甲醇团簇的多光子电离质谱及其从头算

用355 nm激光对脉冲分子束超声膨胀冷却的甲醇分子进行多光子电离, 飞行时间质谱仪观测到除甲醇碎片离子外的质子化甲醇团簇(CH3OH)nH+(n=1-16), 且离子的种类及相对强度与激光相对于脉冲分子束的延时无关, 取决于团簇离子内在结构的稳定性. 结合从头算密度泛函理论, 在B3LYP/6-31G(d)基组水平上优化得到了(CH3OH)n和(CH3OH)nH+(n=1-4)的稳定构型. 振动频谱分析显示, 团簇中最强的红外振动模主要来自氢键H伸缩振动的贡献. 团簇电离后发生于团簇内的质子转移反应也可能与激光电离引起的与氢键有关的振动模激发密切相关.     

单壁碳纳米管内受限溶剂中振动光谱探针的混合量子-经典动力学模拟

利用混合量子-经典动力学模拟方法, 考察了不同管径的单壁碳纳米管(SWCT)中受限溶剂氩的径向分布以及溶质I2分子的振动弛豫动力学, 给出了I2分子的振动频率位移、振动弛豫时间随受限碳纳米管管径尺寸变化的关系. 以I2分子的振动频率位移为探针, 根据I2分子与周围环境作用的实时信息, 分析了管壁、受限溶剂对光谱探针的贡献, 在原子、分子层次上揭示了诱导频率位移的微观机制; 此外, 通过分析探针光谱的敏感性以及探针分子频率位移与振动弛豫时间的关系, 进一步阐明了振动频率位移是考察受限凝聚相中分子间相互作用的较好的探针.     

(H2O)m（HBr）n（m+n≤4）团簇的结构与性质

利用杂化密度泛函方法B3LYP结合6-311++g(2df,2p)基组研究了(H2O)m(HBr)n(m+n≤4)混合团簇的结构及红外光谱.确定了团簇的稳定结构以及键能,发现分子间以红移氢键的形式结合形成混合团簇,且H2O分子个数为3时HBr发生解离.理论模拟了稳定结构的红外光谱,并分析了红外光谱主要吸收峰所对应的振动模式.通过自然键轨道(NBO)分析发现了红移氢键是由质子供体与质子受体间的超共轭作用决定的.     

密度泛函理论及光谱对CuCl2溶液中微团簇的研究

利用密度泛函理论和拉曼光谱对氯化铜溶液第一溶剂化层中的微团簇进行了研究。采用B3LYP方法对溶液中可能存在的团簇构型进行优化,从动力学和热力学方面分析得出溶液中团簇结构信息。理论拉曼光谱在100~500 cm~(-1)主要为Cu—O的伸缩振动峰,3400~4000 cm~(-1)范围内为O—H的对称和不对称伸缩振动。实验光谱在200~340 cm~(-1)出现明显新峰,位于2500~4000 cm-1的O—H伸缩振动峰随着溶液浓度的增加,峰的强度逐渐减小,峰形有明显变化。实验光谱和理论光谱验证和比对,表明溶液的实验光谱中产生的新峰为Cu—O振动,CuCl_2水溶液中产生短程离子相互作用及溶剂化现象,且随着溶液浓度的增加,溶剂化数目减小。     

某些非极性和极性溶质在苯和甲醇及二者混合物中的偏摩尔体积V0, 298.15 K

密度法测定了298.15 K下乙醇、环己烷、三氯甲烷、甲苯、丙酮、四氯化碳、乙腈、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜在甲醇或苯及两者混合物中的无限稀释偏摩尔体积. 密度测定所用溶液中溶质的浓度范围是0.2一1.5 m; 甲醇和苯混合物是全组成比范围. 溶质偏摩尔体积随甲醇-苯组成比的变化趋势反映了几种分子间相互作用结果即三种分子间物理型分子间相互作用; 溶质与甲醇分子氢键缔合相互作用; 溶质同甲醇或苯的弱络合作用。     

聚醚氨酯红外N—H伸缩振动谱带分析

通过快速淬火实验,直接观察到聚醚氨酯中由硬段N—H基与软段—O—形成氢键的N—H伸缩振动谱带位于约3295cm~(-1),低于与硬段本身C=O形成氢键的N—H伸缩振动谱带(约3330cm~(-1))。这两种氢键键连的N—H伸缩振动谱带的位置从聚醚氨酯-四氢呋喃溶液的红外光谱得到证实。在此基础上讨论了三种聚醚氨酯试样的红外光谱中N—H伸缩振动谱带的差异。     

某些非极性和极性溶质在苯和甲醇及二者混合物中的偏摩尔体积V~0,298.15K

密度法测定了298.15K下乙醇、环己烷、三氯甲烷、甲苯、丙酮、四氯化碳、乙腈、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜在甲醇或苯及两者混合物中的无限稀释偏摩尔体积.密度测定所用溶液中溶质的浓度范围是0.2一1.5m;甲醇和苯混合物是全组成比范围.溶质偏摩尔体积随甲醇-苯组成比的变化趋势反映了几种分子间相互作用结果即三种分子间物理型分子间相互作用;溶质与甲醇分子氢键缔合相互作用;溶质同甲醇或苯的弱络合作用。     

乙酰乙酸乙酯在重水和环己烷中的C=O和C=C伸缩振动模式的振动衰减动力学

作为典型的β-二羰基化合物和α,β-烯酮类化合物, 乙酰乙酸乙酯在溶液中以多结构存在. 在本文中, 我们利用飞秒中红外泵浦探测光谱技术, 研究了该化合物在重水和环己烷溶液中不同互变异构体的出现在波长6 μm(频率范围1600～1800 cm^-1)区域的C=O和C=C伸缩振动的振动动力学; 并结合稳态红外实验和量子化学计算, 分析了这些吸收峰的线型特征. 结果表明: 在重水中, 乙酰乙酸乙酯以酮式存在; 而在环己烷中以烯醇式和两种酮式共存. 分析稳态红外光谱可以看到, 烯醇式结构刚性, 其红外光谱线型主要表现为均匀增宽; 而酮式的线型则兼具均匀增宽和非均匀增宽. 而且, 即使在同一种溶剂中, 酮式和烯醇式的表观红外光谱线型也有不同. 通过泵浦探测实验获得了C=O和C=C伸缩振动衰减动力学和各向异性动力学. 重水中酮式的C=O的振动能量弛豫过程比其在环己烷中要快, 这可归因于乙酰乙酸乙酯与溶剂发生的分子间氢键作用. 此外, 烯醇式的C=O伸缩振动和一些振动模式(如COH面内弯曲)之间存在费米共振, 直接影响其快速衰减过程, 这也是造成其振动衰减动力学不同于酮式的原因. 各向异性动力学过程表明, 乙酰乙酸乙酯在重水中的转动速度比其在环己烷中要慢一些, 与它们不同的溶剂化情况有关. 此外, 各向异性动力学过程表现出量子拍频现象, 在酮式中尤为明显, 意味着相关振动模式存在相干激发.     

用红外光谱技术研究氢键的键合方式

氢键的形成能够使参与形成氢键的原化学键力常数降低,吸收频率移向低波数方向,同时吸收强度增加。为了介绍怎样利用红外光谱技术研究氢键的键合方式,本文以联酰胺衍生物为例,主要运用变温红外光谱技术分析NH伸缩振动波数、强度以及形成氢键的键长随温度的变化来研究羰基(C O)与氨基(H—N)之间的氢键形式。结果表明,本文举例中联酰胺基团中的C O与H—N以分子间氢键形式存在。     

几种二醇与非质子溶剂相互作用的红外光谱研究

测定了1，2-乙二醇、1，2-丙二醇、1，4-丁二醇和1，6-己二醇在CCl4中分别与十几种非质子溶剂相互作用的红外光谱，通过考察频率位移的变化，定量地研究了二醇分子内氢键与分子间氢键的协同效应．在四氯化碳介质中，乙二醇、1，2-丙二醇和1，4-丁二醇体系中存在明显的氢键协同效应。利用红外光谱数据，估算了常温下二醇分子内缔体与非质子溶剂的交叉缔合常数，其数值大于一元正链醇与相应溶剂的交叉缔合常数．     

Multidimensional infrared spectroscopy of water. I. Vibrational dynamics in two-dimensional IR line shapes

In this and the following paper, we describe the ultrafast structural fluctuations and rearrangements of the hydrogen bonding network of water using two-dimensional (2D) infrared spectroscopy. 2D IR spectra covering all the relevant time scales of molecular dynamics of the hydrogen bonding network of water were studied for the OH stretching absorption of HOD in D2O. Time-dependent evolution of the 2D IR line shape serves as a spectroscopic observable that tracks how different hydrogen bonding environments interconvert while changes in spectral intensity result from vibrational relaxation and molecular reorientation of the OH dipole. For waiting times up to the vibrational lifetime of 700 fs, changes in the 2D line shape reflect the spectral evolution of OH oscillators induced by hydrogen bond dynamics. These dynamics, characterized through a set of 2D line shape analysis metrics, show a rapid 60 fs decay, an underdamped oscillation on a 130 fs time scale induced by hydrogen bond stretching, and a long time decay constant of 1.4 ps. 2D surfaces for waiting times larger than 700 fs are dominated by the effects of vibrational relaxation and the thermalization of this excess energy by the solvent bath. Our modeling based on fluctuations with Gaussian statistics is able to reproduce the changes in dispersed pump-probe and 2D IR spectra induced by these relaxation processes, but misses the asymmetry resulting from frequency-dependent spectral diffusion. The dynamical origin of this asymmetry is discussed in the companion paper.     

Vibrational relaxation of CN stretch of pseudo-halide anions (OCN-, SCN-, and SeCN-) in polar solvents

The vibrational relaxation dynamics of pseudo-halide anions XCN- (X = O, S, Se) in polar solvents were studied to understand the effect of charge on solute-to-solvent intermolecular energy transfer (IET) and solvent assisted intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR) pathways. The T1 relaxation times of the CN stretch in these anions were measured by IR pump/IR probe spectroscopy, in which the 0-1 transition was excited, and the 0-1 and 1-2 transitions were monitored to follow the recovery of the ground state and decay of the excited state. For these anions in five solvents, H2O, D2O, CH3OH, CH3CN, and (CH3)2SO, relaxation rates followed the trend of OCN- > SCN- > SeCN-. For these anions and isotopes of SCN-, the relaxation rate was a factor of a few (2.5-10) higher in H2O than in D2O. To further probe the solvent isotope effect, the relaxation rates of S12C14N-, S13C14N-, and S12C15N- in deuterated methanols (CH3OH, CH3OD, CH3OH, CD3OD) were compared. Relaxation rate was found to be affected by the change of solvent vibrational band at the CN- stretching mode (CD3 symmetric stretch) and lower frequency regions, suggesting the presence of both direct IET and solvent assisted IVR relaxation pathways. The possible relaxation pathways and mechanisms for the observed trends in solute and solvent dependence were discussed.     

Dynamics of proton transfer and vibrational relaxation in dilute hydrofluoric acid

The molecular mechanisms in both vibrational relaxation and proton transfer (PT) associated with infrared (IR)-induced PT in a dilute hydrofluoric acid solution at ambient temperature are studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the multistate empirical valence bond model. To investigate the solvation dynamics, a collective solvent coordinate and its perpendicular bath modes are defined from the diabatic energy gap and their motions are examined by the generalized Langevin equation (GLE) formalism. The GLE analysis using the equilibrium MD simulation shows that the major solvent reorganizations in the PT are represented by the libration and hindered translation. In particular, the libration gives the stronger coupling to the solvent reorganization and the faster relaxation. The nonequilibrium MD simulation demonstrated that both the HF stretching vibration and the solvent reorganization relax on a similar time scale and thus compete in the PT. It also supported the "presolvation mechanism" for the PT in this system.     

Vibrational relaxation studies in methyl acetate: role of microenvironment and hydrodynamic forces

The Raman spectra were recorded for the C=O stretching vibration of methyl acetate as solutions in various polar and non-polar solvents. The isotropic component was obtained and the vibrational relaxation rates were calculated. On the basis of dependence of isotropic Raman bandwidth on the hydrodynamic properties of the solute-solvent systems, the information was obtained on the microenvironment prevailing in the neighborhood of the C=O stretching mode. Significant correlation is observed between vibrational relaxation rate and solvent parameters namely viscosity, density, refractive index and molecular radius. Microviscosity, involving the size of solute and solvent molecules, is found to be crucial in determining the bandwidth, hence the relaxation rate. The microenvironment appears to play an important role in the vibrational relaxation process.     

Dimeric molecular association of dimethyl sulfoxide in solutions of nonpolar liquids

Although many vibrational spectroscopic studies using infrared (IR) absorption and Raman scattering (RS) techniques revealed that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) forms intermolecular dimeric associations in the pure liquid state and in solutions, the results of a number of dielectric relaxation studies did not clearly show the presence of such dimers. Recently, we found the presence of dimeric DMSO associations in not only the pure liquid but also in solutions of nonpolar solvents, such as tetrachloromethane (CCl(4)) and benzene (Bz), using dielectric relaxation (DR) techniques, which ranged from 50 MHz to 50 GHz at 25 °C. The dimeric DMSO associations cause a slow dielectric relaxation process with a relaxation time of ca. 23 ps for solutions in CCl(4) (ca. 17 ps in Bz) due to the dissociation into monomeric DMSO molecules, while the other fast relaxation is caused by monomeric DMSO molecules with a relaxation time of ca. 5.0 ps (ca. 5.5 ps in Bz) at 25 °C. A comparison of DR and vibrational spectroscopic data for DMSO solutions demonstrated that the concentration dependence of the relative magnitude of the slow and fast DR strength corresponds well to the two IR and RS bands assigned to the vibrational stretching modes of the sulfoxide groups (S═O) of the dimeric associations and the monomeric DMSO molecules, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of the dimeric associations ([DIM]) and monomeric DMSO molecules ([MON]) were governed by a chemical equilibrium and an equilibrium constant (K(d) = [DIM](2)[MON](-1)) that was markedly dependent on the concentration of DMSO and the solvent species (K(d) = 2.5 ± 0.5 M(-1) and 0.7 ± 0.1 M(-1) in dilute CCl(4) and Bz solutions, respectively, and dramatically increased to 20-40 M(-1) in pure DMSO at 25 °C).     

Direct Vibrational Energy Transfer in Monomeric Water Probed with Ultrafast Two Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy

Vibrational relaxation dynamics of monomeric water molecule dissolved in d-chloroform solution were revisited using the two dimensional Infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. The vibrational lifetime of OH bending in monomeric water shows a bi-exponential decay. The fast component (T₁=(1.2±0.1) ps) is caused by the rapid population equilibration between the vibrational modes of the monomeric water molecule. The slow component (T₂=(26.4±0.2) ps) is mainly caused by the vibrational population decay of OH bending mode. The reorientation of the OH bending in monomeric water is determined with a time constant of τ=(1.2±0.1) ps which is much faster than the rotational dynamics of water molecules in the bulk solution. Furthermore, we are able to reveal the direct vibrational energy transfer from OH stretching to OH bending in monomeric water dissolved in d-chloroform for the first time. The vibrational coupling and relative orientation of transition dipole moment between OH bending and stretching that effect their intra-molecular vibrational energy transfer rates are discussed in detail.     

IR spectroscopy of hydrogen-bonded 2-fluoropyridine-methanol clusters

The electronic and infrared spectra of 2-fluoropyridine-methanol clusters were observed in a supersonic free jet. The structure of hydrogen-bonded clusters of 2-fluoropyridine with methanol was studied on the basis of the molecular orbital calculations. The IR spectra of 2-fluoropyridine-(CH3OH)n(n = 1-3) clusters were observed with a fluorescence-detected infrared depletion (FDIR) technique in the OH and CH stretching vibrational regions. The structures of the clusters are similar to those observed for 2-fluoropyridine-(H2O)n (n = 1-3) clusters. The existence of weak hydrogen bond interaction through aromatic hydrogen was observed in the IR spectra. The theoretical calculation also supports the result. The vibrational frequencies of CH bonds in CH3 group are affected by hydrogen bond formation although these bonds do not directly relate to the hydrogen bond interaction. The B3LYP/6-311 ++G(d,p) calculations reproduce well the vibrational frequency of the hydrogen-bonded OH stretching vibrations. However, the calculated frequency of CH stretching vibration could not reproduce the IR spectra because of anharmonic interaction with closely lying overtone or combination bands for nu3 and nu9 vibrations. The vibrational shift of nu2 vibration is reproduced well with molecular orbital calculations. The calculation also shows that the frequency shift of nu2 vibration is closely related to the CH bond length at the trans position against the OH bond in hydrogen-bonded methanol.     

Investigation of the influence of solute-solvent interactions on the vibrational energy relaxation dynamics of large molecules in liquids

The influence of solute-solvent interactions on the vibrational energy relaxation dynamics of perylene and substituted perylenes in the first singlet excited-state upon excitation with moderate (<0.4 eV) excess energy has been investigated by monitoring the early narrowing of their fluorescence spectrum. This narrowing was found to occur on timescales ranging from a few hundreds of femtoseconds to a few picoseconds. Other processes, such as a partial decay of the fluorescence anisotropy and the damping of a low-frequency oscillation due to the propagation of a vibrational wavepacket, were found to take place on a very similar time scale. No significant relationship between the strength of nonspecific solute-solvent interactions and the vibrational energy relaxation dynamics of the solutes could be evidenced. On the other hand, in alcohols the spectral narrowing is faster with a solute having H-bonding sites, indicating that this specific interaction tends to favor vibrational energy relaxation. No relationship between the dynamics of spectral narrowing and macroscopic solvent properties, such as the thermal diffusivity, could be found. On the other hand, a correlation between this narrowing dynamics and the number of low-frequency modes of the solvent molecules was evidenced. All these observations cannot be discussed with a model where vibrational energy relaxation occurs via two consecutive and dynamically well-separated steps, namely ultrafast intramolecular vibrational redistribution followed by slower vibrational cooling. On the contrary, the results indicate that both intra- and intermolecular vibrational energy redistribution processes are closely entangled and occur, at least partially, on similar timescales.     

Infrared spectroscopy of hydrogen-bonded 2-fluoropyridine-water clusters in supersonic jets

The hydrogen-bonded clusters of 2-fluoropyridine with water were studied experimentally in a supersonic free jet and analyzed with molecular orbital calculations. The IR spectra of 2-fluoropyridine-(H2O)(n) (n = 1 to 3) clusters were observed with a fluorescence detected infrared depletion (FDIR) technique in the OH and CH stretching vibrational regions. The frequencies of OH stretching vibrations show that water molecules bond to the nitrogen atom of 2-fluoropyridine in the clusters. The hydrogen-bond formation between aromatic CH and O was evidenced in the 1:2 and 1:3 clusters from the experimental and calculated results. The overtone vibrations of the OH bending mode in hydrogen-bonded water molecules appear in the IR spectra, and these frequencies become higher with the increase of the number of water molecules in the clusters. The band structure of the IR spectra in the CH stretching region changes depending on the number of coordinating water molecules.     

2D IR photon echo of azido-probes for biomolecular dynamics

The vibrations in the azido-, N(3), asymmetric stretching region of 2'-azido-2'-deoxyuridine (N(3)dU) are examined by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. In water and tetrahydrofuran (THF), the spectra display a single sharp diagonal peak that shows solvent sensitivity. The frequency-frequency correlation time in water is 1.5 ps, consistent with H-bond making and breaking dynamics. The 2D IR spectrum is reproduced for N(3)dU in water based on a model correlation function and known linear response functions. Its large extinction coefficient, vibrational frequency outside the protein and nucleic acid IR absorption, and sensitivity to water dynamics render -N(3) a very useful probe for 2D IR and other nonlinear IR studies: its signal is ca. 100 times that of nitriles.