298.15K下果糖水溶液中卤化钠单个离子活度系数

利用离子选择性电极和甘汞电极分别测定了NaX+果糖+水体系中的单个离子活度系数和离子平均活度系数.结果表明:基于Debye-Hückel扩展方程和Pitzer方程求得的单个离子活度系数彼此一致;由单个离子加合求得的与直接测定的平均离子活度系数也很一致;随果糖含量的增大,单个离子活度系数减小;在相同混合溶剂(果糖+水)和相等电解质浓度条件下,对于不同的NaX,Na+的活度系数大小顺序为NaFNaClNaBr.基于离子间的相互作用对结果进行了讨论.     

含锂水盐体系热力学性质研究:LiCl-MgCl~2-H~O体系渗透系数和活度系数的等压测定

25℃下,用等压法测定了单盐水溶液(浓度范围分别为0.5-19.8mol.kg^-1,0.3-6.0mol.kg^-1)以及混合水溶液(离子强度范围为0.6-19.4mol.kg^-1)的水活度和渗透系数,同时测定了LiCl的溶解度.该体系的实验等水活度线符合本工作推导出的Zdanovskii规则扩展式,用Gibbs-Duhem方程和改进的Mckay-perring方法计算了单盐和混合盐水溶液的活度系数.由本实验获得的渗透系数拟合了Pitzer单盐和混合作用参数,检验了Pitzer方程对该体系渗透系数、活度系数和溶解度预测的适用性.用Pitzer方程取本工作得到的参数计算的溶解度与文献实验值基本一致.     

含锂水盐体系热力学性质研究:LiCl-MgCl~2-H~O体系渗透系数和活度系数的等压测定

25℃下,用等压法测定了单盐水溶液(浓度范围分别为0.5-19.8mol.kg^-1,0.3-6.0mol.kg^-1)以及混合水溶液(离子强度范围为0.6-19.4mol.kg^-1)的水活度和渗透系数,同时测定了LiCl的溶解度.该体系的实验等水活度线符合本工作推导出的Zdanovskii规则扩展式,用Gibbs-Duhem方程和改进的Mckay-perring方法计算了单盐和混合盐水溶液的活度系数.由本实验获得的渗透系数拟合了Pitzer单盐和混合作用参数,检验了Pitzer方程对该体系渗透系数、活度系数和溶解度预测的适用性.用Pitzer方程取本工作得到的参数计算的溶解度与文献实验值基本一致.     

物理化学教学中是否一定要定义a±?

电解质活度的问题是物理化学中的一个基本问题,涉及的范围较广。而我国现行的《物理化学》教科书中,论述电解质活度定义时,认为电解质在溶液中以离子形式存在,而单独离子的活度和活度系数a_+、a_-、γ_+、γ_-则无法用实验测量。因此需定义能用实验方法测定的电解质平均活度a_±、平均活度系数γ_±及与之有关的平均浓度m_±。     

HCl-HClO_4-H_2O体系中高氯酸活度系数的测定

对盐酸-高氯酸混合体系中盐酸的活度系数已进行了一些研究,但对该体系中高氯酸的活度系数的研究还未见报道。近代发展的离子选择电极为电化学研究提供了方便,可用其组成无液界电池测定一些过去难以用此法测定的电解质溶液的活度系数。我们已用高氯酸根离子选择电极和玻璃电极组成无液界电池测定了高氯酸溶液中高氯酸的活度系数,现在又用该电极体系测定HCl-HClO_4-H_2O体系中高氯酸的活度系数。近期,R.M.派特科威茨等在探讨H~+与Cl~-缔合作用问题时引用了上述体系的盐酸的活度系数资料,而我们将根据     

用超网链(HNC)近似研究唐南平衡

用超网链（ＨＮＣ）近似法研究了离子间势能对唐南平衡的影响，并计算了唐南平衡中的平衡密度，渗透压和唐南电位，计算表明，唐南电位比渗透压对离子间热能更灵敏，使用平均离子活度系数，所得唐南电位很接近于以前的研究，使用原正确的单离子活度系数，所得唐南电位更接近实验值。     

离子电极互为参比连续标准加入法的研究

离子选择电极分析中,为了消除液接电位导致的误差,可利用另一离子电极作为参比电极,只要在试液中保持该离子的活度恒定即可。采用同价态离子电极互作参比电极时,能以标准比较法测定试液中相应离子的活度或浓度比,还可用标准加入法或Gran作图法分别测定相应离子的浓度。标准加入法不必考虑加入的标准液的稀释影响,直接用下式计算。     

含锂水盐体系热力学性质研究——LiCl-MgCl_2-H_2O体系渗透系数和活度系数的等压测定

25℃下,用等压法测定了单盐水溶液(浓度范围分别为0.5—19.8mol·kg~(-1),0.3—6.0mol·kg~(-1))以及混合水溶液(离子强度范围为0.6—19.4mol·kg~(-1))的水活度和渗透系数,同时测定了LiCl的溶解度.该体系的实验等水活度线符合本工作推导出的Zdanovskii规则扩展式.用(Gibbs-Duhem方程和改进的Mckay-Perring方法计算了单盐和混合盐水溶液的潘度系数.由本实验获得的渗透系数拟合了Pitzer单盐和混合作用参数,检验了Pitzer方程对该体系渗透系数、活度系数和溶解度预测的适用性,用Pitzer方程取本工作得到的参数计算的溶解度与文献实验值基本一致.     

用离子选择电极测定尿离子钙

在尿石症的临床与基础研究中,尿离子钙分析能提供有关尿石盐生长和聚积等方面的情况,特别有助于正常尿钙的突发性含钙结石的诊断治疗。目前,尿离子钙的测定最好的方法是离子电极法。但由于尿液成份复杂,相对恒定性差,组分的个体差异大,故电极法的困难在于如何确定钙活度标准校准电极及如何消除尿液中微量组分对测定的干扰。本文介绍应用Jacobson改良的已知添加技术测定尿离子钙的方法。     

金属溶剂萃取的热力学研究(Ⅴ)2-乙基已基膦酸单(2-乙基已基)酯-硫酸钴体系

本文应用简化的Pitzer公式, 计算了CoSO_4-H_2SO_4水相体系各单个离子的活度系数; 并应用经分子间作用力修正的Scatchard-Hildebrand模型计算了2-乙基已基膦酸单(2-乙基已基)酯—硫酸钻萃取体系中有机相各组分的活度系数。     

Meaning and Measurability of Single‐Ion Activities,the Thermodynamic Foundations of pH,and the Gibbs Free Energy for the Transfer of Ions between Dissimilar Materials

Considering the relationship between concentration and vapor pressure (or the relationship between concentration and fugacity) single‐ion activity coefficients are definable in purely thermodynamic terms. The measurement process involves measuring a contact potential between a solution and an external electrode. Contact potentials are measurable by using thermodynamically reversible processes. Extrapolation of an equation to zero concentration and ionic strength enables determination of single‐ion activity coefficients. Single‐ion activities can be defined and measured without using any extra‐thermodynamic assumptions, concepts, or measurements. This method could serve as a gold standard for the validation of extra‐thermodynamic methods for determining single‐ion activities. Furthermore, it places the concept of pH on a thermodynamically solid foundation. Contact potential measurements can also be used to determine the Gibbs free energy for the transfer of ions between dissimilar materials.     

气质联用单离子监测法测定纺织品中1-萘胺和2-萘胺

采用气质联用单离子监测法(SIM)测定纺织品中1-萘胺和2-萘胺，对提取条件进行了优化，采用保留时间和全扫描质谱图定性，特征离子m/z143为监测离子，以其峰面积定量。     

Zur Problematik individueller thermodynamischer Aktivitätskoeffizienten einzelner Ionensorten in Elektrolytlösungen hoher Konzentration

On the Individual Thermodynamic Activity Coefficients of Single Ion Species in Electrolyte Solutions at High Concentrations The individual activity coefficients of the single ion species, which are produced by dissociation of aqueous electrolytes, are necessary for the thermodynamic treatment of equilibrations and processes involving electrolytes. The determination of these values is one of the basic quests of electrochemistry and a controversial topic. This problem is unsolvable using classical thermodynamics. In this paper a mathematical method is shown, which can be used to split the mean activity coefficients into the values for the individual ion species of an electrolyte. For this determination the mean activity coefficients have to be expressed in the power form of equation. The concept based on the adaptation of a product function for the concentration development of the mean activity coefficients to the experimental data and their separation into factor functions of a predefined structure, which represent the concentration development of the individual activity coefficients of the single ion species of the electrolyte. This mathematical method was used to calculate the individual activity coefficients of the single ion species of alkali chlorides, alkaline earth chlorides, alkaline earth perchlorates, hydrohalic acids and alkali hydroxides. In summary, all the calculated single ion activity coefficients are in good agreement with the expected theoretical considerations. A proportionality to the reciprocal diameter of the unhydrated cation is clearly recognizable. The calculated individual activity coefficients correspond in every case with the assumption about their size, which can be reproduced using a variety of electrochemical investigations and experiments.     

Determination of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soil by ion-selective electrode method

The potentiometric measurement of calcium ion activity with a calcium ion electrode and of magnesium ion activity with a divalent cation electrode in the presence of EGTA at pH 7 has been successfully applied to the determination of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soil after the soil sample is extracted with ammonium acetate and the soil extract is evaporated to dryness and ignited. The results obtained by the ion-selective electrode methods are in good agreement with those obtained by the reference methods.     

Thermospray and particle beam liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of coumarin anticoagulants

Positive ion mass spectra were obtained from several coumarin oral anticoagulants (phenprocoumon, warfarin, acenocoumarol and dicoumarol) and derivatives by liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry (LC-TSP-MS) and liquid chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry (LC-EI-MS) to assess the use of LC-MS methods for the determination of these compounds in biological materials. LC-TSP mass spectra showed a single [M + 1]+ ion with no fragmentation; LC-EI mass spectra showed fragment ions which were similar in mass and relative intensities to those obtained by conventional EI-MS. These data should serve as a basis for the development of LC-MS methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of coumarin anticoagulants in biological samples. LC-TSP-MS was applied to the determination of phenprocoumon in a plasma extract from an anticoagulated patient.     

Automatic simultaneous determination of anions and cations in atmospheric aerosols by ion chromatography

The application of an automatic quadruple ion chromatography system for the simultaneous determination of inorganic and organic anions, and inorganic cations in atmospheric aerosol extracts using a total volume of 5 ml is described. The automation of the analysis via a single loading system and analysis by anion isocratic, anion gradient (with and without preconcentration) and cation gradient methods with chemical suppression and conductometric detection is presented. Comparison of anion results obtained by the respective methods is shown.     

Analytical methods for determination of free metal ion concentration, labile species fraction and metal complexation capacity of environmental waters: A review

Different experimental approaches have been suggested in the last few decades to determine metal species in complex matrices of unknown composition as environmental waters. The methods are mainly focused on the determination of single species or groups of species.The more recent developments in trace elements speciation are reviewed focusing on methods for labile and free metal determination.Electrochemical procedures with low detection limit as anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and the competing ligand exchange with adsorption cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-AdCSV) have been widely employed in metal distribution studies in natural waters. Other electrochemical methods such as stripping chronopotentiometry and AGNES seem to be promising to evaluate the free metal concentration at the low levels of environmental samples. Separation techniques based on ion exchange (IE) and complexing resins (CR), and micro separation methods as the Donnan membrane technique (DMT), diffusive gradients in thin-film gels (DGT) and the permeation liquid membrane (PLM), are among the non-electrochemical methods largely used in this field and reviewed in the text. Under appropriate conditions such techniques make possible the evaluation of free metal ion concentration.     

Quantitative micro-analysis of metal ions in subcellular compartments of cultured dopaminergic cells by combination of three ion beam techniques

Quantification of the trace element content of subcellular compartments is a challenging task because of the lack of analytical quantitative techniques with adequate spatial resolution and sensitivity. Ion beam micro-analysis, using MeV protons or alpha particles, offers a unique combination of analytical methods that can be used with micrometric resolution for the determination of chemical element distributions. This work illustrates how the association of three ion beam analytical methods, PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission), BS (backscattering spectrometry), and STIM (scanning transmission ion spectrometry), allows quantitative determination of the trace element content of single cells. PIXE is used for trace element detection while BS enables beam-current normalization, and STIM local mass determination. These methods were applied to freeze-dried cells, following a specific cryogenic protocol for sample preparation which preserves biological structures and chemical distributions in the cells. We investigated how iron accumulates into dopaminergic cells cultured in vitro. We found that the iron content increases in dopaminergic cells exposed to an excess iron, with marked accumulation within distal ends, suggesting interaction between iron and dopamine within neurotransmitter vesicles. Increased iron content of dopaminergic neurons is suspected to promote neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease.     

同时测定无机离子的改良离子色谱法在河水和废水质量监控中的应用（英文）

In this study,our recent work on advanced ion chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of inorganic ionic species such as common anions(SO2-4,Cl-and NO-3) and cations(Na+,NH+4,K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+),nutrients(phosphate and silicate) and hydrogen ion/alkalinity are summarized first.Then,the applications using these methods for monitoring environmental water quality are also presented.For the determination of common anions and cations with nutrients,the separation was successfully performed by a polymethacrylate-based weakly acidic cation-exchange column of TSKgel Super IC-A/C(Tosoh,150 mm×6.0 mm i.d.) and a mixture solution of 100 mmol/L ascorbic acid and 4 mmol/L 18-crown-6 as acidic eluent with dual detection of conductivity and spectrophotometry.For the determination of hydrogen ion/alkalinity,the separation was conducted by TSKgel ODS-100Z column(Tosoh,150 mm×4.5 mm i.d.) modified with lithium dodecylsulfate and an eluent of 40 mmol/L LiCl/0.1 mmol/L lithium dodecylsulfate/0.05 mmol/L H2SO4 with conductivity detector.The differences of ion concentration between untreated and treated wastewater showed the variation of ionic species during biological treatment process in a sewage treatment plant.Occurrence and distribution of water-quality conditions were related to the bioavailability and human activity in watershed.From these results,our advanced ion chromatographic methods have contributed significantly for water quality monitoring of environmental waters.     

Absolute electrode potential and thermodynamics of single ions

A new method, relating the electrode potential to the radius of the solvated ion on whose activity the potential depends, has been developed for the determination of absolute electrode potentials and the thermodynamics of single ions in solution. It is successfully applied to the cells: Pt|H₂(g, 1 atm)|HX, solvent |AgX|Ag, and M|MX, solvent|AgX|Ag, in aqueous, partially aqueous, and non-aqueous solvents. The absolute electrode potentials have been computed in aqueous and methanol+water solvents. The single ion activities, activity coefficients, the radii of solvated cations, and their solvation extent have been calculated. The temperature variation of the standard absolute potential has been utilized to evaluate the standard thermodynamic functions for the electrode reactions, and the standard transfer thermodynamic quantities of single ions from water to methanolic solvents. The results are interpreted in terms of ion—solvent interactions as well as the structural features and the acid—base properties of these solvents.