含氮D-A加合物的自然杂化轨道研究

采用无参数Fenske-Hall资洽场分子轨道方法计算了氨的三类给予-接受型(D-A)加合物:氢键和锂键型H~3N-AX(A=H,Li;X=F,CI).孤对-空位型H~3N-BX~3(X=H,F,CI,Br)和孤对-σ型H~3N-XX'(X,X'=F,CI)的电子结构. 利用所得波函数对上述体系进行了自然杂轨道分析,给出了三类加合物D-A作用的定域图象. 将分子价的概念推广D-A作用体系的研究,结果表明,在形成D-A加合物时,氨分子价的增量与D-A作用强度呈单调变化,进而提出了用分子价来衡量加合物中D-A相互作用的强弱, 指出了它们相互作用的共通特征在于使分子价的不饱和性得到补偿.     

含氮D-A加合物的自然杂化轨道研究

采用无参数Fenske-Hall资洽场分子轨道方法计算了氨的三类给予-接受型(D-A)加合物:氢键和锂键型H~3N-AX(A=H,Li;X=F,CI).孤对-空位型H~3N-BX~3(X=H,F,CI,Br)和孤对-σ型H~3N-XX'(X,X'=F,CI)的电子结构. 利用所得波函数对上述体系进行了自然杂轨道分析,给出了三类加合物D-A作用的定域图象. 将分子价的概念推广D-A作用体系的研究,结果表明,在形成D-A加合物时,氨分子价的增量与D-A作用强度呈单调变化,进而提出了用分子价来衡量加合物中D-A相互作用的强弱, 指出了它们相互作用的共通特征在于使分子价的不饱和性得到补偿.     

三氧化硫分子杂化轨道的探讨

分别选用量子化学从头算MP2、QCISD、CCSD法和密度泛函B3LYP方法,在6-311++G(3df,3pd)基组水平下对SO_3分子的结构进行了优化比较,结果显示QCISD/6-311++G(3df,3pd)条件下的计算结果最优。在此条件下,用自然键轨道理论(NBO)对SO_3分子的杂化轨道、杂化方式、离域π键进行了研究。结果表明S原子采取sp~2等性杂化,杂化后形成含3对电子的sp~2轨道和1个空的3p_z轨道,O原子采取sp~3不等性杂化。S与O原子之间的σ键为S→O配位键,3个O原子各1对2p_z孤对电子与S原子的3p_z空轨道形成π_4~6离域π键。Mayer键级显示S=O键级为1.77,呈现明显的双键特性。     

分子轨道的差分方程法

对于分子轨道的计算,提出了差分方程法,即将轨道系数α看成为原子编号q(或坐标)的函数,并称此函数α=f(q)为轨道载波。由此,可将轨道系数的联立方程组转变成以载波α=f(q)为未知函数的差分力程,解差分方程的边值问题可求得轨道载波和轨道能级。对直链和单环形共轭分子,其差分方程为(α-E)f(q)+β[f(q+1)+f(q-1)]=0 α,β和E分别为原子的库仑积分,成键两原子间的交换积分和分子轨道能量。根据不同的边界条件,对于由n个碳原子为骨架组成的直链共轭烯烃和正n边形共轭烯烃用此法进行计算,求得的轨道系数公式和能级公式与已知结果相符。     

双核簇合物M~2S~2(μ-S)~2(dtp)~2(M=Mo,W)的电子结构及元件组装活性的abinitio研究

本文对双核簇合物M~2S~2(μ-S)~2(dtp)~2(M=Mo, W)及其簇芯碎片M~2S~4^2^+进行了相对论赝势从头算和Boys定域化分子轨道计算, 根据所计算的正则分子轨道(CMO)和定域分子轨道(LMO)以及Mulliken布居分析, 探讨了作为簇元元件的M~2S~4(dtp)~2的成键性质和电子结构, 利用广义微扰理论, 定性分析了M~2S~4^2^+型簇合物的元件组装活性位和活性区, 研究了它们发生[2+1]=3和[2+2]=4型元件组装的成簇机理。     

用分子片轨道逐步剔除法研究电子离域

估计分子中不同类型的电子离域作用（如p-π → d-π和p-π → σ~*）的相 对强弱对理解分子中化学键的本质有关键的作用。剔除某一分子片轨道（d-π或σ ~*）后分子体系能量的改变可用来计算电子离域到该轨道的离域能。由于轨道之间 的相互作用,使离域能的计算与轨道剔除的次序有关。为克服这种不确定性,可以 逐步轮流增加某一对特定轨道（d-π和σ~*）的库仑积分,以使这对轨道在分子波 函数中的比重逐步减少,即将这对轨道轮流逐步剔除。这样可将轨道间的相互影响 减小以至消除,从而得到各轨道的精确的离域能。以H_3PO中P-O键为例说明了轨道 逐步剔除方法的应用。     

邻近C-H键对中心金属原子的配位作用—[Fe(PH3)3(C8H13)]+的定域分子轨道研究

采用INDO方法计算了{Fe[P(OMe)_3]_3(C_8H_(13))}~+的简化离子[Fe(PH_3)_3(C_8H_(13))]~+,将正则分子轨道用Edmiston-Ruedenberg定域化方法变换为定域分子轨道,结果表明:在对应C_1-H_(1A)键的定域分子轨道中,明显包含有铁原子轨道成分(7.8％),Fe-H_(1A)和Fe—C_1键级分别为0.190和0.302。指出C_1-H_(1A)键是以一对成键σ电子配位到铁原子上的。C_8H_(13)环以包含三个碳原子的η~4—共轭体系与铁原子相互作用。铁以二价(d~6-Fe(Ⅱ)的形式存在于该离子中。C_1-H_(1A)键的配位满足了文献[15]提出的Fe(Ⅱ)的共价12价。     

含双键有机小分子的定域分子轨道的研究

选择22种具有双键的有机小分子(含C、H、O和N原子)作模型分子,应用ab initioSTO-3G和Foster-Boys定域化分子轨道程序,对它们的定域分子轨道进行了研究,得到了定域分子轨道能量,确定了相应分子轨道间的相互作用。对烯类分子的光电子能谱进行了分析,结果较为满意。     

从头计算法研究取代锂卡宾正离子的分子轨道和稳定化能

用从头计算法计算了各种取代的锂卡宾正离子XCHLi⁺(X=OH,NH₂,CH₂CH,NC,C₆H₅)相对于锂卡宾正离子CH₂Li⁺的稳定化能,并讨论了稳定化能和它们分子轨道的关系。具有π给予功能的取代基,在其共平面分子构型中,由于和卡宾碳和锂原子空轨道形成二电子多中心共轭分子轨道,因而具有最大的稳定作用。相反,在相应的正交构型中,稳定作用则较小。同时具有π给予和σ接受效应的取代基,π给予起主导作用。仅有σ接受功能的取代基,则有去稳定作用。考察它们的LUMO特点,发现它们具有较高的亲电反应性能。     

由NO分子从头计算结果和紫外光电子能谱确定NO的分子结构

对于NO分子轨道的能级次序现有两种不同的说法,不少人根据NO与O_2~+是等电子体,由O_2~+分子的能级次序确定NO分子组态。本文用NO和O_2~(+)从头计算结果以及NO的紫外光电子能谱相结合的方法说明NO的5σ轨道是弱成键轨道,5σ的轨道能稍高于1π轨道能,也就是说NO的能级次序是与N_2分子相同的;NO与O_2~+虽是等电子体,但是能级次序并不相同,因此由O_2~+的能级次序确定NO分子的电子组态是不妥的。     

SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SOME 2-THIENYL- AND 2-THENOYL-DERIVATIVES OF THIAZOLE AND THIADIAZOLINE AND THEIR SELENIUM ANALOGS

Abstract

2-(Thiocyanatoacetyl)thiophene 2 and its selenium analog 3 couple with diazotized anilines and yield 3-aryl-2-imino-5-(2-thenoyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazoles 6 and 3-aryl-2-imino-5-(2-thenoyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-selenadiazoles 7 respectively. The reactions of both 6 and 7 with nitrous acid, acetic anhydride and benzoyl chloride are described. Azo coupling of 2-amino-4-(2-thienyl)thiazole 17 and its selenazole analog 18 with diazotized anilines yielded the arylazo derivatives 19 and 20 respectively. Reaction of the hydrazidoyl bromide 16 with potassium thiocyanate, potassium selenocyanate, thiourea and selenourea yields 6, 7, 19, and 20 respectively.     

PHOTOLYSIS AND RADIOLYSIS OF NITROMETHANE AND NITROETHANE

Abstract— Prolonged photolysis of nitromethane and nitroethane in liquid and vapour phases, with simultaneous photolysis of the nitrogen dioxide formed, was studied in the absence and presence of cupric oxide. A high-pressure quartz immersion lamp providing the full range of visible and u.v. spectrum, with a high output of radiation at 366 and 313 mμ, was employed as source of light. The products of photolysis were detected by microanalytical methods, infrared-absorption spectrum analysis and gas chromatography. Photolysis of liquid nitro-alkanes resulted in formation of many compounds; saturated hydrocarbons, and in the case of nitroethane, ethylene, were submitted to detailed examination. Photolysis in the vapour phase was carried out in a specially designed glass apparatus. The main products were nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes and polyaldehydes; hydrocarbons were not estimated.
Liquid nitromethane and nitroethane were also irradiated with γ-rays from a ⁶⁰Co source. The radiolysis products were similiar to those obtained on photolysis. The mechanism of photolytic decomposition of nitroalkanes is proposed and discussed.     

SURFACE ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY AND THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL NATURE OF HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC INTERACTIONS

The attractive Interactions between typically hydrophobic molecules such as hexane or CCl₄, and the repulsive Interactions between extremely hydrophilic molecules such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), when immersed in water, as well as the interactions between these molecules and water, have been examined from a surface thermodynamic viewpoint, taking the changes in surface free energy into account, as a function of temperature. It was found that attractive hydrophobic Interactions are not, as vas generally believed up to now, invariably entropic. Hydrophobic Interactions can be mainly enthalpic or mainly entropic, or more or less equal mixtures of both, depending on each individual case; however, all hydrophobic interactions are polar (in the sense of Lewis acid-base) in nature. Repulsive hydrophilic interactions are enthalpic, and also polar in nature. The interaction between hydrophobic solutes and water is mainly enthalpic, and is apolar in nature.     

生物质热解、加氢热解及其与煤共热解的热重研究

在加压热天平上用非等温热重法进行生物质（锯末、稻壳）在Ｎ２气氛下的热解和加氢热解研究。考察了升温速率（５～２５℃／ｍｉｎ）和压力（０．１～７ＭＰａ）的影响，求取了热解动力学参数，并研究了生物质与煤在常压Ｎ２气下的共热解过程。研究结果表明：生物质在４００℃左右即完成热解反应，总失重率大于７０％（Ｗ％，ｄａｆ．），热解时仅一个峰位于３００℃左右；与煤热解行为相同，随升温速率及压力的升高，转化率下降，ＤＴＧ峰移向高温，但由于热解反应在较低温度下进行，氧气的存在对生物质热解ＴＧ和ＤＴＧ的影响远小于煤热解。证明生物质热解以其内部氢对自由基的饱和及分子重排反应为主。生物质热解可用一级反应动力学处理，主要热解阶段及表现活化能分别为：锯末，２６７～３１４℃，６９．６６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；稻壳，２８３～３１０℃，５３．４５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；生物质由于与煤的热分解温度相差很大，因而在其共热解过程中无协同作用。     

CHLOROPHYLL a AND CAROTENOID AGGREGATES AND ENERGY MIGRATION IN MONOLAYERS AND THIN FILMS

Abstract— The spectra of absorption, fluorescence and excitation of monolayers and thin films containing chlorophyll a together with a carotenoid (cis-β-carotene, trans-β-carotene, fucoxanthin, or zeaxanthin), were measured at — 196°C. The concentration ratios used, (Chl)/(Car), were 6:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:3, and the area densities, 3·70, 2·55, 1·76, 0·71, 0·37 and 0·17 nm²/pigment molecule. In dilute monolayers, (3·70 nm²/molecule), with a constant concentration ratio (Chl)/(Car) = 3:1, evidence of three β-carotene forms, with absorption bands at 460, 500 and 520 nm (C₄₆₀, C₅₀₀ and C₅₂₀), and of a chlorophyll a form with an absorption band at 669–672 (Chl_669–672) was found. On increasing the density to 0·2–0·3 nm²/molecule, a conversion of C₄₆₀ and C₅₂₀ into C₅₀₀, was observed, and several more additional (probably more strongly aggregated) chlorophyll a forms appeared, with absorption bands at 672–733 nm. With excess carotene [(Chi)/(Car) = 1:3] the forms C₄₆₀, C₅₀₀, C₅₂₀ and Chl_669–672 were present even in the most dense films (0·2–0·3 nm²/molecule). The same was found with other carotenoids: if one of the pigments was in excess, aggregated forms of the other tended to disappear. In the transfer of energy from carotenoids to chlorophyll a, C₅₀₀ was found to be the main donor. In layers with a concentration ratio (Chl)/(Car) = 3:1, the efficiency of transfer was less than 10 per cent at the lowest density used (3·70 nm²/molecule); it increased to 50 per cent, as the density was increased to 0·20 nm²/molecule. When the relative concentration of the carotenoid was increased to (Chl)/(Car) = 1:1, the efficiency of energy transfer dropped to 25 per cent even at 0·20 nm²/molecule. It seems that the efficiency of energy transfer between carotene molecules (prior to its transfer to chlorophyll a) is low, and effective transfer occurs only between β-carotene and immediately adjacent chlorophyll a molecules.     

聚壬酰胺的制备纺丝及结构与性能测定

9-氨基壬酸系从癸二酸经单酯化、氨化和Hofmann重排制得。该单体以10克规模在玻璃管中和以4公斤量在15升聚合釜中,于260℃聚合成聚壬酰胺。聚合物在288℃纺丝,120℃牵伸,得到尼龙-9纤维。测定了聚合物和纤维的结构和多种性能。     

温度及pH敏感N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/β-环糊精水凝胶的合成与性能研究

用顺丁烯二酸酐 (MAH)对具有分子包结能力的 β 环糊精 (β CD)进行化学改性 ,合成出了丁烯二酸单酯化 β CD单体 (MAH β CD) .通过氧化还原自由基引发MAH β CD与N 异丙基丙烯酰胺 (NIPA)聚合 ,合成出含 β CD结构单元的新型水凝胶 .用核磁共振、红外光谱及元素分析对MAH β CD单体及共聚物的结构和组成进行了表征 .溶胀研究结果表明 ,该水凝胶具有较好的pH、温度及离子强度敏感性 ;并且水凝胶在较高羧基(—COOH)含量和弱碱环境中 ,仍能表现出明显的温敏性     

MECHANICS AND THE EVOLUTION AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF CONCHOSTRACAN CARAPACE MECHANICS AND THE EVOLUTION AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF CONCHOSTRACAN CARAPACE

Conchostracans, with a laterally compressed body enclosed between two symmetric valves, live swimming in fresh or brackish water. The carapace valve has a number of growth bands with various sculptures. The general trend of sculptural evolution is from smooth to punctate-minute polygon-medium reticulation-large reticulation, while these punctate, polygonal and various reticulate patterns may separately develop into various radial ridges. The development of sculpture can be well explained by mechanical principle. Functional morphology of carapace is discussed in the light of mechanics in this paper.     

四个酰基硫脲衍生物及其配合物的合成与表征

本文报道了四个Ｎ－酰基硫脲衍生物及其Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｃｄ＾２＋，Ｓｎ＾４＋配合物的合成。用质谱、红外光谱、紫外光谱对它们进行了结构、性质表征。配体与金属离子配位主要是通过硫原子进行，配合物都是非离子型的。