Theoretical Studies on the Molecular Structures and Thermodynamic Properties of Polychlorinated Acenaphthylenes

Geometric structures of 135 polychlorinated acenaphthylene (PCAC) molecules were optimized using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G** level and some thermodynamic properties of them in the ideal gas state were calculated. The relations of these thermodynamic properties with the number and position of chlorine atoms were also explored, from which the relative stability of PCAC congeners was theoretically proposed according to the magnitude of the relative standard Gibbs free energy of formation (△r,fGθ). The results show that all PCAC isomers have planar geometric configuration. There exists intramolecular Cl···Cl weak interaction in some PCAC molecules. The change of △fHθ and fGθ of most stable PCAC isomers with increasing the number of chlorine atoms is different from that in the least stable PCAC congeners. The values of fHθ and fGθ for PCAC isomers with the same number of chlorine atoms show a strong dependence on the position of chlorine atoms and the relative stability of PCAC congeners has close relation with the intramolecular Cl···Cl nuclear repulsive interaction.     

多氯代菲分子结构和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法在B3LYP/6-311G(d, p)水平上对527个多氯代菲分子的几何结构进行了全优化并计算得到它们的热力学性质(等容热容( )、熵(S$)、标准生成焓(ΔfH$)和标准生成Gibbs自由能(ΔfG$)), 研究了这些性质与取代的氯原子数目和位置的关系, 根据各异构体的相对标准生成Gibbs自由能(Δr,fG$)的大小, 得到它们的热力学稳定性顺序. 计算结果表明: 绝大多数多氯代菲分子具有非平面的几何构型, 在多氯代菲分子中存在三种类型的分子内弱相互作用(H…H、C—H…Cl和Cl…Cl相互作用), 随着分子中取代的氯原子数目的增加, 多氯代菲最稳定异构体的ΔfH$和ΔfG$开始时逐渐减小, 然后又快速增加. 具有相同数目氯原子的多氯代菲异构体的ΔfH$和ΔfG$与氯原子的取代位置有很大的关系. 多氯代菲异构体的相对热力学稳定性主要由分子内的离域π键和Cl…Cl核排斥作用的强弱决定.     

Comparative Study on Thermodynamic Properties and Stabilities of Polychloro-phenazines and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin

The thermodynamic properties and molecular volumes （Vm） of 76 polychlorophenazines （PCPZs） have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G^＊ level by using density functional theory. The isodesmic reactions were designed to calculate standard enthalpy of formation （△fH^θ） and standard free energy of formation （△fG^θ） of PCPZ congeners. According to the relative magnitude of their △fG^θ, the order of relative stability of PCPZ congeners was theoretically proposed. Comparing the results with those of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin （PCDD） isomers, it was found that S^θ, △fH^θ, △fG^θ, Vm and the order of relative stability of PCPZ congeners were quite similar to those of PCDDs.     

Theoretical Studies on the Molecular Structures and Thermodynamic Properties of Polychlorinated Fluorenes

Geometric structures of 135 polychlorinated fluorene (PCFR) molecules were optimized using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G** level and their thermodynamic properties in the ideal gas state were calculated. The relations of these thermodynamic properties with the number and position of chlorine atoms were also explored, from which the relative stability of PCFR congeners was theoretically proposed according to the magnitude of the relative standard Gibbs free energy of formation (Δr,fGθ). The results show that the geometric configuration of PCFR isomers is determined by the position of chlorine atoms. There exist two types of intramolecular weak interactions, i.e., C-H···Cl and Cl···Cl interactions in PCFR molecules. The change of ΔfHθ and ΔfGθ of most stable PCFR isomers with increasing the number of chlorine atoms is different from that in most unstable PCFR congeners. The values of ΔfHθ and ΔfGθ for PCFR isomers with the same number of chlorine atoms strongly depend on the position of chlorine atoms and the relative stability of PCFR congeners is mainly determined by intramolecular delocalized π bond and Cl···Cl nuclear repulsive interaction.     

多氯代吩噁嗪热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上对135个多氯代吩噁嗪(PCPXs)系列化合物进行了全优化和振动分析计算, 得到各分子在298.15 K, 1.013×105 Pa标准状态下的热力学性质. 设计等键反应, 计算了PCPXs系列化合物的标准生成热(Δf )和标准生成自由能(Δf ), 研究了这些参数与氯原子的取代位置及取代数目(NPCS)之间的关系, 结果表明: 熵( )、Δf , Δf 与NPCS之间有很强的相关性. 根据异构体标准生成自由能的相对大小, 从理论上求得异构体的相对稳定性. 以Gaussian 03程序的输出文件为基础, 采用统计热力学程序计算了PCPXs化合物在200 K至1800 K的摩尔恒压热容(Cp,m), 并用最小二乘法求得Cp,m与温度之间的相关方程, 发现Cp,m与T, T－1和T－2之间有着很好的相关性.     

多溴代二苯胺热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上对209个多溴代二苯胺(PBDPA)系列化合物进行了全优化和振动分析计算, 得到各分子在298.15 K, 101.3 kPa标准状态下的热力学参数. 设计等键反应, 计算了PBDPA系列化合物的标准生成热(ΔfHÖ)和标准生成自由能(ΔfGÖ). 研究了热力学参数SÖ与溴原子的取代位置及取代数目(NPBS)之间的关系, 结果表明: PBDPA系列化合物的SÖ, ΔfHÖ和ΔfGÖ与NPBS之间有很强的相关性(R2≥0.984). 根据异构体标准生成自由能的相对大小, 从理论上求得异构体的相对稳定性. 以Gaussian 03程序的输出文件为基础, 采用统计热力学程序计算了PBDPA化合物在200 K至1000 K的摩尔恒压热容(Cp,m), 并用最小二乘法求得Cp,m与温度之间的相关方程, 发现Cp,m与T, T－1和T－2之间有着很好的相关性(R2＝1.000).     

多氯咔唑系列化合物的热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用Gaussian 03程序中的密度泛函(DFT)方法, 在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上对135个多氯咔唑系列化合物(PCCZs)进行了全优化计算, 得到了298.15 K, 1.013×105 Pa标准状态下各分子的热力学性质. 设计等键反应, 计算了PCCZs系列化合物的标准生成热(ΔfHÖ)和标准生成自由能(ΔfGÖ), 研究了这些参数与氯原子的取代位置及取代数目(NPCS)之间的关系, 结果表明: 熵(SÖ), ΔfHÖ, ΔfGÖ与NPCS之间有很强的相关性. 并根据ΔfGÖ的相对大小, 从理论上求得异构体的相对稳定性的顺序. 此外, 以Gaussian 03程序的输出文件为基础, 采用统计热力学程序计算了PCCZs化合物在200至1800 K的摩尔恒压热容(Cp,m), 并用最小二乘法求得Cp,m与温度之间的相关方程, 发现Cp,m与T, T－1和T－2之间有着很好的相关性.     

TCDD的密度泛函理论研究

用B3LYP/6-311G~(**)方法全优经计算22个四氯二苯并对二（左口右恶）英（ 简称TCDD）分子，得到几何构型、总能量、标准熵、标准焓和标准自由能。将2， 3，7，8－TCDD的计算构型与X射线衍射实验测定值进行了比较。计算结果表明，总 能量、标准焓和标准自由能与氯原子量换位置的相关性很高（r > 0.997）.1,3,6, 8-TCDD的总能量处自由能最低，即最稳定，以此参照，得到异构体的总能量的相对 稳定性顺序和自由能的相对稳定性顺序。1,3,7,9－TCDD的稳定性次之，1,3,7,8- TCDD居第三，将这二个顺序与焚烧炉产生的TCDD异构体和合成的异构体对的生成面 分比进行了比较，说明焚烧炉中产生的TCDD和合成的TCDD对的分布主要受热力学控 制。     

Analysis of interfacial and micellar behavior of sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate salt (AOT) with zwitterionic surfactants in aqueous media

The interfacial and bulk properties of mixtures of the anionic surfactant (dioctyl sulphosuccinate sodium salt, AOT) with zwitterionic surfactants 3-(N,N-dimethyldodecylammonio) propane sulfonate (DPS), 3-(N,N-dimethyltetradecylammonio) propane sulfonate (TPS), 3-(N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonio) propane sulfonate (HPS) have been studied employing surface tension, fluorescence, and viscometric techniques in aqueous media at 25 °C. It is observed that these mixtures exhibit synergism and these synergistic interactions increase with the enhancement of the hydrocarbon chain of the zwitterionic surfactant. The various physicochemical properties such as critical micelle concentration (cmc), surface excess concentration (Г(max)), minimum area per molecule (A(min)), aggregation number (N(agg)), interaction parameters (β(σ), β(m)), and thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption (ΔG(ads)(o)), excess free energy of micellization (ΔG(ex)), and standard Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔG(m)(o)) have been evaluated. The negative values of ΔG(m)(o) and ΔG(ads)(o) show that the micelle formation and adsorption of surfactant at the air/solution interface is energetically favorable, while a negative value of ΔG(ex) ensures stability of the mixed micelles formed. The Regular Solution Approximation, Motomura and Rosen's approaches have been used to explain and compare the results. The packing parameter (p) ensures the formation of vesicles or bilayers for AOT+DPS/TPS mixtures, which can potentially be used as delivery agents for industrial applications.     

Chromatographic Identification of Cyclohexane Chlorination Products by an Additive Scheme for the Prediction of Retention Indices

Identification of the products of free-radical chlorination of cyclohexane seems to be a complex analytical problem due to the following principal reasons: (1) the available reference information (both standard mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention indices, RI) is strongly restricted to the data for only few simplest congeners, (2) mass spectra of isomeric chlorinated derivatives are practically indistinguishable, and (3) the number of isomers increases with the growing number of chlorine atoms in the molecule until six. To solve this problem, the modified additive scheme for precalculation of the RIs of chlorinated cyclohexanes on standard non-polar polydimethyl siloxane stationary phases was proposed and used. This approach is based on the data for congeners with fewer number of chlorine atoms in the molecule; the principal feature is its applicability to a diastereomers. The final set of both experimental and precalculated RI values permits us to identify unambiguously more than 20 products of cyclohexane chlorination in reaction mixtures. Different modes of the quality control of evaluated retention indices are discussed.     

多溴吩噻嗪系列化合物的稳定性和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

用Gaussian 03程序, 在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上全优化计算了吩噻嗪和135个多溴吩噻嗪系列化合物(PBPTHs)在298.15 K和101.3 kPa状态时的热力学参数. 设计等键反应, 计算了PBPTHs系列化合物的标准生成热( )和标准生成自由能( ). 同时研究了这些参数与溴原子的取代位置及取代数目(NPBS)之间的关系. 结果表明: 多溴吩噻嗪的热能校正值(Eth)、恒容热容( )、标准熵( )、标准焓( )以及标准自由能( )与NPBS之间有很强的相关性(r2≥0.998). 在相关方程中, 溴原子的取代个数对多溴代吩噻嗪热力学数值的大小有很大影响. 根据 的相对大小, 从理论上求得异构体的相对稳定性顺序.     

多氯二苯硫醚结构参数和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上对209个多氯二苯硫醚(PCDS)系列化合物进行了全优化计算, 得到各分子的结构参数和热力学参数. 研究了这些参数与氯原子在苯环各位置的取代数目和相互位置(N_PCS)之间的关系发现: 分子平均极化率(α)、焓(H $)、自由能(G $)、恒容热容( )和熵(S $)与N_PCS之间有很强的相关性, 相关性系数r²＞0.988, 分子体积(V_m)、最高占据轨道能(E_HOMO)和最低未占据轨道能(E_LUMO)与N_PCS也有较好的相关性, 相关性系数r²分别为0.949, 0.894和0.915. 设计等键反应, 计算了PCDS各异构体的标准生成热(Δ_fH $)和标准生成自由能(Δ_fG $). 根据异构体自由能的相对大小, 求得异构体的相对稳定性顺序.     

2-(2-苯并咪唑基)吡啶双核镉(Ⅱ)配合物的水热合成、晶体结构及荧光性质

通过水热反应,合成了2-(2-苯并咪唑基)吡啶(BMPY)镉(Ⅱ)配合物[Cd2Cl4(BMPY)2]。对它进行了元素分析、热重、红外光谱及电子光谱表征,并用X-射线单晶衍射测定了配合物的晶体结构。配体2-(2-苯并咪唑基)吡啶中的2个氮原子与3个氯原子与镉(Ⅱ)配位,形成五配位的畸变四角锥构型,2个配位镉(Ⅱ)离子通过双氯桥键结合成双核镉的配合物。该配合物通过分子间N-H…Cl,C-H…Cl氢键和π-π作用形成一维链状结构。热重-微分热重(TG-DTG)分析结果表明,[Cd2Cl4(BMPY)2]在320℃以下无分解反应,耐热性好。室温固态荧光测试显示,配合物在408.9 nm(λmax)处具有较强的荧光发射。     

复盐K2Zn(IO3)4·2H2O的热化学研究

The standard enthalpy of formation (Δ_fH^?_m［K₂Zn(IO₃)₄·2H₂O,s,298.2K］=-2210.68 kJ·mol^-1) of a double salt K₂Zn(IO₃)₄·2H相似文献   

PuN基态分子势能函数与热力学函数的理论计算

在Pu的相对论有效原子实势近似和N原子6-311G*全电子基函数下,用密度泛函B3LYP方法计算得到PuN分子基态X6∑+的结构与势能函数、力常数与光谱数据.同时计算得到PuN(g)分子在298 K时的标准生成热力学函数△fH0、△S0和△fG0,分别为-487.239 kJ/mol、95.345 J/mol K和-515.6661 kJ/mol.     

多氯10-氧吩噁噻系列化合物的热力学性质及稳定性的密度泛函理论方法研究

采用Gaussian 03程序中的密度泛函理论(DFT)方法,在BHandHLYP/6-311G**水平上对135个多氯10-氧吩噁噻系列化合物(PCPTO)进行了全优化和振动分析计算,得到了各分子在298.15K,1.013×105Pa标准状态下的热力学参数.设计等键反应,计算了PCPTO系列化合物的标准生成热(△fH)和标准生成自由能(△fG),同时研究了这些参数与氯原子的取代位置及取代数目(NPCS)之间的关系.结果表明:熵(S),△fH,△fG与NPCS之间有很强的相关性(R2≥0.991).根据△fG的相对大小,从理论上求得异构体的相对稳定性.以Gaussian 03程序的输出文件为基础,采用统计热力学程序计算了PCPTO化合物在200至1000K的摩尔恒压热容(Cp,m),并用最小二乘法求得Cp,m与温度之间的相关方程,结果发现Cp,m与T,T-1和T-2之间有着很好的相关性(R2=1.000).     

多氯联苯醚的结构参数和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上对209个多氯联苯醚(PCDEs)系列化合物进行了全优化和振动分析计算, 得到各分子的结构参数和热力学性质, 并研究了这些参数与氯原子的取代位置及取代数目(N_PCS)之间的关系. 结果表明: 分子平均极化率(α)、焓(H^Ө)、自由能(G^Ө)、恒容热容( )和熵(S^Ө)与N_PCS之间有很强的相关性(相关性系数r²分别为0.9955, 1.0000, 1.0000, 0.9918, 0.9995), 分子体积(V_m)和最高占据轨道能(E_HOMO)与N_PCS也有较好的相关性, 相关性系数r²分别为0.9735和0.9362. 设计等键反应, 计算了PCDEs系列化合物的标准生成热(Δ_fH^Ө)和标准生成自由能(Δ_fG^Ө). 根据异构体自由能的相对大小, 从理论上求得异构体的相对稳定性顺序.     

单取代烷烃液相生成焓估算新方法

根据烷基R和取代基X(Cl、Br、I、OH、SH、NO2、CN、NH2、CHO和COOH等)本身的电子效应, 应用烷基R的极化效应指数PEI和取代基X的电负性χX定量描述单取代烷烃RX中R和X间的相互作用, 再结合已提出的C—C键和C—H键的键连接矩阵的特征根, 建立了一个估算单取代烷烃RX液相生成焓的方程： ΔfH0(RX, l)＝－39.5001ΣX1CC＋33.5508NCC－0.0789ΣX1CH－25.7087NCH＋0.1557ΣSij＋0.9976H(X)－ 27.6642 PEI(R)×χX＋31.5043χX 此方程用于估算RX的生成焓, 不仅结果非常令人满意(其相关系数R达到0.9999, 标准偏差SD仅为2.87 kJ•mol^-1), 而且方程中各项参数的物理意义也非常明确, 便于人们深入地理解分子结构与性能的关系. 应用去一法(leave-one-out)对以上方程进行交叉验证分析表明该方程具有较好的稳定性和较强的预测能力. 研究发现, 著名的Luo氏方程是上述方程的一种特殊形式, 上述方程是对Luo氏方程的一个较大扩展. 该方法为研究更复杂体系内基团之间的相互作用提供了一种新的方法和思路.     

The structure of the strongest Brønsted acid: the carborane acid H(CHB11Cl11)

The strongest and most robust carborane acid, H(CHB11Cl11), has a monomeric structure in the gas phase. IR spectra show two nuH-Cl bands at 2357(br) and 2066(br) cm-1 which, together with DFT calculations, indicate the coexistence of at least two isomers. The acidic proton bridges adjacent chlorine atoms with asymmetric Cl-H...Cl hydrogen bonding. The 12,7 isomer is more stable than the 7,8 isomer. These monomers can be condensed into an amorphous solid phase but are metastable. They quickly decay, first to an amorphous dimeric structure, then to a crystalline polymeric phase that has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. In the polymeric structure, the acidic proton bridges chlorine atoms from the 7-11 positions of carborane anions in linear chains. The dimeric phase (nuCl-H...Cl = 1100-2200 cm-1) and polymeric phase (nuasClHCl ca. 1100 cm-1, v broad) have more nearly symmetrical, low-barrier H-bonding. These findings have implications for the dependency of acid strength upon phase.     

Synthesis, characterization, tautomerism and theoretical study of some new Schiff base derivatives

New Schiff base derivatives were prepared by the condensation of 5-chloro and 5-bromo salicylaldehyde with bis(o-aminophenol)ethers. Five bis(o-nitrophenol)ether compounds were synthesized using some ditosylate, 1,3-dibromopropane and 1,4-dibromobuthane with o-nitrophenol. These compounds were reduced to bis(o-aminophenol)ethers. The products have been characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR, HETCOR and HMBC spectroscopic techniques. The tautomerisms of all of the Schiff bases compounds were determined in DMSO, CHCl3, C2H5OH and C6H12 solvents and in both acidic and basic media using the UV-vis spectrophotometric method. The heat of formation (ΔHf), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), Gibbs free energy (ΔGf and ΔG), stable isomers, conformations and tautomers of the synthesized compounds are calculated using the MOPAC2009 (PM6) program.