二氧化氮的电子结构

本文根据实验事实和定性分子轨道理论讨论了二氧化氮分子的电子结构,指出分子中的大π键不是Π_3~3,而是Π_3~4。本文还讨论了NO_2分子二聚生成N_2O_4分子的结构模型。     

简单Hückel分子轨道理论判断H4分子及离子的几何构型

简单Hückel分子轨道理论是结构化学课程内容的主要知识点之一,主要用于计算π电子成平面分布的离域体系的电子结构和轨道能量。本文把该理论推广到H_4非离域体系,定性地计算H_4非离域体系的轨道能量,帮助学生理解Walsh规则应用举例中难以理解的H_4构型为直线型,但H_4~+为四面体构型的原因。     

对一氧化氮分子结构的教学讨论

用分子轨道理论的轨道能表达式,结合核外电子的有效核电荷、分子中原子轨道的重叠积分对无机化学课程中一氧化氮的两种不同分子轨道能级顺序表示、氮分子与氧分子的分子轨道能级顺序差别等问题进行了讨论。讨论表明,如用徐光宪改进的计算核外有效核电荷方法,可得出符合实际的轨道能级顺序,可以解释教学中的问题及其他疑问。     

Re_2(edt)_4的电子结构和电子吸收光谱的从头算研究

用密度泛函理论中的B3LYP/CEP-4G方法对Re2（edt）4进行了结构优化和自然键轨道计算,并用单电子激发组态相互作用方法（CIS）计算了Re2（edt）4的分子轨道和激发态。结果表明Re-Re之间不存在明显的三重键,进而很好地解释了Re2（edt）4分子的电子吸收光谱。     

二氢吲哚类染料用于染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂的比较

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)对四种二氢吲哚染料进行研究, 从中筛选出相对优秀的染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂. 对前线分子轨道的计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的前线分子轨道结构非常有利于染料激发态向TiO2电极的电子注入. 对真空中的紫外和可见光吸收光谱的计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的吸收光谱与太阳辐射光谱匹配较好. 对染料分子的能级计算表明, 二氢吲哚染料的能级结构比较适合于I-/I-3作电解液的TiO2纳米晶太阳能电池的光敏剂. 二氢吲哚染料最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO) 能级均比TiO2晶体导带边能级高, 能够保证激发态染料分子高效地向TiO2电极转移电子. 二氢吲哚染料最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)的能级比I-/I-3能级低, 保证了失去电子的染料分子能够顺利地从电解液中得到电子. 与实验数据比较, 得出在提高染料敏化太阳能电池转换效率方面, 对染料的关键要求是LUMO能级的位置. 染料分子的稳定性是染料敏化太阳能电池使用寿命的关键因素. 通过对化学键键长的比较表明, 二氢吲哚染料的分子稳定性基本相同. 对计算结果的分析表明, 二氢吲哚染料1(ID1)的LUMO能级最高, 分子稳定性最好, 在酒精溶液中的吸收光谱与太阳辐射光谱匹配很好, 在同类染料中是较好的染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂.     

分子内孤对(n)轨道间相互作用的又一例证——某些杂氮环己烷系列化合物的气相H_eI_α紫外光电子能谱(UPS)研究

人们知道,原子和分子的气相紫外光电子能谱(UPS)谱带的分离结构是电子能级量子化的反映.谱峰相应的电子结合能(或电离能)是正则(自洽场)分子轨道计算方法给出的本征值(-ε_i),所以UPS是目前用以获得原子或分子能级直接量度的最好技术.就是说:量子化学理论可以提供UPS解译的必要模型,而UPS谱本身反过来又可以检验分子轨道理论的正确性,并作为各种近似分子轨道理论计算中经验参数化(如SPINDO)的基础.因而UPS     

氢卟啉和镁卟啉分子溶剂效应的理论研究

采用溶剂场极化连续模型在密度泛函B3LYP/6-31G (D)水平上研究了氢卟啉和镁卟啉分子在四氢呋喃(THF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)、氯仿(CHCl3)这四种不同极性的溶剂环境中的几何结构和分子轨道能级, 从而研究了溶剂效应引起的分子几何构型和轨道能级的变化. 然后采用上述溶剂环境下优化的几何结构在含时密度泛函水平上计算了它们的激发能、吸收波长、跃迁组成和振荡强度. 理论计算结果表明, 对比真空条件下的氢卟啉和镁卟啉分子的几何结构, 溶剂场中两种卟啉分子的几何结构都发生了微弱的变化, 这种变化随溶剂介电常数的增大而有所增强. 计算结果表明溶剂环境中氢卟啉和镁卟啉分子的电子吸收光谱发生了普遍的红移, 结合分子轨道理论对这种变化给出了可能的解释. 在此基础上, 对这种包含溶剂效应的理论分析方法用于检验卟啉类化合物作为染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂的可行性作了进一步的探讨.     

结构转变方式对光致变色分子开关输运性能影响的从头计算研究(英文)

采用密度泛函理论方法系统地研究了由不同结构转变方式引发的一系列光致变色分子在用于分子开关时的电子输运性质.对各种分子结构转变前后的最高占据轨道(HOMO)与最低空轨道(LUMO)的能级间隙(HLG)、前线轨道的空间分布、电子透射谱和投影电子态密度(PDOS)谱进行了计算和讨论.结果表明,相似的结构转变方式通常造成分子具有相似的电流开关性质,这与分子的共轭程度又有一定的关系.比较各种分子的电流开关比后发现偶氮苯结构单元具有最大的电流开关比.     

分子轨道图形理论的新进展

1977年,本刊发表了分子轨道图形理论一文,用切割图的边及除去图片断的观点,统一地讨论简单分子轨道理论(HMO)中能级与波函数的计算。十多年来,化学图论迅速发展,不局限于HMO传统模式,从微观上讨论分子行     

烯丙基正离子旋转异构反应的计算化学实验设计

设计了一个面向高年级本科生或低年级研究生的计算化学探索实验，即利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算烯丙基正离子的旋转异构反应。该实验设计了反应物结构优化、过渡态寻找、内禀反应坐标建立等过程，可以较为全面地帮助学生了解计算化学的基本概念与操作，加深对分子微观结构的感知以及对过渡态理论中“旧键即将断裂，新键即将形成”概念的理解。本实验通过旋转异构反应的势能面的构建，也可以帮助学生认识反应热力学和动力学的差别。通过进一步的电荷布居分析以及前线轨道分析，可以帮助学生直观地学习并理解分子的电子结构以及反应活性位点概念。     

Kinetics of depletion of Co(b F) and Co(a F) atoms by O2

The kinetics of depletion of the lowest two electronically excited states, Co(b ⁴F_J) and Co(a ²F_J), upon interactions with O₂ and N₂ are studied in a fast-flow reactor at a He pressure of 0.70 Torr. The depletion of Co(b ⁴F) or Co(a ²F) by O₂ was efficient. The depletion rate constants were observed to be different among spin-orbit levels within one electronic state. Because reactive channels are not energetically accessible for these two states, the depletion was mostly attributed to electronic energy transfer to vibration or translation of O₂. Efficient depletion upon interaction with O₂ was interpreted through the occurrence of an intermediate formed by the interaction between singly occupied anti-bonding π^* orbital of O₂ and 3d orbitals of Co.     

Evaluation of carrier gases for use in high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry

Effects of carrier gas type (N₂, O₂, CO₂, N₂O, and SF₆) on changes in the ratio of high- to low-field ion mobility, K_h/K, of cesium, gramicidin S, tetrahexylammonium, heptadecanoic acid, and aspartic acid in fields of up to 67 Td are presented. The theory of the mobility of ions at high E/N in different gases is discussed. Plots of K_h/K as a function of the ionic energy parameter, E/N, for the five ions in each of the gases were derived from experimental data collected using a high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometer. The change in the ratio of high- to low-field ion mobility of cesium in carrier gases of O₂ and N₂ showed excellent agreement with literature values. The behavior of cesium in O₂ and N₂ is used to illustrate that the ratio K_h/K as a function of effective temperature is invariant with gas type as long as the well depth of the interaction potential significantly exceeds thermal energy. From these results, it appears that the well depth of the interaction potential of the heavier ions studied here, including gramicidin S, tetrahexylammonium, and heptadecanoic acid, with bath gases such as N₂ and O₂, is shallow relative to thermal energy.     

Ab initio molecular orbital study of Fe2Cl6 and FeAlCl6

Ab initio molecular orbital theory was used to determine the equilibrium structure and vibrational frequencies of Fe₂Cl₆ and FeAlCl₆. The equilibrium structure the Fe₂Cl₆ dimer has D_2h symmetry with a planar arrangement of the four membered {FeCl_brFeCl_br} ring, similar to the Al₂Cl₆ dimer. The calculated bond distances and vibrational frequencies are in good agreement with experiment. The potential energy surface for the puckering of the {FeCl_brFeCl_br} ring is extremely flat. This prevents an unambiguous assignment of either D_2h or C_2v symmetry to the Fe₂Cl₆ structure in electron diffraction measurements. The FeAlCl₆ molecule is found to have a C_2v structure similar to Fe₂Cl₆ with vibrational frequencies in good agreement with experiment.     

Theoretical study of the N20 molecule

In the study of the N₂₀ molecule with an I_h symmetry group, the following methods were applied: 6-31G, 3-21G and STO-3G ab initio and PM3 semiempirical MO methods. Both geometrical optimization and frequency calculations are reported. Results of optimized bond distances (d_N---N), first ionization potential, ΔH_a, ΔG_a and bond energy, for the cases of 6-31G, 3-21G, and PM3 showed that the N₂₀ molecule is a highly stable compound with a delocalized N---N single bonded cluster structure.     

Time-resolved vibrational cemiluminescence: Rate constants for the reaction F + HC1 → HF + Cl and for the relaxtion of HF(v = 3) by HCl, CO2, N2O, CO, N2 and O2

The reaction: F + HCl→ HF (v 3) + Cl (1), has been initiated by photolysing F₂ using the fourth-harmonic output at 266 nm from a repetitively pulsed Nd: YAG laser By analysing the time-dependence of the HF(3,0) vibrational chemiluminescence, rate constants have been determined at (296 ± 5) K for reaction (1), k₁ = (7.0 ± 0.5) × 10⁻¹² cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹, and for the relaxation of HF(v = 3) by HCl, CO₂, N₂O, CO, N₂ and O₂: k_HCl = (1.18 ±0.14) × 10⁻¹¹ k_CO2 = (1.04 ± 0. 13) × 10⁻¹², k_N2O = (1.41 ± 0.13) × 10⁻¹¹ k_CO = (2.9 ± 0.3) × (10⁻¹², k_N2 = (7.1 ± 0.6) × 10⁻¹⁴ and k_O2 = (1.9 ± 0.6) × 10⁻¹⁴ cm³molecule⁻¹s⁻¹.     

OL负载Cu催化剂及其催化氧化CO及乙酸乙酯性能

采用氧化还原法合成了层状锰氧化物(OL),并以OL为载体采用离子交换法制备了不同Cu负载量的Cu_x/OL催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附/脱附、H_2~-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、TG(热重)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、O_2-程序升温脱附(O_2-TPD)等技术对所制催化剂进行结构和织构表征,并对其催化氧化CO及乙酸乙酯活性进行了评价。结果表明,OL具有典型的层状锰氧化物结构,适量掺杂Cu对OL的结构和织构影响不大,但Cu的掺杂明显影响Cu_x/OL的还原性、氧移动性及催化剂表面Cu~(2+)/CuO、(Mn~(2+)+Mn~(3+))/Mn~(4+)和Oads/Olatt的比例。Cu_x/OL的催化性能与以上因素密切相关。在Cu_x/OL样品中,Cu_5/OL催化剂具有最佳的催化活性(CO催化氧化,T_(50)=70°C和T_(90)=100°C;乙酸乙酯催化氧化T50=160°C,T90=200°C)。同时,Cu_5/OL催化剂具有最佳的还原性能、氧移动性能和最多的Cu~(2+)、(Mn~(2+)+Mn~(3+))和表面吸附氧浓度。Cu_x/OL催化性能与铜锰之间相互作用、还原性和氧移动性能密切相关。     

Relative energies of isomers of C36F2

The symmetry unrestricted C₃₆F₂ isomers formed from fullerene C₃₆, the initial symmetry of which is C_6v, C_6h, or D_2d, have been extensively studied with semi-empirical (AM1 and PM3) calculations. Based on the relationship between the isomer's stability and the adding positions, three patterns of the adding sites of F₂ moiety in the additive reactions have been deducted. The results of the π-orbital axis vector (POAV) analysis indicate that the chemical reactivity of C₃₆ is the result of the high strain in the C₃₆ cage. But, in order to form stable compounds, the effects, which guide the F₂ moiety to select carbon atoms in the C₃₆ cage, are dominated by the conjugate effect in C₃₆F₂ system rather than the strain release in the C₃₆ cage.     

Theoretical study on the aromaticity of the bimetallic clusters X2M2 (X=Si, Ge, M=Al, Ga)

Four neutral bimetallic clusters X₂M₂ (X=Si, Ge, M=Al, Ga) are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and post-HF methods. The calculated results show that each of four X₂M₂ species has two energetically close stable isomers with rhombic structure (D_2h symmetry) and trapezoidal structure (C_2v symmetry) respectively. For the Ge₂Al₂ species the rhombic (D_2h) isomer is the ground state, whereas for other three species Ge₂Ga₂, Si₂Al₂, and Si₂Ga₂, the trapezoidal (C_2v) isomers are the ground states. The calculated magnetic susceptibility anisotropy (χ_anis) and nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) indicate that a strong diatropic ring current exists in the two heterocyclic planar isomers, suggesting they are highly aromatic. A detailed molecular orbital analysis further reveals that both heterocyclic isomers possess multiple aromaticity derived from one delocalized π MOs and two delocalized σ MOs.