疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 Ⅶ.芘基烷基酮的荧光光谱及其在不良溶剂中的簇集

溶剂的极性对芘基烷基酮的单体荧光和激基缔合物荧光有很大影响,在非极性溶剂中单体荧光很弱,随着溶剂极性增大,单体荧光增强,单体荧光和激基缔合物荧光明显红移。利用芘基烷基酮荧光的这些性质研究了长链分子在二甲基亚砜-水(DMSO-H₂O)中的簇集现象。在浓度非常低的情况下,长链芘基烷基酮发射激基缔合物荧光,单体荧光也明显蓝移,表明芘基烷基酮形成了簇集体。长链饱和烷烃和芘基烷基酮发生共簇集,簇集体内的极性比环己烷的极性稍大。     

芘在石英玻片表面的柔性长臂固定化及其对二元羧酸的传感特性

将传感元素芘经由柔性长臂——丙二胺和3-缩水甘油丙醚基三甲氧基硅烷化学结合于石英玻片表面, 得到一种新型光致发光薄膜材料. 研究表明, 不论在湿态还是在干态, 该薄膜均具有芘单体及其激基缔合物的荧光发射特征. 通过静态荧光和时间分辨荧光光谱研究, 发现激基缔合物荧光发射主要来自于基态二聚体直接激发所形成激基缔合物. 激基缔合物结构包含具有“三明治”结构的正常激基缔合物和部分重叠的变形激基缔合物结构. 乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸等二元羧酸的存在对固定化芘的单体和激基缔合物的荧光发射均表现出敏化作用, 但敏化达到平衡所需要的时间因二元羧酸链长的不同而不同. 一般来讲，二元羧酸的链长越长, 平衡所需时间越长. 二元羧酸敏化作用对时间的依赖性被归因于分子链插入所引起的薄膜表面固定化传感元素(荧光活性小分子)空间分布的改变. 以甲酸或乙酸代替二元羧酸进行实验并未发现类似的敏化作用. 实验所得功能薄膜对二元羧酸的响应具有良好的可逆性.     

用芘标记荧光研究苯乙烯／二乙烯苯交联凝胶的微环境性质

本文研究了一系列芘甲酰基标记的苯乙烯—二乙烯苯共聚物的荧光光谱，发现其光谱特征对共聚物中芘甲酰基的含量，溶胀作用以及溶胀溶剂的性质有明显的依赖性．这一结果可以用芘甲酰基在共聚凝胶中形成激基缔合物和激基复合物予以解释．     

新型三嗪桥连的双1,8-萘酰亚胺衍生物的合成及其光物理行为

以1,8-萘酰亚胺和三聚氯氰为主要原料, 合成了两种由三嗪环桥连的双1,8-萘酰亚胺化合物3 和5. 采用紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱等手段考察了两种化合物在不同溶剂中的光物理行为. 与参比化合物N-丁基-1,8-萘酰亚胺相比, 在二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷和甲醇等极性溶剂中, 化合物3和5除了在短波区(λ<400 nm)存在1,8-萘酰亚胺的特征荧光发射峰外, 在长波区(>450 nm)均产生一个较强的新荧光发射峰, 表现出分子内激基缔合物的光物理行为. 与化合物5相比, 由于化合物3特殊的构象异构, 其荧光强度发生严重的猝灭. 在非极性溶剂甲基环己烷中, 化合物5 由于存在较强的分子间氢键作用而聚集, 受激后形成了较稳定的分子间激基缔合物, 但未观察到明显的分子内激基缔合物的形成. 在甲苯溶剂中, 化合物3和5与甲苯分子形成了激基复合物, 并未形成分子内激基缔合物. 进一步研究3和5的固态激发态性质, 发现化合物3和5的固体薄膜受激后分别在465和469 nm处出现激基缔合物的特征荧光发射峰.     

荧光探针法研究壳聚糖水凝胶形成过程及其性能

基于芘(Py)单体荧光光谱结构对微观环境变化的敏感性,以及介质粘度及Py分子间距对Py激基络缔合物形成的影响,以戊二醛交联壳聚糖(CS)水凝胶体系为例研究了Py荧光探针法监测水凝胶形成过程及其溶胀性能的可行性。结果表明,Py荧光光谱精细结构的变化(以I~3/I~1为参量)或Py激基缔合物荧光强度与单体荧光强度之比(I~E/I~M)的变化与CS水凝胶的形成及溶胀程度有很好的对应关系。此外,CS凝胶网状结构中包埋的聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)的构象变化也可由探针光谱变化反映出来。利用这种荧光探针方法有助于从分子水平上探知凝胶形成过程的微观本质。此外,这种方法也可作为光纤传导监测凝胶形成过程和溶胀的基础。     

含芘苯乙烯／二乙烯苯共聚物的合成与表征

本文首次通过共聚方法和功能基化方法合成了芘标记苯乙烯／二乙烯苯共聚物，用稳态荧光光谱、裂解色谱、裂解色谱－质谱等方法对芘标记共聚物进行了详细地表征。结果表明，通过控制芘标记单体的投料或功能基化反应时间，可以将一定量的芘基标记到苯乙烯／二乙烯苯共聚物中，其荧光光谱显示了芘基的单体荧光发射和激基缔合物荧光发射；共聚物裂解色谱的甲基芘峰和苯乙烯三聚体峰反映了芘基和交联聚苯乙烯骨架的特征，据此可建立甲基芘     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 I: 不良溶剂中长链β-萘甲酸烷基酯的簇集和激基缔合物的形成

研究了不同链长的β-萘甲酸烷基酯(An)在乙二醇-水(EG-H2O)和二甲基砜-水(DMSO-H2O)混合溶剂中的荧光光谱, 以及添加物(无机盐、长链饱和烷烃、糖淀粉)对An荧光的影响. 长链An在混合溶剂中很容易形成激基缔合物, 表明疏水作用促使长链分子相互簇集. 测定了不同链长的分子发生簇集的临界浓度和临界溶剂组成. 分别添加长链烷烃和糖淀粉都能引起激基缔合物的荧光强度减弱和单体荧光强度的增强, 表明An和长链烷烃共簇集, 与糖淀粉形成包结物. 研究了在簇集体中An形成激基缔合物的动力学和热力学, 测定了激基缔合物形成和解离速率常数、活化能和热焓的变化. 证明了簇集体中基态发色基团之间并不具有激基缔合物的构型, 在一定温度下, 簇集体会发生相变.     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 Ⅰ.不良溶剂中长链β-萘甲酸烷基酯的簇集和激基缔合物的形成

本文研究了不同链长的β-萘甲酸烷基酯(A_n)在乙二醇-水(EG-H_2O)和二甲基砜-水(DMSO-H_2O)混合溶剂中的荧光光谱,以及添加物(无机盐、长链饱和烷烃、糖淀粉)对A_n荧光的影响.长链A_n在混合溶剂中很容易形成激基缔合物,表明疏水作用促使长链分子相互簇集.测定了不同链长的分子发生簇集的临界浓度和临界溶剂组成.分别添加长链烷烃和糖淀粉都能引起激基缔合物的荧光强度减弱和单体荧光强度的增强,表明A_n和长链烷烃共簇集,与糖淀粉形成包结物.研究了在簇集体中A_n形成激基缔合物的动力学和热力学,测定了激基缔合物形成和解离速率常数、活化能和热焓的变化.证明在簇集体中基态发色基团之间并不具有激基缔合物的构型.在一定温度下,簇集体会发生相变.     

含不同取代芘基团St/DVB交联树脂的合成及其溶胀态光物理性质

采用功能基化反应和单体共聚两种方法合成了一系列含有Py-CO-基团和Py-CH2-基团的芘标记苯乙烯/二乙烯基苯(St/DVB)交联树脂及其相应的含芘模型化合物.通过比较分析共聚物珠体和模型化合物的荧光光谱,研究了交联树脂溶胀态的光物理行为.初步研究结果表明,标记基团的激基缔合物形成及Ham效应等光物理性质可敏感地反映树脂中标记的浓度、微环境极性以及树脂的溶剂化程度.     

"标记"芘的激基缔合物荧光在水溶性高分子研究中的应用

首先介绍了芘的荧光发射光谱的特点及其激基缔合物荧光、然后给出了用芘标记高分子的各种方式和方法,讨论了水溶性高分子的”标记”芘形成激基缔合物的原理,评述了芘标记高分子箕缔合物荧光在水溶性分子疏水相互作用,静电相互作用、氢键、络合等研究中的应用,也介绍了芘标记激基缔的荧光在高分子凝胶体积相变、分子链运动等领域的研究进展。     

一种基于胆固醇的荧光小分子胶凝剂的合成及其胶凝行为

合成并表征了一种含7-硝基苯并-2-氧杂-1,3-二唑基(7-Nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)的胆固醇衍生物(NBD-C), 考察了其在30种溶剂中的胶凝行为. 实验结果表明, NBD-C对乙腈具有很强的胶凝作用, 且该凝胶体系具有显著的剪切触变性. 对干凝胶的显微分析发现, 在不同溶剂中, NBD-C具有不同的聚集结构. 红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振光谱(¹H NMR)和荧光光谱研究结果表明, 除了胆固醇的范德华堆积作用之外, 分子间氢键作用也是该化合物聚集的重要驱动力.     

Resolution of ultrafast pyrene excimer emission rise times in zeolites X and Y

Pyrene has been a favorite photophysical probe molecule for zeolite research because of its ability to exhibit both monomer and excimer emission upon excitation. This study combines the use of ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy with steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy to study the excimer emission of pyrene incorporated within zeolites LiY, NaY, KY and NaX. The effects of sealing technique and coincorporated solvents are also explored. Pyrene excimer emission is resolvable with the use of an ultrafast streak camera under all conditions examined in this study with a rise-time range of 6.8 to 16.0 picoseconds. For each zeolite sample the addition of cosolvents decreases the rise time, with a greater decrease for polar solvents than for a nonpolar solvent. The presence of a detectable rise time for excimer emission indicates that pyrene excimer formation is a dynamic process when pyrene is embedded within the cavities of zeolite host materials.     

Color-tunable fluorescent organogels: columnar self-assembly of pyrene-containing oligo(glutamic acid)s

New fluorescent gelators containing pyrene moieties and dendritic oligopeptides have been developed. These molecules self-assemble into 1D helical columnar structures that lead to the formation of 3D fibrous random networks. The resulting gel materials show monomer emission of pyrenes because the hydrogen-bonded array of the oligopeptide moieties greatly suppresses the formation of pyrene excimers. In contrast, in the sol states green excimer emission of the pyrenes is observed because of the dissociation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. This is the first example of the reverse-mode color switching of fluorescence for supramolecular pyrene assemblies.     

Phenylboronic Acid Appended Pyrene‐Based Low‐Molecular‐Weight Injectable Hydrogel: Glucose‐Stimulated Insulin Release

A pyrene‐containing phenylboronic acid (PBA) functionalized low‐molecular‐weight hydrogelator was synthesized with the aim to develop glucose‐sensitive insulin release. The gelator showed the solvent imbibing ability in aqueous buffer solutions of pH values, ranging from 8–12, whereas the sodium salt of the gelator formed a hydrogel at physiological pH 7.4 with a minimum gelation concentration (MGC) of 5 mg mL^?1. The aggregation behavior of this thermoreversible hydrogel was studied by using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, UV/Vis, luminescence, and CD spectroscopy. These investigations revealed that hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and van der Waals interactions are the key factors for the self‐assembled gelation. The diol‐sensitive PBA part and the pyrene unit in the gelator were judiciously used in fluorimetric sensing of minute amounts of glucose at physiological pH. The morphological change of the gel due to addition of glucose was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, which denoted the glucose‐responsive swelling of the hydrogel. A rheological study indicated the loss of the rigidity of the native gel in the presence of glucose. Hence, the glucose‐induced swelling of the hydrogel was exploited in the controlled release of insulin from the hydrogel. The insulin‐loaded hydrogel showed thixotropic self‐recovery property, which hoisted it as an injectable soft composite. Encouragingly, the gelator was found to be compatible with HeLa cells.     

芘在改性硅胶上的光物理研究——以芘为探针研究改性硅胶的表面特性

研究了芘在正十碳烷氧基和三甲基硅氧基改性硅腔表面上的荧光光谱和寿命。在这二种硅胶上,激基缔合物是由基态聚积体直接受光和受激发的单分子和基态的单分子所形成、在硅胶≡Si—O—C_(10)H_(21)-n上比在硅胶≡Si—O—SiMe_3上所形成的聚积体较少。化学改性与物理改性相结合可使芘在较大的浓度范围内主要以单分子分散。激基缔合物的形成主要是由动力学过程所控制。研究了温度对芘的荧光光谱和寿命的影响。激基缔合物形成过程的活化能约为7kcal mol~(-1)。讨论了环境对单分子荧光光谱结构的影响。     

Sol-gel phase transition of brucine-appended porphyrin gelator: a study by vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy

A novel approach to study the sol-gel phase transition of a brucine–porphyrin based gelator, which uses vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy, is described. The gelation process leading to highly ordered chiral supramolecular assemblies was investigated in various solvents at the different temperatures and concentrations. The VCD spectra sensitively reveal the specific parts of molecule whose configuration is influenced by a sol-gel phase transition and chiral supramolecular aggregation and therefore indicate the parts of the molecule responsible for the chiral self-assembly formation. Temperature stability of the organogel studied is discussed on the basis of the VCD and IR absorption spectra. The scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the structure of brucine–porphyrin conjugate in the gel phase.     

Bile acid alkylamide derivatives as low molecular weight organogelators: systematic gelation studies and qualitative structural analysis of the systems

A series of amino- and hydroxyalkyl amides of bile acids have been synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), as well as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) measurements. The ability of the synthesized molecules to promote gel formation was systematically investigated. Out of 396 combinations formed by 11 compounds and 36 different solvents, 22 gel-containing systems were obtained with 1% (w/v) gelator concentration. Apart from one exception, the gelator compounds were lithocholic acid derivatives. This challenges the general trend of bile acid-based physical gelators, according to which the gelation ability of lithocholic acid derivatives is poor. A correlation between the values of Kamlet-Taft parameters and solvent preferences for gelators was observed. The morphologies of the solid and gel structures studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed variability from fibers to spherical microscale aggregates, the latter of which are unique among bile acid-based organogels. The gels exhibited more complex behavior than was previously established with bile acid derivatives, judging by the microscale diversity present in gelating and non-gelating systems and the tendency for polymorphism. This study underlines the importance of both the molecular and colloidal scale aspects of the gelation phenomenon.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel pyrene-dendronized porphyrins exhibiting efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer: optical and photophysical properties

A novel series of pyrene dendronized porphyrins bearing two and four pyrenyl groups (Py(2)-TMEG1 and Py(4)-TMEG2) were successfully synthesized. First and second generation Fréchet type dendrons (Py(2)-G1OH and Py(4)-G2OH) were prepared from 1-pyrenylbutanol and 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol. These compounds were further linked to a trimesitylphenylporphyrin containing a butyric acid spacer via an esterification reaction to obtain the desired products. Dendrons and dendronized porphyrins were fully characterized by FTIR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy and their molecular weights were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Their optical and photophysical properties were studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The formation of dynamic excimers was detected in the pyrene-labeled dendrons, with more excimer being produced in the higher generation dendron. The fluorescence spectra of the pyrene dendronized porphyrins exhibited a significant decrease in the amount of pyrene monomer and excimer emission, jointly with the appearance of a new emission band at 661 nm characteristic of porphyrin emission, an indication that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurred from one of the excited pyrene species to the porphyrin. The FRET efficiency was found to be almost quantitative ranging between 97% and 99% depending on the construct. Model Free analysis of the fluorescence decays acquired with the pyrene monomer, excimer, and porphyrin core established that only residual pyrene excimer formation in the dendrons could occur before FRET from the excited pyrene monomer to the ground-state porphyrin core.