Kinetics of the oxidative coupling of methane in the presence of model catalysts

The kinetics of the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) in the presence of La/MgO and NaWMn/SiO₂ catalysts in a flow reactor at low reactant conversions was studied. It was found that, in spite of different compositions and properties of the test catalysts, the formation of ethane from methane and ethylene from ethane can be described within the framework of the Mars-van Krevelen redox model in both cases. The rate laws of side reactions, which lead to the formation of carbon oxides, are different from the rate laws of the target reactions of the conversion of methane into ethane and ethane into ethylene. The kinetic parameters required for the numerical simulation of the OCM process were determined for either of the catalysts.     

Kinetic study of oxidative coupling of methane over Mn and/or W promoted Na_2SO_4/SiO_2 catalysts

A comprehensive kinetic model for oxidative coupling of methane(OCM)over Mn and/or W promoted Na2SO4/SiO2 catalysts was developed based on a micro-catalytic reactor data.The methane conversion and ethylene,ethane,carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide selectivities were obtained in a wide operating condition range of 750 - 825-C,CH4/O2=2.5 - 10 and contact time=267 - 472 kg s m-3.Reaction networks of six models with different rate equation types were compared together.The kinetic rate parameters of each reaction network were estimated using linear regression or genetic algorithm optimization method(GA).A reaction network suggested by Stansch et al.for OCM was found to be the best one and was further used in this work.The suggested model could predict the experimental results of OCM reaction within a deviation range of ± 20%.     

Oxidative coupling of methane over （Na2WO4＋Mn or Ce）/SiO2 catalysts： In situ measurement of electrical conductivity

The effects of manganese oxide or ceria promoters on the performance of Na2WO4/SiO2 catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) are reported. The OCM reaction was performed in a continuous-flow microreactor at 800 ℃, atmospheric pressure and under GHSV = 13200 ml gC-1at h-1. Catalysts were characterized by in situ conductivity measurement, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and temperature programmed reduction analysis. Manganese oxide promoted Na2WO4/SiO2 is considered as one of the active and selective ca...     

直接利用甲烷氧化偶联产物中的稀乙烯制环氧乙烷

直接利用甲烷氧化偶联产物中的稀乙烯制环氧乙烷刘育，徐法强，沈师孔（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所，兰州，７３００００）关键词乙烯环氧化，甲烷氧化偶联，负载银催化剂１．前言甲烷氧化偶联（ＯＣＭ）是一个产物较为复杂的反应，从目前研究结果来看，产物中Ｃ２烃总...     

Oxidative Conversion of Methane/Natural Gas into Higher Hydrocarbons

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to ethylene and ethane is a futuristic process of great practical importance for the effective utilization of methane/natural gas. A brief summary of the work carried out at National Chemical Laboratory (Pune) for the development of catalyst and catalytic process for OCM, particularly addressing the major issues/limitations of the OCM process and efforts made to overcome the problems is presented. This review particularly covers the development of a number of highly active/selective and stable unsupported and supported (using commercial catalyst carriers) catalysts for the OCM process and also the process of improvements/modifications to overcome most of the limitations of OCM.     

Ca,Sr共掺杂铈氧化物及其在甲烷氧化偶联反应中的应用

采用柠檬酸法制备了Ca,Sr共掺杂的CeO_2催化剂,发现共掺杂催化剂较单掺杂或未掺杂催化剂呈现出更好的催化甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)反应性能.通过表征可知,Ca,Sr共掺杂催化剂的物相为CeO_2和SrCO_3,Ca高度分散或掺杂于CeO_2之中;CeO_2的粒径明显变小;表面呈中等程度碱性;Ce基催化剂上的亲电氧物种数量随着碱土金属的掺杂而增大,亲电氧物种与晶格氧摩尔比(O_2-2+O-2)/O-2的大小顺序(CeSrCaCe SrCeO_2)与C2选择性一致;且SrCO_3相的存在有助于Ce基氧化物催化甲烷氧化偶联反应(OCM)性能的改善.     

Experimental investigation of fluidized-bed reactor performance for oxidative coupling of methane

Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst.The effect of sodium content of this catalyst was analyzed and the challenge of catalyst agglomeration was addressed using proper catalyst composition of 2%Mn2.2%Na2WO4/SiO2.For other two catalysts,the effect of Lanthanum-Strontium content was analyzed and 10%La2O 3-20%SrO/CaO catalyst was found to provide higher ethylene yield than La2O3/CaO catalyst.Furthermore,the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and methane to oxygen ratio were also reviewed.The highest ethylene and ethane (C2) yield was achieved with the lowest methane to oxygen ratio around 2.40.5% selectivity to ethylene and ethane and 41% methane conversion were achieved over La2O3-SrO/CaO catalyst while over Mn-Na2WO4 /SiO2 catalyst,40% and 48% were recorded,respectively.Moreover,the consecutive effects of nitrogen dilution,ethylene to ethane production ratio and other performance indicators on the down-stream process units were qualitatively discussed and Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a better performance in the reactor and process scale analysis.     

固体酸WO3/TiO2负载锂锰催化剂组成对其甲烷氧化偶联反应性能的影响

The selective oxidation of methane to basic petrochemicals (ethylene and ethane) is desirable and has attracted extensive research attention. The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is considered a promising one-step route for the production of C₂ compounds (ethylene and ethane) from methane, and has been the focus of industrial and fundamental studies. It is widely accepted that the composition is a crucial factor governing the activity of a catalyst system. It was found that the phase structures, basicity, existing status and distribution of the active components, oxygen species, and chemical states of the catalyst were influenced by the composition and ratio, resulting in different catalytic performances for the OCM. In this study, a series of solid acid WO₃/TiO₂-supported lithium-manganese oxide catalysts for OCM were synthesized via the impregnation method. The impacts of diverse compositions, such as the individual contents (Li and Mn) and dual contents (Li-Mn), on the OCM were investigated in detail, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, CO₂-temperature-programmed desorption, O₂-temperature-programmed desorption, H₂-temperature-programmed reduction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and CH₄-temperature-programmed surface reaction. The addition of Li content to the catalyst not only led to the anatase-to-rutile crystal structure transformation of TiO₂, and the reduction of the high-valence-state Mn species to low-valence-state Mn, but also increased the content of surface lattice oxygen and decreased the surface basicity. The observed effects on the structures and catalytic performance suggest that the Li content is helpful in suppressing the formation of completely oxidized CO₂, and increases the C₂ selectivity. Moreover, increasing the Li content of the catalyst facilitated the mobility of the lattice oxygen, which triggered the promotion of CH₄ activation, thereby enhancing the OCM catalytic performance. The Mn content acted as the active sites for OCM; therefore, the performance of the catalyst was closely related to the Mn concentration and valence state. However, the WO₃/TiO₂-supported catalyst with excessive Mn content exhibited a high surface basicity, high valence state of Mn, and low abundant lattice oxygen, which was unfavorable for C₂ selectivity. The Raman spectroscopy results revealed that MnTiO₃ was formed due to the co-existence of Li and Mn on WO₃/TiO₂, and played an essential role in improving the low-temperature OCM performance. There was a synergic effect of the Li and Mn components on the OCM. The optimal performance (16.3% C₂ yield) was achieved over the WO₃/TiO₂-supported lithium-manganese catalyst with n(Li) : n(Mn) = 2 : 1 at 750 ℃.     

Effect of methane co-feeding on the selectivity of ethylene produced from oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane with CO2 over a Ni-La/SiO2 catalyst

A Ni-La/SiO₂ catalyst was prepared through the incipient wetness impregnation method and tested in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) with CO₂. The fresh and used catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM techniques. The Ni-La/SiO₂ catalyst exhibited catalytic activity for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane, but with low ethylene selectivity in the absence of methane. The selectivity to ethylene increased with increasing molar ratio of methane in the feed. The carbon deposited on the catalyst surface in the sole ODHE with CO₂ was mainly inert carbon, while much more filamentous carbon was formed in the presence of methane. The filamentous carbon was easy to be removed by CO₂, which might play a role in improving the conversion of ethane to ethylene. The introduction of methane might affect the equilibrium of the CO₂ reforming of ethane and the ODHE with CO₂. As a consequence, the synthesis gas produced from CO₂ reforming of methane partly inhibited the reaction of ethane and promoted the ODHE with CO₂, thus increasing the selectivity of ethylene.     

MCl2-TiO2-SnO2 (M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) 催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反应性能的研究

选用不同的碱土金属氯化物为原料,采用共研磨的方法制备出了具有不同表面碱性的MCl2-TiO2-SnO2(M=Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)催化剂,并考察了催化剂的甲烷氧化偶联反应性能.通过N2吸脱附(BET)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,随碱土金属元素的不同,催化剂呈现出了强弱不同的碱性吸附位.催化剂表面的碱性对活化甲烷具有促进作用,同时也带来乙烯深度氧化副反应的发生.碱量越大的弱碱性吸附位对甲烷的活化越有利,而强碱性吸附位则能导致催化剂活性降低,甚至是催化剂失活.乙烯的选择性与催化剂表面晶格氧的相对浓度密切相关.表面晶格氧的相对浓度较高的催化剂,其乙烯选择性也较大.     

纳米Cr2O3系列催化剂上CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应

 采用溶胶－凝胶法和共沸蒸馏法耦合技术制备了纳米Cr2O3催化剂，并采用共沉淀法和共沸蒸馏法耦合技术制备了纳米Cr2O3／Al2O3，Cr2O3／ZrO2和Cr2O3／MgO复合催化剂．应用BET，XRD，XPS，TPR和TEM等物理化学方法对催化剂的结构和物化性质进行了表征，并考察了该系列催化剂上CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯的反应性能．结果表明，纳米Cr2O3催化剂上乙烷和CO2的转化率均明显高于常规Cr2O3催化剂，但乙烯的选择性低于常规Cr2O3催化剂；纳米复合催化剂中的复合成分显著影响催化剂的催化性能．其中，10％Cr2O3／MgO纳米复合催化剂在温度为973K时，乙烷转化率和乙烯选择性分别可达到61．54％和94．79％．纳米催化剂表面Cr的还原性以及Cr6＋／Cr3＋比值是影响乙烷转化率和乙烯选择性的重要因素．     

在Li2O／MgO上以脉冲法研究甲烷氧化偶联

在Ｌｉ_２Ｏ／ＭｇＯ上以脉冲法研究甲烷氧化偶联戚蕴石，卫上方（华东理工大学工业催化研究所，上海，２００２３７）关键词甲烷氧化偶联，晶格氧，脉冲法对甲烷氧化偶联（ＯＣＭ）的研究已有较多报道［１～４］，对其反应机理的研究亦取得了较大的进展．Ｏｔｓｕｋａ［?..     

THE ROLE OF LATTICE AND GASEOUS OXYGEN ON THE OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE STUDIED BY A PULSE REACTION TECHNIQUE

A comparative study of the role of lattice and gaseous oxygen in theoxidative coupling of methane over Na~ /Cao and Ca_xSr_(1-x)TiO_3 perovskiteoxide catalysts was performed by using a pulse reaction technique with CH_4,O_2 and mixtures of CH_4and O_2.It was found that there is an oxygen species onthe Surface of Cao which is active only for the total oxidation of methane at thereaction temperature.These oxygen species.once reacted with methane andconsumed,can be regenerated by the adsorption of oxygen molecules from thegas phase or by the migration of the lattice oxysen from the bulk onto thesurface.In contrast,no such oxygen species and no reaction can be detected bymethane pulsed over Ca_xSr_(1-x)TiO_3perovskite oxide catalysts.Na~ can heavilysuppress the non-selective oxygen species on the surface,and When 5mol%Na~ was incorporated onto the surface of Cao,the sample showed no reactivityto methane.When oxygen exists in the gas phase,or the pulse containsmethane and oxygen,the reaction over(Cao is mai     

甲烷氧化偶联锂/氧化镁催化剂和纳米催化剂

The Li/MgO catalyst and nanocatalyst were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation and sol-gel method, respectively. The catalytic performance of the Li/MgO catalyst and nanocatalyst on oxidative coupling of methane was compared. The catalysts prepared in two ways were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface and transmission electron microscope. The catalyst was tested at temperature of 973-1073 K with constant total pressure of 101 kPa. Experimental results showed that Li/MgO nanocatalyst in the oxidative coupling of methane would result in higher conversion of methane, higher selectivity, and higher yield of main products (ethane and ethylene) compared to ordinary catalyst. The results show the improved influence of nanoscale Li/MgO catalyst performance on oxidative coupling of methane.     

CH bond activation in the presence or absence of oxygen or nitrous oxide

The reaction of C₂H₆with lattice oxygen, O^2- (in the absence of gaseous oxygen), or “adsorbedℍ oxygen (in the presence of gaseous oxygen) over NiMoO₄ catalysts has been performed and compared to C₃H₈ activation. The results obtained indicate that adsorbed oxygen exhibits a higher reactivity to C₂H₆, while lattice oxygen is more reactive relative to C₃H₈. Kinetic studies of these two reactions in presence of molecular oxygen have indeed shown that the ethane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) is dependent on the oxygen partial pressure, whilst on the contrary propane ODH is not. In order to confirm the presence of “adsorbed” oxygen for ethane activation, ODH tests have been performed with N₂O. On increasing temperature, the O^- adsorbed species enhances the mild oxidation of ethane. The activation energy of ethane consumption E_C2H6, relative to propane (E_C3H8 = 133 kJ/mol) is 145 kJ/mol. A possible mechanism is proposed for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

稀土Pr_6O_(11)表面上低碳烃氧化反应的原位FT-IR研究

前文报道了CO与Pr_6O_(11)表面反应的结果.已发表的关于烃类与氧化物表面反应的研究,旨在了解烃类的活化和表面氧化机理,而且大部分工作都是在过渡金属氧化物上进行的.近年来的研究表明,稀土氧化物将是有潜力的甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯的催化剂,在消除环境污染的烃类完全氧化催化剂中,稀土氧化物也常被用作助剂或活性组分,但对于稀土氧化物本身的催化表面研究尚不多见.作者曾较系统地研究了CeO_2的表面催化性质,发现表面上存在多种氧物种,这些氧物种与烃类的反应活性差异很     

甲烷在CaO—Li—CeO2催化剂上氧化偶联反应宏观动力学

本文报导在CaO-Li-CeO_2催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应的宏观动力学。在893-973K温度范围内测出了甲烷氧化偶联反应产物的生成速度及其对甲烷及氧分压的反应级数。根据这些数据计算出了甲烷转化和相应产物生成的表观活化能E。在此基础上对反应机理进行了初步探讨。     

MgO、Al_2O_3、SiO_2催化剂上湿天然气中乙烷氧化脱氢的研究(英文)

研究了ＭｇＯ、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２催化剂对湿天然气中乙烷氧化脱氢反应的影响，发现ＭｇＯ对乙烷脱氢有较好的活性，７００Ｃ时，Ｃ２Ｈ４选择性达４１．８５％，收率达１８．７５％。考察了催化剂酸碱性对反应的影响，适当碱性的催化剂有利于反应的进行，催化剂活性顺序与碱性大小顺序相一致为ＭｇＯ＞Ａｌ２Ｏ３＞ＳｉＯ２。催化剂活性顺序与其晶格氧流动性有顺应关系。