正庚烷与正十四烷在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上临氢异构化

采用连续流动固定床反应装置，研究了0.6%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上正庚烷与正十四烷的临氢异构转化。实验结果表明，在反应温度200 ℃～420 ℃，压力0.5 MPa，质量空速2.0 h－1的反应条件下，两种原料在高转化时均可保持90%以上的异构化选择性。在转化率小于55%时，C7与C14临氢异构所遵循的反应规律是一致的，即异构化和裂解的相对反应速率相同。依据产物分布组成随转化率变化的规律，提出了烷烃在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上加氢转化的反应网络。同时，实验结果支持烷烃异构化反应在分子筛孔道内进行的观点。     

Pt/SAPO-11临氢异构化催化剂反应特性的研究

以正庚烷为模型化合物，在10 mL连续流动固定床反应装置上，考察了温度、压力、空速与氢烃摩尔比对0.4%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂临氢异构化反应性能的影响。结果表明，催化反应以烷烃异构化为主，正庚烷转化率达70%时异构产物选择性保持在90%以上，压力和氢烃摩尔比较小时，产物的选择性较高；压力太高裂解产物生成量增多对异构化选择性不利。获得了正庚烷在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上临氢异构化的优化反应条件为，360 ℃～380 ℃，0.5 MPa～1.0 MPa，2.1 h-1～4.1 h-1，H2/CH(摩尔比)2～6；烷烃临氢异构化反应的一个条件变化，需要其他条件的改变来达到最佳的匹配。     

分子筛催化剂上正十六烷的临氢异构化反应

 对分子筛催化剂上正十六烷的临氢异构化反应进行了研究，考察了不同分子筛催化剂的活性和选择性，并对临氢异构化反应的产物分布进行了分析．在此基础上，对正十六烷的临氢异构化反应机理进行了初步探讨．结果表明，正十六烷在中孔分子筛催化剂上的临氢异构化反应主要在分子筛外表面和孔口进行，分子筛的择形作用对异构选择性的影响有限．这与一般情况下低分子量正构烷烃在择形分子筛上的临氢异构化反应有所不同．临氢异构化反应的异构选择性主要取决于催化剂酸性组分的酸性质，弱酸和中等强度的酸对异构化反应有利，而催化剂的活性则由酸性组分中B酸中心的数量和加氢组分的活性共同决定．     

氢压对烷烃异构化与裂化反应的不同影响

本文考察了氢压对C_(12)—C_(20)烷烃异构化与裂化的影响.指出在“裂化型”催化剂上氢压有利于正构烷的裂化反应;在“异构化型”催化剂上氢压阻抑正构烷的裂化与异构化反应,而对异构烷的裂化则无阻抑作用.根据实验结果与文献数据,讨论了在双重性催化剂上烷烃异构化与裂化反应的机理,并指出作者所提出的“混合历程”比之Pier的“串行历程”能更合理地解释烷烃的裂化与异构化反应,以及氢压对它们的影响.     

不同链长正构烷烃在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上的临氢转化规律研究

采用SAPO-11分子筛制备的双功能催化剂,以碳链长度为10-14的正构烷烃为模型化合物,探索了不同碳数的长链正构烷烃临氢转化反应规律。结果表明,低温下不同碳数的正构烃都表现出较高的异构化选择性,改变反应温度使反应转化率控制在85%以下时,正构烷烃的异构化选择性可以达到90%左右;随着碳数和温度升高,正构烷烃由于发生明显的裂化反应导致转化率提高和异构化选择性降低。采用SAPO-11分子筛催化材料的双功能催化剂具有明显的产物择形异构效应,异构化产物以甲基位于端位和碳链中心的单侧链异构体为主,双(多)支链产物较少。长链正构烷烃在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上的裂化反应在低转化率以加氢裂化为主,裂化产物的碳数呈均匀分布;在高转化率下以酸催化裂化为主,裂化产物的碳数分布呈现明显的不对称分布特征。     

纳米HZSM-5催化剂催化烃类转化反应

制备了纳米(20~50 nm)HZSM-5催化剂, 用XRF, TEM和NH3-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 以正辛烷及苯和正辛烷混合物的转化为模型反应, 研究了单烃和混合烃在纳米HZSM-5催化剂上的转化行为, 考察了反应条件对产物分布的影响. 结果表明, 纳米HZSM-5沸石催化剂具有很强的烃类转化能力, 烃类通过芳构化、 异构化和烷基化等反应转化为高辛烷值的异构烷烃和芳烃, 产物中异构烷烃(C4~C6)和芳烃的质量分数超过90%. 直链烷烃转化为芳烃以生成苯环为主, 混合烃转化为芳烃以苯和小分子烃的烷基化为主. 控制反应条件可抑制苯和C+9芳烃的生成. 产物分析结果表明, 烃类在纳米HZSM-5催化剂上的裂解、芳构化和异构化等遵循正碳离子机理.     

USHY分子筛催化剂上2-甲基戊烷异构化反应机理

根据实验观察, 以C6正碳离子基元反应为基础定量地描述了2-甲基戊烷在USHY分子筛上异构化反应机理, 以及反应温度对其的影响. 实验结果表明, 在400 ℃下, C6正碳离子从反应物分子提取氢离子反应的速率是C6正碳离子释放质子氢给表面Brфnsted碱基反应速率的10倍, 导致反应物的异构体C6烷烃产物的生成大大快于C6烯烃产物的生成. 同时发现, C6正碳离子释放质子反应比从反应物分子提取氢离子反应要求更高的活化能, 因此在高温下, C6烷烃产物的生成量比C6烯烃产物的生成量少. 描述了各种C6正碳离子的反应途径和相互转变机理, 定量地比较了它们的反应活性和选择性, 得出了某些烃催化裂化中异构化反应选择性变化的普遍规律.     

正庚烷在HZSM-5催化剂上的催化裂解行为

以正庚烷为轻质直馏石脑油中烷烃的模型化合物,研究了它在HZSM-5催化剂上的裂解反应,并与1-庚烯裂解反应进行了对比,考察了水热处理和载体性质对裂解反应的影响.结果表明:正庚烷裂解产物中的氢气、甲烷和乙烷等小分子烷烃的含量远高于1-庚烯裂解的情况,推测主要由烷烃独特的单分子裂解路径造成,并且液化气(LPG)中丙烯、丁烯等低碳烯烃含量低;催化剂经水热处理后,酸量急剧减少,并且强B酸(Bronsted acid)的相对含量减少,导致催化剂的活性显著降低,氢转移反应减少,裂化气中烯烃度显著提高.同时,产物中C3/C4的摩尔比降低,推测裂解反应中单分子路径的几率减少.载体对于正庚烷的裂解反应行为也有较大的影响,载体中L酸(Lewis acid)的存在,对于正庚烷的转化有促进作用,提高了双分子裂解路径在初始反应中所占的比例.总体来说,与烯烃分子相比,烷烃具有较低的反应活性和烯烃选择性,因此对于在分子筛类催化剂上的催化裂解反应以生产低碳烯烃来说,并不是一种理想的原料.     

Pt/HZSM-5催化剂上甲基环戊烷的临氢转化 Ⅰ.反应条件对扩环反应的影响

在连续流固定床反应装置上,考察了反应温度、压力及氢烃摩尔比等条件对甲基环戊烷(MCP)临氢转化反应活性及扩环反应选择性的影响;结合反应评价结果和热力学分析,探讨了Pt/HZSM-5催化作用下MCP的扩环反应规律.MCP临氢转化发生三类反应:扩环(RE)、开环(RO)和裂解(CR),其中扩环反应生成环己烷(CH)和苯(Bz).结果表明,随温度的升高或氢烃比的降低,MCP的转化率增大,而提高反应压力不利于MCP的转化.扩环反应选择性呈现复杂的变化规律,随温度的升高,扩环反应选择性先增加而后逐渐降低,即存在极大值.氢烃比的影响与温度密切相关,在低温区时扩环反应的选择性随氢烃比的降低而降低,而在高温区时的影响很小.提高反应压力,对扩环反应不利.扩环产物Bz和CH的分布为MCP扩环反应的反应历程提供了信息,临氢反应的Bz/CH实验值大于理论平衡值的结果表明,与CH相同,Bz也是MCP临氢转化的一次产物.在此基础上提出了修正的MCP扩环反应历程,MCP在双功能催化剂作用下形成的中间体吸附物种,通过两条平行反应路径分别生成CH和Bz,即异构化反应和异构脱氢反应是平行反应.同时,在本催化反应体系下,Bz还可以由CH脱氢而来.     

HZSM-5/Hβ复合分子筛的正辛烷临氢异构化和芳构化性能

将不同孔尺寸、酸强度的HZSM 5和Hβ分子筛混合制得复合载体,担载金属组分Ni、Mg、Mo、Zn制得烷烃异构化和芳构化催化剂M/C。采用XRD、BET、程序升温氨脱附（NH3 TPD）及吡啶吸附 脱附红外光谱法对制备的载体及催化剂进行了理化性质表征。以正辛烷为正构烷烃模型化合物,在连续加氢微型反应装置上评价了催化剂对正构烷烃异构化和芳构化反应的催化性能。结果表明,与单一分子筛相比,复合后载体的表面酸中心分布得到了调节,中强酸中心的增加有利于烷烃异构化和芳构化反应。复合分子筛催化剂引入不同金属组分进行改性后体现出不同的催化性能,其中Ni的引入既提供了加脱氢活性中心,又获得了适宜的B、L酸中心分布,使反应转化率和选择性显著提高。反应条件对催化剂的异构化和芳构化性能也有不同程度的影响,在320℃、2.8MPa、2.0h－1下,正辛烷的临氢异构化和芳构化选择性较好。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.