液相色谱塔板高度方程的统一形式

研究了色谱分离过程中物质的径向扩散和流动相发热对柱效能的影响。从热传导方程出发,运用色谱过程动力学原理推导了包括考虑流动相径向扩散、色谱柱发热影响的液相色谱塔板高度方程：

该方程概括了高效液相色谱（HPLC）、超高效液相色谱（UPLC）、毛细管电色谱（CEC）和消滞留层液相色谱（ESFLC）塔板高度与各种因素的关系。方程最后一项代表了径向扩散和柱发热对塔板高度的贡献。当流动相线速度较低且柱内径较细时,流动相摩擦生热和径向扩散对塔板高度的贡献趋近于零,塔板高度方程还原成Horvath和Lin的方程;当流动相线速度较高时,由于流动相摩擦生热,柱轴心与边缘温差增加,导致流动相线速度径向分布差异,使得柱效率降低。柱轴心与边缘的温差与流动相线速度平方成正比。该文指出,在流动相高线速度情况下,液相色谱的柱效率与柱内径密切相关,采用细内径柱有利于实现高速与高效率;过高的流动相线速度将导致色谱柱效率崩溃。     

色谱最新研究亮点

1 多维分离技术新进展 一维色谱是目前最常用的分离分析方法,然而对于复杂体系如蛋白质组,采用一维分离模式其分离度远远不能满足要求.Giddings理论告诉我们:对于分离机理相互正交的二维分离系统(如色谱),峰的容量应该为两个色谱柱峰容量的乘积.因此,多维分离系统是解决复杂分离体系的一个最佳选择.在多维色谱中二维气相色谱发展较快,目前全二维气相色谱仪业已商品化,其峰的容量达到104以上.而二维液相色谱,尤其是正相/反相二维液相色谱技术发展较为缓慢,其主要的技术瓶颈在于第一维色谱(正相)分离后的流动相严重干扰第二维色谱(反相)的分离.     

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚在不同液相色谱分离模式中的分离研究

考察了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚在反相色谱、正相键合色谱、硅胶吸附色谱、体积排阻色谱4种不同液相色谱分离模式中的分离效果,分别采用Kromasil C_(18)(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm)、Agilent ZORBAX NH2(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm)、Waters Spherisorb S3W(150 mm×2.0 mm,3 μm)和Shodex MSpak GF-310 2D(150 mm×2.0 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以225 nm为紫外检测波长,对不同液相色谱分离模式的流动相组成、梯度洗脱条件、柱温、流速等进行了优化,并对烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚在不同液相色谱分离模式中的保留机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,正相键合色谱实现了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的最佳分离;硅胶吸附色谱和体积排阻色谱的分离效果较正相键合色谱稍差.     

微柱液相色谱的研究进展

介绍了微柱液相色谱（μ-LC）。从理论上简单讨论了μ-LC的柱特性、色谱洗脱效应和柱外效应等一系列问题,综述了μ-LC的柱技术的最新进展,讨论了μ-LC对仪器和附件的要求,特别是微流量输液和检测技术,还探讨了μ-LC与多维色谱、质谱等技术的联用。     

多柱色谱技术进展

在色谱分析过程中，利用串联、并联或串并联结合的方式将多根色谱柱组合起来，可以实现高通量和高分辨的分离效果。相比于传统单柱色谱技术，多柱技术很好地满足了批量样品分析和复杂生物样品分离分析的需求，因此引起了广泛关注。该文对多柱技术在多维分离、芯片色谱、毛细管电泳、固定相筛选以及串联色谱等领域的应用进行了综述，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

引言

色谱柱是色谱分离分析的“心脏”,而色谱柱的分离性能主要由色谱固定相的性质所决定;因此,液相色谱技术的发展与色谱固定相的创新密切相关,如近年来细粒度(＜3 [WTBZ]μ[WTB4]m)固定相的研制成功为高压液相色谱(UHPLC)技术的发展奠定了基础。色谱固定相一直以来也是色谱研究领域的前沿和热点。近年来,整体柱材料、超细色谱固定相和基于介孔纳米材料的固定相等制备技术得到了快速发展,其在复杂样品的高效分离分析和样品预处理中的应用也获得了广泛的关注,并取得了重要进展。     

快速色谱

基于柱液相色谱和薄层色谱之间的关系,讨论如何为快速色谱选择流动相,并介绍此技术手工操作的步骤.     

多维液相色谱分离技术及其在蛋白质组研究中的应用

对近年来多维液相色谱技术及其在蛋白质组学研究中的应用进行了系统综述。详细描述了由不同液相色谱模式构建的多维液相色谱系统,并介绍了其在蛋白质组表达谱、翻译后修饰、定量等方面的应用。此外,还对多维液相色谱的发展趋势和前景进行了展望。     

高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)影响因素的选择

阐述了高效液相色谱技术的应用,介绍了高效液相色谱技术影响因素的选择,如流动相、固定相、柱温、监测器等等.     

序言

色谱柱是色谱分离分析的“心脏”，液相色谱技术的每一次重大进展都与分离固定相的突破密切相关。如上世纪70年代末期高效液相色谱技术的建立和90年代初期“灌流色谱”（Perfusion Chromatography）的发展都是基于多孔硅胶和“穿透孔”分离固定相的发展。近年来，基于特殊孔结构的1．5～2．0μm高强度复合材料的制备成功地催生了超高效液相色谱（UPLC）分离技术，而整体柱材料作为新一代的分离介质，已成为色谱领域广泛研究的前沿课题之一，并已经在样品预处理、手性分离、生物分离分析等领域获得十分广泛的应用。我国色谱研究工作者在多孔硅胶固定相、手性分离固定相、亲和色谱固定相和整体柱固定相等研究领域都取得了重大的进展，有些方面的研究工作已达到或领先于国际先进水平。     

多维液相色谱-质谱用于酶解猪血蛋白中活性肽的研究

以强阳离子交换柱（SCX）为一维色谱柱，反相柱（RP）为二维色谱柱，采用在线捕集接口形式，通过10通阀连接一、二维色谱柱，构建了二维液相色谱分离系统。将该系统用于酶解猪血蛋白中对血管紧缩素Ⅰ转移酶（ACE）具有活性抑制作用的肽进行分离、鉴定，共检测出104个组分。收集一维馏分，离线注入LC—MS，鉴定出其中含有SAL、DKF、ESF、STVL及FESF5个小肽。     

Theoretical advantages and drawbacks of on-line,multidimensional liquid chromatography using multiple columns operated in parallel

The theoretical advantages and drawbacks of using a multiple-, parallel column approach in on-line multidimensional liquid chromatography systems were investigated. Much time or peak capacity can be gained with the use of multiple parallel columns at the second-dimension while the aggregate time of separation increases only by the increment of the gradient time of the second-dimension. Multidimensional chromatographic systems are now used to perform many tasks ranging from routine, fast analyses to specialized, arduous separations. In this work, we focus on the advantages of a multiple, parallel columns approach to on-line multidimensional liquid chromatography systems. Calculations of the achievable peak capacities were made as functions of the number of columns operated in parallel. Increasing the number of second-dimension columns from one to two or three causes the largest increase in peak capacity with only a slight increase of aggregate time. We also present some practical aspects to consider when attempting multidimensional separations with multiple columns operated in parallel.     

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography

Having nearly exhausted the possibilities for generating peak capacity through improvements in column technology, chromatographers are increasingly looking to alternative ways of maximising chromatographic separation. In recent years there has been increasing activity in the field of comprehensive multidimensional separations to meet analysis demands. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) approaches offer high peak capacity which leads to significantly improved analytical performance over single-column liquid chromatography. There are several closely related avenues available for achieving an LC×LC separation and this review pays special attention to the different valve-based interfaces that have been used to comprehensively couple the first and second dimension columns in LC×LC systems. A brief discussion of column choices for selected applications and the conditions employed is also presented.     

Using the liquid nature of the stationary phase. VI. Theoretical study of multi-dual mode countercurrent chromatography

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a separation technique using a biphasic liquid system and centrifugal forces to maintain a support-free liquid stationary phase. Either one of the two phases can be the liquid stationary phase. It is even possible to switch the phase role during the separation. The dual-mode method is revisited recalling its theoretical background. The multi-dual mode (MDM) CCC method was introduced to enhance the resolution power of a CCC column. The theoretical study of the MDM method is validated by modeling the separation of two solutes. The basic hypothesis is that the forward step (partial classical elution) is followed by a backward step that returns the less retained solute to the column head. The equations show that the most important parameter to maximize resolution is not the number of MDM steps but the total volume of liquid phases used to elute the solutes. The model is validated calculating correctly the peak position of previously published MDM experiments.     

鼠肝蛋白质组的纳升级多维液相色谱分离

搭建了一个纳升级的二维液相色谱分离平台(nano-2D-LC),该平台可以自动完成进样、除盐、分离及鉴定。以离子交换色谱(SCX)为第一维,反相液相色谱(RPLC)为第二维,对鼠肝组织的蛋白质组进行了研究。SCX采用阶梯式洗脱,RPLC运用线性梯度洗脱,以200 nL/min的速度进行分离,峰容量可达620。     

Evaluation of ionic liquid stationary phases for one dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatographic analyses of fatty acids in marine biota

Ionic liquid stationary phases were tested for one dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) of fatty acid methyl esters from algae. In comparison with polyethylene glycol and cyanopropyl substituted polar stationary phases, ionic liquid stationary phases SLB-IL 82 and SLB-IL 100 showed comparable resolution, but lower column bleeding with MS detection, resulting in better sensitivity. The selectivity and polarity of the ionic liquid phases are similar to a highly polar biscyanopropyl-silicone phase (e.g. HP-88). In GC×GC, using an apolar polydimethyl siloxane×polar ionic liquid column combination, an excellent group-type separation of fatty acids with different carbon numbers and number of unsaturations was obtained, providing information that is complementary to GC-MS identification.     

Support-free pulsed liquid–liquid chromatography

A simple technique of support-free liquid–liquid chromatography is suggested that operates without incorporation of a centrifuge. The pulsed chromatography apparatus consists of a stationary coiled tube and a pulsation device to produce reciprocating motion of liquid phases within each individual coil segment. This reciprocating motion generates a centrifugal force field varying in intensity and direction that leads to an improved mixing of the two liquid phases and retains the stationary phase in the coiled tubing. The intensity of the back and forth motion of liquid phases within each coil unit can be varied by varying the frequency and/or the amplitude of the pulsations generated by the pulsation device. As the magnitude of the stationary phase retention is of paramount importance for success of the technique, the retention of the stationary phase in the pulsed coil column was experimentally studied. A few experiments were conducted to test the chromatographic behavior of valeric (n-pentanoic) and caproic (n-hexanoic) acids. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of the new separation method for preparative purposes.     

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography: A promising alternative to reversed‐phase liquid chromatography systems for the purification of small protonated bases

The overloaded band profiles of the protonated species of propranolol and amitriptyline were recorded under acidic conditions on four classes of stationary phases including a conventional silica/organic hybrid material in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography mode (BEH‐C₁₈), an electrostatic repulsion reversed‐phase liquid chromatography C₁₈ column (BEH‐C₁₈+), a poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) monolithic column, and a hydrophilic interaction chromatography stationary phase (underivatized BEH). The same amounts of protonated bases per unit volume of stationary phase were injected in each column (16, 47, and 141 μg/cm³). The performance of the propranolol/amitriptyline purification was assessed on the basis of the asymmetry of the recorded band profiles and on the selectivity factor achieved. The results show that the separation performed under reversed‐phase liquid chromatography like conditions (with BEH‐C₁₈, BEH‐C₁₈+, and polymer monolith materials) provide the largest selectivity factors due to the difference in the hydrophobic character of the two compounds. However, they also provide the most distorted overloaded band profiles due to a too small loading capacity. Remarkably, symmetric band profiles were observed with the hydrophilic interaction chromatography column. The larger loading capacity of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography column is due to the accumulation of the protonated bases into the diffuse water layer formed at the surface of the polar adsorbent. This work encourages purifying ionizable compounds on hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns rather than on reversed‐phase liquid chromatography columns.     

Residue analysis by multicolumn liquid chromatography — Herbicides in cereals

Summary The application of multicolumn HPLC in the determination of residues of a new herbicide and its main metabolite in green plants, grains and straw of different cereals is demonstrated. The columns are combined on-line by column switching and UV-detection is used. Due to the high separation power of multidimensional liquid chromatography only a simple and fast sample pretreatment is required resulting in a detection limit of 10^–8 g/g.