天然活性多糖在生物医药领域中的研究进展

概述了活性多糖的分离纯化、结构表征、结构修饰及在生物医药领域中的应用,并对今后多糖研究前景作了展望。     

An overview on the application of ultrasound in extraction,separation and purification of plant polysaccharides

In view of the recent emphasis on non-conventional chemistry, application of ultrasound in isolation of plant polysaccharides represents a viable alternative to traditional extraction processes. This review presents an extensive literature survey of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from different plant materials, particularly herbal plants and secondary agricultural plant sources. Targeted, multistep methods were applied with respect to differences in the types of polysaccharides and their location in plant cell walls. The effectiveness of the methods was evaluated according to yield and properties of the isolated polysaccharides in comparison to classical extraction methods. Substantial shortening of extraction time, reduction of reagent consumption and/or extraction temperature are the most important advantages of the ultrasonic treatment. In combination with sequential extraction steps using different solvents, sonication was shown to be effective in separation and/or purification of polysaccharides. The disadvantages of the sonication treatment, such as degradation and compositional changes of the polysaccharide preparations are discussed as well.     

色谱技术在肝素结构分析中的研究进展

肝素（heparin, Hp）是目前临床应用最为广泛的抗凝剂,是由重复二糖单元组成的多硫酸化酸性直链多糖。低分子量肝素（LMWHs）是以肝素为原料,经过化学或酶降解获得的相对分子质量相对较小的肝素衍生物,相对肝素,它们的出血副作用和免疫原性更小,皮下注射时生物利用度更高。肝素及低分子量肝素具有一系列结构特点,如相对分子质量偏大且有一定分布,多种糖残基同时存在,硫酸酯位置和数量呈现多样化,以及不同工艺产生的特殊残基的种类和含量不一等。该类药物结构的复杂性对分析方法提出了巨大的挑战,也限制了其质量控制提升、工艺优化、临床用药安全和新适应证拓展等。该文以色谱分析方法为中心,从结构分析的不同角度,包括单糖、二糖、寡糖、多糖的识别、组成分析和不同层次,系统地梳理和阐述近年来肝素类药物在色谱分析方法上的进展,并对这些方法的应用范畴、创新性、局限性等进行总结。该文将为肝素类药物的结构分析、质量控制提供较系统的方法学参考,为更多新方法开发提供思路,为更深入地研究肝素类药物结构、拓展其应用提供有力支撑。     

Comparisons of Isolation Methods,Structural Features,and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress

Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.     

Glycosynthases as tools for the production of glycan analogs of natural products

Oligo-, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates are a relevant part of the bioactive components of the natural products exploited in therapeutics, diagnostics, food additives, and biomaterials. Glycans are directly involved in important biological processes, such as immunostimulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemoprotectant actions and/or are crucial for their activity, by modulating target recognition, stability, and pharmacokinetics. On the other hand, carbohydrate extracts used for functional studies are rather heterogeneous and lack structural information because of their intrinsic complexity hampering purification and characterization. Therefore, methods for glycoside synthesis and modification are urgently needed. Recently, glycosynthases, engineered glycoside hydrolases with no hydrolytic activity that synthesize glycans in quantitative yields, were introduced. Here we will illustrate how the glycosynthases described so far might be exploited for the production of glycan analogs of natural products and their enormous potential in this field.     

加压毛细管电色谱法高效分离分析葛根多糖中的单糖

葛根多糖具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤等众多生物活性,对葛根多糖进行单糖组成分析对其活性研究具有重要意义。该研究利用响应面分析法考察了超声辅助提取法中液料比、超声温度、超声时间和超声功率对葛根多糖提取率的交互影响,并拟合数据得到多元二次回归方程。同时建立了柱前衍生加压毛细管电色谱检测糖类的方法,对分离8种中性单糖的色谱条件进行了探索与优化,并将此方法应用于两种葛根实际样品的单糖组成测定。响应面分析结果表明,4个试验因素中,超声温度对两种葛根多糖提取率的影响程度最大,其次为液料比,超声时间和超声功率影响程度较小。结合软件预测分析得到的最佳条件及设备实际情况,确定葛根多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：超声温度90℃,粉葛多糖液料比20 mL/g,柴葛多糖液料比40 mL/g,超声时间30 min,超声功率180 W。优化后的色谱分离条件为：采用Halo-2.7 μm核壳型C18填料毛细管色谱柱,以乙腈-50 mmol/L pH 4.1的醋酸铵水溶液（18：82,v/v）为流动相,在250 nm波长下检测,施加电压-20 kV。在此条件下可以实现24 min内对葡萄糖等8种中性单糖衍生物的快速分离,相比传统液相色谱方法大大提升了分离检测速度和分离柱效。方法学考察表明此方法具有较好的线性关系和良好的重复性。对实际样品分离鉴定表明,粉葛多糖主要由葡萄糖、甘露糖、鼠李糖和岩藻糖组成,4种单糖物质的量之比为1.00：0.16：0.14：0.07;柴葛多糖主要由葡萄糖和甘露糖组成,2种单糖物质的量之比为1.00：0.70。该研究为单糖化合物快速高效分离检测提供了新方法,并为葛根多糖单糖组成分析提供了参考。     

In-source fragmentation and analysis of polysaccharides by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry

In order to develop a robust and easy-to-use technique for characterization of bacterial polysaccharides, a pseudo-hydrolysis strategy was investigated. Based on in-source collision-induced dissociation, polysaccharide molecular ions were fragmented within the orifice-skimmer region of an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer. The fragment ions thus generated were then analyzed similarly to the conventional ESI mass spectrometry approach. MS/MS scanning was applied to obtain product-ion spectra of the primary fragments for sequencing. To further improve the sensitivity and separation of polysaccharides from other components in the samples, a pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) system was employed. Using bacterial polysaccharides as model compounds, the mass spectra obtained for polysaccharide repeating units generated through chemical hydrolysis and in-source fragmentation were directly compared, both in positive and negative ion modes. With the additional separation of impurities provided by CE, the success of this technique has been demonstrated for structural analysis of O-chain polysaccharides (O-PS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS). In-source fragmentation was applied to promote the formation of structurally relevant repeating units of heterogeneous CPS that would remain undetected using conventional ESI conditions. This approach was proven to be particularly useful for probing the subtle structural differences in monosaccharide composition and functionalities arising across bacterial serotypes.     

Chromatographic analysis of plant sterols in foods and vegetable oils.

This paper reviews recently published chromatographic methods for the analysis of plant sterols in various sample matrices with emphasis on vegetable oils. An overview of structural complexities and biological/nutritional aspects including hypocholesterolemic activities of phytosterols is provided in the Section 1. The principal themes of the review highlight the development and application of chromatographic techniques for the isolation, purification, separation and detection of the title compounds. Pertinent gas chromatographic and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods from the literature are tabulated to illustrate common trends and methodological variability. The review also covers specific analyses of natural/synthetic standard mixtures to shed light on potential applicability in plant sample assays. Examples of combined chromatographic techniques linked in tandem for the analysis of complex samples are included. Elution characteristics of sterol components are discussed in the context of analyte substituent effects, structural factors and stationary/mobile phase considerations.     

Separation and purification of aloe polysaccharides by a combination of membrane ultrafiltration and aqueous two-phase extraction

A two-step process was developed for the purification of polysaccharides from the pulp of Aloe varavia using aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) extraction and a novel copolymer ultrafiltration membrane. The first step was ATPS under optimal separations conditions using a total composition of 18% PEG2000, 25% ammonium sulfate, pH 3.0, and 0.3 M NaCl. To form the copolymer membrane, poly(acrylonitrile-acrylamide-styrene) was prepared by solution polycondensation using azoisobutyronitrile as initiator. Then, membranes were formed from the dissolved copolymer by the phase inversion method. Copolymer structure was investigated by infrared spectrum and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The copolymer membrane surface and cross section were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The water flux of this membrane was 26.33 mL/(cm² h), and retention was 96% for bovine serum albumin and 34% for dextran T40000. The separation and purification of aloe polysaccharide were carried using this copolymer membrane following ATPS. The TGA of aloe polysaccharide demonstrated a high purity of the polysaccharide. By gas chromatographic analysis, it was shown that mannose is the main monosaccharide in the aloe polysaccharide, and only a few glucose residues are present.     

高效液相色谱/质谱联用技术在天然来源生物活性成分快速识别中的应用

天然来源生物活性成分是药物先导分子的重要源泉之一,它们种类繁多,结构复杂多样,逐一分离提取纯化然后进行结构分析鉴定的这一传统植物化学(天然药物化学)研究模式尽管已沿袭多年,但往往费时费力,目标性不强,且常常忽略含量甚少的微量成分.高效液相色谱及多级质谱联用技术(HPLC/MSn)兼顾了色谱的高效分离能力和质谱的强大定性功能,为天然生物活性成分的分析研究提供了新途径.本文总结了我们课题组近年来对糖苷、植物酚类以及酰胺类生物碱等几类天然有效成分的分析研究进展:应用HPLC/MSn联用技术在线分析鉴定多种天然来源的已知成分,快速筛选出多种未知成分,并运用多级质谱技术获得未知成分的结构信息,为快速准确发现新的目标结构提供靶向指导.这一研究方法的应用,突破了传统分离分析的束缚,为现代植物化学或天然药物化学研究提供了新思路.     

改进的PMP柱前衍生化方法用于单糖的组成分析

用氨水替代NaOH溶液, 反应后氨水可通过减压干燥除去, 这样不仅简化了衍生化反应的后处理过程, 而且不影响衍生物的质谱分析, 省去了质谱分析前的脱盐处理过程. 本研究建立了5种常见单糖的分析分离模式, 对其进行质谱分析, 用所建立的方法对标准二糖及3种多糖样品中的单糖组成进行了分析, 取得了满意的结果.     

Novel affinity chromatographic system for the single-step purification of glycosaminoglycans from complex systems using volatile buffers

A new system for the isolation and purification of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and related molecules from complex systems such as plasma is described. Affinity chromatography which exploits the very high affinity between the polymeric base Polybrene and sulphated polysaccharides was used. A novel volatile buffer system composed of ammonium formate and formic acid, which allows the complete recovery of samples, was developed, and elution conditions were optimised for the separation and purification of GAGs of different charge densities. Using this system the losses associated with dialysis and desalting, frequently necessary preliminaries to further analysis, are avoided.     

低分子量硫酸化多糖的体积排阻色谱法分离及其组成定量分析

建立了用于分离并定量测定低分子量硫酸化多糖中不同糖链数的各个组分分布比例的体积排阻色谱方法。系统考察了流动相的组成、离子强度和pH值、流速、柱温等因素对分离的影响。最佳分离条件: 两支TSK-GEL G2000 SWxl色谱柱(300 mm×7.8 mm)串联,流动相100 mmol/L Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 (pH 7.0),流速0.5 mL/min,柱温35 ℃,进样量5 μL,样品质量浓度10 g/L。在最佳的分离条件下,可以将低分子量硫酸化多糖样品中不同糖链数的各个组分分离并对各个组分的分布进行了定量分析。用该方法对美国药典标准品(USP)、商品和实验室制备的低分子量硫酸化多糖糖链数分布进行了定量化比较,证明该方法可用于低分子量硫酸化多糖类药物的组成成分的质量控制。     

Biocompatible channels for field-flow fractionation of biological samples: correlation between surface composition and operating performance

Biocompatible methods capable of rapid purification and fractionation of analytes from complex natural matrices are increasingly in demand, particularly at the forefront of biotechnological applications. Field-flow fractionation is a separation technique suitable for nano-sized and micro-sized analytes among which bioanalytes are an important family. The objective of this preliminary study is to start a more general approach to field-flow fractionation for bio-samples by investigation of the correlation between channel surface composition and biosample adhesion. For the first time we report on the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to study the surface properties of channels of known performance. By XPS, a polar hydrophobic environment was found on PVC material commonly used as accumulation wall in gravitational field-flow fractionation (GrFFF), which explains the low recovery obtained when GrFFF was used to fractionate a biological sample such as Staphylococcus aureus. An increase in separation performance was obtained first by conditioning the accumulation wall with bovine serum albumin and then by using the ion-beam sputtering technique to cover the GrFFF channel surface with a controlled inert film. XPS analysis was also employed to determine the composition of membranes used in hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF FlFFF). The results obtained revealed homogeneous composition along the HF FlFFF channel both before and after its use for fractionation of an intact protein such as ferritin.     

分子印迹技术在天然产物有效成分分离纯化中的应用

天然产物体系复杂,大分子和小分子、生命和非生命物质共存,多存在结构相近的异构体,且有效成分含量低,采用一般的分离方法富集难度较大。分子印迹技术是制备高选择性分离介质的有效技术手段,分子印迹聚合物(MIP)的选择性强,分离操作简单,在各种分离纯化中展现了良好的应用前景。本文对近年来分子印迹技术在天然产物活性组分(如生物碱、甾体、多元酚、黄酮等)的分离纯化中的应用进行了综述,并介绍了本课题组利用MIP从天然产物中分离纯化莽草酸等活性成分的研究进展。     

膜分离天然气脱水蒸汽技术的研究现状

天然气脱水蒸汽是天然气净化过程中的必要环节,选择合适的脱水蒸汽技术和工艺至关重要。本文首先简要概述了新兴的膜分离天然气脱水蒸汽方法的特点,然后介绍了膜分离性能的表征参数及测试、膜组件设计及操作条件的选择,重点介绍了近年来膜分离甲烷脱水蒸汽技术中的聚合物膜材料、沸石分子筛膜材料,最后展望了金属有机骨架材料的应用潜力以及天然气脱水蒸汽技术未来的发展趋势。     

Fast Ion Transport and Phase Separation in a Mechanically Driven Flow of Electrolytes through Tortuous Sub‐Nanometer Nanochannels

Both nanostructured materials and nanotubes hold tremendous promises for separation and purification applications, such as water desalination. By using molecular dynamics, herein, we compare the transport of aqueous electrolyte solutions through a Y‐zeolite, which features interconnected, tortuous sub‐nanometer nanopores, and a model silica nanotube, which has the same composition but is straight and has much lower surface complexity. In the Y‐zeolite, ion transport is faster than the transport of water molecules, thus leading to a phenomenon of phase separation in which a gradient of salt concentration is generated along the flow direction. However, similar transport characteristics and phase separation are not found in the model silica nanotube. Detailed analysis suggests that, in nanochannels with complicated geometries, such as those of the Y‐zeolite, the structural and flow characteristics of confined nanofluids are highly coupled, thus influencing the transport of ions and solvents and causing the phenomenon of phase separation.     

Methodology for dyes purification by preparative bidimensional offline reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation based on mobile phase pH change: Case study of Justicia spicigera

The extensive characterization of the natural dyes involves the purification of their colored compounds for their structural analysis and stability studies. As most natural compounds being ionizable, herein is presented the optimization of an easy and affordable preparative bidimensional offline reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography purification based on mobile phase pH change. At the analytical scale, several combinations of stationary phases and mobile phases at different pH values were investigated first. The orthogonality between the dimensions was quantitatively evaluated using the nearest-neighbor distance approach. The optimized separation method was transferred to the preparative scale for the successful isolation of two colored compounds from Justicia spicigera, a traditional dye plant from Central America. They were identified as perisbivalvine B (2-amino-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one) and one of its derivatives, also found in another tinctorial plant species, Peristrophe bivalvis growing in Asia.     

基于部分酸水解-亲水作用色谱-质谱的黄芪多糖结构表征

来自中药的水溶性多糖具有广谱治疗和低毒性特点,是天然药物及保健品研发中的重要组成部分。针对中药多糖结构复杂、难以表征的问题,本文以中药黄芪中的多糖为研究对象,采用"自下而上"法完成对黄芪多糖的表征。首先使用部分酸水解方法水解黄芪多糖,分别考察了水解时间、酸浓度和温度的影响。在适宜条件(4 h、1.5 mol/L三氟乙酸、80 ℃)下,黄芪多糖被水解为特征性的寡糖片段。接下来,采用亲水作用色谱与质谱联用对黄芪多糖部分酸水解产物进行分离和结构表征。结果表明,提取得到的黄芪多糖主要为1→4连接线性葡聚糖,水解得到聚合度4~11的葡寡糖。本研究对其他中药多糖的表征具有一定的示范作用。     

Natural product isolation

Since the 1990s, interest in natural product research has increased considerably. Following several outstanding developments in the areas of separation methods, spectroscopic techniques, and sensitive bioassays, natural product research has gained new attention for providing novel chemical entities. This updated review deals with sample preparation and purification, recent extraction techniques used for natural product separation, liquid-solid and liquid-liquid isolation techniques, as well as multi-step chromatographic operations. It covers examples of papers published since the NPR review 'Modern separation methods' by Marston and Hostettmann,1 with major emphasis on methods developed and the research undertaken since 2000.