸与十二烷基硫酸钠混合水溶液中所形成的两种胶团,分别基本上由全氟辛酸和十二烷基硫酸钠组成.十二烷基硫酸钠的存在对全氟辛酸胶团的形成不显示影响.全氟辛酸的氢离子对十二烷基硫酸钠胶团显示反离子效应.(3)全氟辛酸是典型的离子型表面活性剂,由于它对氢离子的结合力特别强,其胶团几乎是电中性的.这一特性可以解释全氟辛酸-十二皖基硫酸钠混合溶液胶团形成的机制.     

碳氟链与碳氢链表面活性剂在固液界面上的吸附

全氟辛酸及其钠盐和十二烷基硫酸钠在R972上的吸附等温线均为S型或LS型，指示固液界面吸附过程中有表面疏水缔合物生成．碳氟表面活性剂的饱和吸附量显著高于碳氢表面活性剂的饱和吸附量．加电解质于液相使各体系吸附量上升．对于碳氟表面活性剂，甚至引起吸附等温线类型变化．例如，不加电解质时全氟辛酸在R972上的吸附等温线为S型，而加入HCl（c＝0．05mol·dm－3）使吸附等混线变成LS型．全氟辛酸比全氟辛酸钠在R972上的吸附更强．几种表面活性剂在R972上的吸附均随温度升高而减少。应用两阶段吸附模型及通用吸附等温线公式可以很好地解释所得实验结果．     

反离子对氟表面活性剂的影响1. 表面活性及胶团化作用

通过表面张力和荧光探针法研究了全氟辛酸钠、全氟辛酸铵以及全氟辛酸四烷基铵[C₇F₁₅COON(C_nH_2n+1)₄, n＝1, 2, 3, 4]的表面活性以及胶团化作用, 系统地讨论了各种反离子, 特别是反离子大小的影响. 结果表明, 与普通碳氢表面活性剂不同, 反离子对这类氟表面活性剂的表面活性以及胶团化作用有很大影响. 表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)随反离子的增大而下降; 饱和吸附层中平均每个分子所占的面积则大致随反离子的增大而增大. 而表面张力的变化则较为复杂. cmc时的表面张力随反离子的增大先上升(从全氟辛酸铵到全氟辛酸四乙铵)后下降(从全氟辛酸四乙铵到全氟辛酸四丁铵). 通过反离子的空间位阻、疏水性、插入以及电荷屏蔽效应对上述结果做了解释.     

全氟辛酸的环境行为及其在多环境介质中的分布

全氟辛酸(PFOA)具有优良的疏水疏油性能及热稳定性,是我国重要的化工产品.但近年来,相关研究已经逐步证实PFOA具有持久性有机污染物的诸多特性,如环境持久性、难降解性及生物蓄积性.动物实验表明低剂量条件下,PFOA就能引发生殖、免疫、心血管和遗传发育等毒性.PFOA等现已成为继二恶英、有机氯农药等有机化合物之后的一种新型持久性有机污染物,是目前全氟化合物中最受关注的种类之一.本文作者针对全氟辛酸的环境行为及其在不同环境介质中的分布及特征做了综述,为将来进一步的研究工作的开展提供借鉴.     

含CF3CF2CF2C(CF3)2基团支链型氟表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

全氟辛酸/全氟辛基磺酸(PFOA/PFOS)类氟表面活性剂因不易被生物降解且对环境有毒害作用, 被列为持久性有机污染物. 采用引入氟碳支链的策略作为PFOA/PFOS替代物的研发取向, 以六氟丙烯二聚体为原料合成了新型阳离子型、两性型、双子型和非离子型氟表面活性剂, 并对它们的表面活性和急性毒性性能进行了测试. 结果表明, 所合成的支链型表面活性剂表面活性高且毒性低. 因此, 基于六氟丙烯二聚体(HFPD)合成PFOS/PFOA替代物是一种简单、经济且环保的方法.     

离子液体分散液液微萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品接触材料中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的迁移量

建立了一种基于离子液体分散液液微萃取前处理技术的食品接触材料中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸迁移量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。水、10%（体积分数）乙醇溶液和4%（体积分数）乙酸溶液作为3种水性食品模拟物与食品接触材料充分接触,进行迁移试验,对迁移液采用离子液体分散液液微萃取技术进行目标物的萃取富集,考察了萃取剂种类和用量、涡旋时间、盐浓度、离心速率及时间等关键因素对食品模拟物中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸萃取效率的影响。使用Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18色谱柱（50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）,以乙腈和水为流动相,梯度洗脱分离,在电喷雾负离子模式下,采用多反应监测模式进行定性及定量分析。结果表明,全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸在各自范围内线性关系良好（r²>0.99）,检出限分别为0.5和1 μg/L,定量限分别为2和5 μg/L;在低、中、高3个添加水平下全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的平均回收率为86.4%~116.9%,相对标准偏差为4.3%~14.4%（n=6）。该方法准确高效、环境友好,适用于食品接触材料中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸迁移量的检测。     

气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定不粘锅涂层中全氟辛酸

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是一种人工合成的化学品,广泛应用于油库、机场、军事设施等场所的消防材料中,也是氟塑料、氟橡胶和有机氟织物整理剂等生产过程中不可缺少的原料[1]。PFOA是具有中等毒性的肝致癌物,可增加人类患癌的风险,由于其化学惰性及其广泛的生产及使用,已造成严重的环境累积及污染[1]。当前,一些食品接触材料中会使用含氟聚合物,较常见的如不粘锅的含氟涂层,具有独特的耐热、耐低温、自润滑及化学稳定性等特点[2]。其中     

串联光照可控自由基聚合制备纳米氟核水凝胶：助力含氟小分子的水相分离

全氟和多氟化合物,特别是全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对多个国家和地区的水资源造成了污染。目前这类有机污染物处理技术在成本和效率方面存在的局限性,促使人们开发更高选择性和高亲和力的吸附剂。近期,复旦大学陈茂研究员团队报道了一种通过可见光催化的无金属串联光控自由基聚合得到的多氟纳米颗粒镶嵌的水凝胶吸附剂。这种吸附剂材料对于各种电性的全氟或多氟化小分子均表现出了优异的吸附性能,且在没有明显性能损耗的基础上可完成5次以上的吸附-解吸附循环。该方法为去除水中的PFOA、PFOS等全氟或多氟化小分子提供了新策略。     

科研成果简介

亚磺化脱卤反应研究 由全氟(多氟)卤代烷一步生成全氟(多氟)烷基亚磺酸盐的亚磺化脱卤反应是上海有机化学所发现的一个新反应。亚磺化脱碘、脱溴、脱氯的相继发现说明了此反应的普遍性,尚未见国内外有类似的研究报导。亚磺化脱卤反应具有新型的单电子转移机理,在氟有机化学和有机合成化学的理论研究中有很大的意义。反应试剂价廉,原料易得,产率较高,条件温和,易于操作,具有工业实用价值。可用来制备一系列全氟亚磺酸、磺酸和梭酸等一大类化合物,也可在全氟表面活性剂及全氟离子交换树脂的制备上提供新的方法。该项研究具有较高的学术水平,获中科院1986年科技进步二等奖。     

全氟辛酸甲基丙烯酰氧基乙酯单体的制备

全氟辛酸甲基丙烯酰氧基乙酯单体的制备;全氟辛酸;正交实验;酰氯化;酯化     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.