An eco-friendly technology for polysaccharide production from logging and sawing waste

A polysaccharide recovery technology was developed with intent to be used in integrated processing of larch biomass waste into practically significant arabinogalactan, pectin, and crystalline glucose suitable for medicinal, food-industry, and agricultural applications. Theoretical aspects were considered for arabinogalactan extraction from larch wood, in which procedure some of individual stages and the entire process cycle of arabinogalactan recovery on a pilot installation were optimized. The possibility of saccharification of larch wood-derived lignocellulosic residue into crystalline glucose was demonstrated. The results of a technological study on pectin polysaccharide isolation from larch bark were reported along with the findings concerning the membrane tropic activity of pectin and ability to form nanobiocomposites via interaction with transition and noble metal ions.     

Structural patterns of rhamnogalacturonans modulating Hsp-27 expression in cultured human keratinocytes

Polysaccharide extracts were obtained from chestnut bran (Castanea sativa), grape marc (Vitis vinifera) and apple marc (Malus spp.) and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography after endopolygalacturonase degradation. Compositional and linkage analyses by GC and GC-MS showed the characteristic rhamnogalacturonan structure with specific arabinan (apple marc) and type II arabinogalactan (chestnut bran, grape marc) side chains. Type II arabinogalactan rhamnogalacturonan from chestnut bran significantly stimulated the in vitro differentiation of human keratinocytes, giving evidence of a tight structure-function relationship. This molecule comprises short and ramified 3- and 3,6-beta- D-galactan and 5- and 3,5-alpha-L-arabinan side chains, but also contains significant amounts of t-Xyl and 4-Xyl with a characteristic 2:1 ratio. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this polysaccharide produced fragments of lower molecular weight with unchanged xylose content which conserved the same ability to stimulate human keratinocyte differentiation. It could be then speculated that dimeric xylosyl-xylose and/or longer oligomeric xylose side chains attached to a galacturonan and closely associated to hairy rhamno-galacturonan domains are essential patterns that could determine the biological activity of pectins.     

Nanobiocomposites of Pharmacophoric Iron and Bismuth Oxides with Arabinogalactan Matrix

Water-soluble nanocomposites with narrow distribution of nanoparticles of pharmacophore bismuth and iron oxides have been obtained. The biopolymer matrix of the arabinogalactan polysaccharide has exhibited strong stabilizing properties with respect to transition metal oxides. The size of the spherical metal oxide nanoparticles has been found of 5–7 nm as per transmission electron microscopy. The exclusion liquid chromatography data have revealed that the change in the molecular mass parameters of arabinogalactan is due to the combined processes of self-assembly of nanocomposites and alkaline decomposition.     

Preparation of new cefazolin-containing films based on chitosan and carboxyarabinogalactan

Preparation of a polyelectrolyte complex of chitosan with the oxidized form of Siberian larch arabinogalactan at the component ratio from 0.05: 1 to 1: 1 was studied by spectrometry and laser scattering. Water-insoluble films based on this complex were prepared. These films were used as a matrix for drug immobilization. The possibility of controlling the rate and degree of the drug release from the film by variation of the polysaccharide ratio, modification of the polymer film with a sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, or heat treatment was demonstrated with cefazolin antibiotic as example. The films obtained exhibit high bactericidal activity.     

Reaction of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) with arabinogalactan. The identification and therapeutic effect of the product obtained

A reaction of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) with the natural polysaccharide arabinogalactan gave a product characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, UV spectrophotometry, and thermogravimetry. It was demonstrated that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) is bound to arabinogalactan by a linkage between its -C-O-C- bond and the hydrogen atom of the NH₃ group of the starting complex. The product can suppress tumor growth with no toxic effect on the organism.     

Purification and characterization of anti-complementary polysaccharide from leaves of Thymus vulgaris L.

For the purification of the anti-complementary polysaccharide from Thymus vulgaris L., the hot-water extract of thyme leaves was successively fractionated by ethanol precipitation and ultra-filtration. The retentate with 300-kDa membrane cartridge showed a potent anti-complementary activity. It was further purified by open column chromatographies on DEAE-Toyopearl 650C, Butyl-Toyopearl 650M and Sephadex G-100, obtaining TV3-IIA-I, the purified anti-complementary polysaccharide. The anti-complementary polysaccharide exhibited the anti-complementary activity via both classical and alternative pathways. Based upon the methylation analysis and the reaction with beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent, the anti-complementary polysaccharide from thyme might contain an arabinogalactan moiety, at least in part.     

A mechanistic study of arabinigalactan sulfation with potassium persulfate in dimethyl sulfoxide

The mechanism of polysaccharide arabinogalactan sulfation was studied. Potassium persulfate in dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a sulfating agent. Sulfation of the biopolymer proceeds via its reaction with the SO₃—DMSO complex, which is formed upon the reduction of the persulfate anion in DMSO.     

Modification of Arabinogalactan Isolated from Larix sibirica Ledeb. into Sulfated Derivatives with the Controlled Molecular Weights

The process of sulfation of arabinogalactan—a natural polysaccharide from Larix sibirica Ledeb.—with sulfamic acid in 1,4-dioxane using different activators has been studied for the first time. The dynamics of the molecular weight of sulfated arabinogalactan upon variation in the temperature and time of sulfation of arabinogalactan with sulfamic acid in 1,4-dioxane has been investigated. It has been found that, as the sulfation time increases from 10 to 90 min, the molecular weights of the reaction products grow due to the introduction of sulfate groups without significant destruction of the initial polymer and sulfation products. Sulfation at 95 °C for 20 min yields the products with a higher molecular weight than in the case of sulfation at 85 °C, which is related to an increase in the sulfation rate; however, during the further process occurring under these conditions, sulfation is accompanied by the destruction and the molecular weight of the sulfated polymer decreases. The numerical optimization of arabinogalactan sulfation process has been performed. It has been shown that the optimal parameters for obtaining a product with a high sulfur content are a sulfamic acid amount of 20 mmol per 1 g of arabinogalactan, a process temperature of 85 °C, and a process time of 2.5 h.     

Structural Features of a Polysaccharide from Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica has been used as remedy for sodation, stabilization and against lepra, anabrosis1 in the oriental countries. The low-molecular-weight constituents in Centella asiatica have been investigated1. However, no polysaccharides have been reported. 1BI was the first polysaccharide isolated from C. asiatica, which had immunostimulating activity in vitro. In present study, we report the structural features of 1BI. Experimental Extraction, isolation and purification Dried C.…     

野菊花中性多糖CIP-C的分离纯化及结构解析

以野菊花为原材料, 经热水提取、乙醇沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow和Sephacryl S-200 凝胶柱层析分离纯化, 得到1个水溶性的中性多糖CIP-C. 采用GC-MS、部分酸水解及甲基化分析等对该多糖的结构进行了解析. 结果表明, 该多糖主要由D-Man, D-Glc和D-Gal组成, 并含有少量的D-Fuc, L-Ara和D-Xyl, 其主链由β(或α)-D-1,4-Man, β-D-1,6-Glc和β-D-1,4-Gal组成, 而阿拉伯糖通过α-L-T-Araf和α-L-1,5-Araf连接形成阿拉伯聚糖支链或与β-D-1,4-Galp的O3位相连形成阿拉伯半乳聚糖支链.     

Size exclusion chromatography/mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of polysaccharides.

A novel method for analysing polysaccharide materials is described which employs size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) followed by detection by on-line electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and off-line matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). It is demonstrated through SEC/ESI ion trap mass spectrometry that the formation of multiply charged oligomer ions, which bind up to five sodium cations, allows the rapid analysis of polysaccharide ions with molecular weights in excess of 9 kDa. MALDI spectra generated from fractionation of the effluent collected from the same SEC separation are shown to be in good agreement with the ESI spectra with respect to molecular weight distributions and types of ions generated. ESI and MALDI mass spectra of samples obtained from sequential graded ethanol precipitation and SEC fractionation of acid and enzymatically digested arabinoxylan polysaccharides show important structural differences between polysaccharide fragments. In addition, a comparison is made between the mass spectra of native and permethylated SEC-separated fragments of acid and enzymatically treated arabinogalactan. Linkage information of the permethylated arabinogalactan oligomers can be rapidly established through the use of on-line SEC/ESI-MS( n) experiments.     

Kinetics of oxidation of an arabinogalactan from larch (Larix sibirica L.) in an aqueous medium in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

The oxidation of an arabinogalactan in an aqueous medium under the action of hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen is accompanied by accumulation of carbonyl and carboxy groups in the oxidized polysaccharide macromolecules and derived oligomers. The addition of iron sulfate accelerates the radical oxidation of the biopolymer, while the addition of phenol inhibits the oxidation. The influence of the temperature and the initial H₂O₂ and arabinogalactan concentrations on the kinetics of the initial oxidation stage of the natural polysaccharide was studied.     

黑果枸杞叶多糖LRLP3的结构、抗氧化活性及免疫活性

黑果枸杞叶经水提醇沉, 离子交换柱层析和凝胶柱层析分离纯化, 得到平均分子量为79400的均一多糖组分LRLP3. 对该多糖的理化性质、 结构、 抗氧化活性及免疫活性的研究结果表明, LRLP3为多分支结构, 主链为(1→3)βGalp, 大部分半乳糖6位存在分支; 支链由(1→6)βGalp, (1→4)βGalp, (1→3)βAraf, (1→3)αArap, (1→5)βAraf和(1→2,4)αRhap组成, 非还原末端由αAraf, βGalp和βGlcp组成. LRLP3具有较强的还原能力, 可显著清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、 羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基, 有效抑制Cu²⁺/H₂O₂诱导的蛋白氧化损伤和H₂O₂诱导的细胞氧化损伤. LRLP3在体外对未经诱导和经刀豆蛋白(ConA)或脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠脾细胞增殖均有促进作用.     

Interaction of Siberian larch arabinogalactan with amino-containing compounds

The interaction of the natural polysaccharide arabinogalactan and its oxidized fractions with 5-aminosalicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide in aqueous solutions is investigated with the use of physicochemical methods. The compositions and stability constants of the formed complexes are studied, and the optimal conditions of their preparation are found. On the basis of spectral investigations and quantum-chemical calculations, the scheme of interaction between system components that leads to formation of cyclic structures is developed.     

Nanosized Pd(0)-arabinogalactan composites as catalysts in the Sonogashira reaction

Zero-valent palladium nanoparticles stabilized by arabinogalactan polysaccharide matrix were successfully used for the first time as phosphine-free catalyst in the cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with aryl and hetaryl halides.     

白骨壤酸性果胶多糖HAM-3-Ⅱb-Ⅱ的结构分析

以分离纯化得到的白骨壤酸性多糖HAM-3-Ⅱb-Ⅱ为研究对象, 采用高碘酸氧化-Smith降解、部分酸水解以及甲基化分析等技术对该多糖的结构进行分析. 结果表明, HAM-3-Ⅱb-Ⅱ为典型的鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖I 型酸性果胶类多糖, 主链骨架包括: 1,4-连接的α-D-GalpA构成的无分支的半乳糖醛酸聚糖(光滑区)和通过α-D-GalpA的O4位与1,2-和1,2,4-L-Rhap的O2交替相连构成的含有较多分支的鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖(毛发区). 由T-、1,6-、1,3,6-、1,4-、1,4,6-D-Galp和T-、1,2-、1,3-、1,5-、1,2,5-、1,3,5-Aaraf聚合成的AGⅠ型阿拉伯半乳聚糖、AGⅡ型阿拉伯半乳聚糖、半乳聚糖以及阿拉伯聚糖, 构成了HAM-3-Ⅱb-Ⅱ的侧链部分, 通过Rha残基的O4位与主链相连.     

Purification and Utilization of Gum from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Terminalia Catappa</Emphasis> L. for Synthesis of Curcumin Loaded Nanoparticle and Its In Vitro Bioactivity Studies

In this study, polysaccharide of Terminalia catappa L. was extracted and characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was tested for its antibacterial activity, swarming motility, antibiofilm activity, anticancer activity and antioxidant activity. Further, the polysaccharide was subjected for carboxymethylation and chelated using Tri Sodium Tri Meta phosphate to form nanocarriers. The nanocarriers were loaded with curcumin and were characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDAX, TEM and AFM. The curcumin nanocarriers were evaluated for its drug encapsulation efficiency, drug release, invitro anticancer activity and also subjected for cellular uptake studies. The polysaccharide was found to be producing a stable and non hemotoxic nanocarrier, which could encapsulate drug and release drug efficiently.     

Preparation of Polyporus Albicans Teng Sulfate and Its Anti-coagulation Activity

More studies have indicated that polysaccharide sulfate has anti-coagulant activity.Now,heparin is the most popular anticoagulant used in clinic,however,its side effects have also caused highly concern.It is still under intensive investigations to synthesize effective safe polysaccharide sulfate as heparin substitute.We extracted water-soluble polysaccharide from fermented mycelium of edible polyporus albicans(Imaz.) teng,and got the water-soluble polyporus albicans teng sulfate(PATS) by modifying the water-solubility polyose with the method of chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine.The anti-coagulant assay of PATS in vitro towards normal human plasma indicates its remarkable anticoagulant activity,while the dose could be as low as 5 mg/L for anticoagulation.The anti-coagulant effect was equivalent to that of heparin about 150 U when the concentration of PATS was 10 mg/L.The study on anti-coagulation mechanism suggests that PATS got involved in the intrinsic pathway.The anti-coagulation activity of PATS was due to the inhibition of the coagulation factors IIa and Xa activities mediated by antithrombin Ⅲ(ATIII).The anti-coagulation mechanism of PATS is absolutely identical to that of heparin.In conclusion,we suggest that PATS has the similar anti-coagulation characteristic to heparin,but with a better anti-coagulation effect.Meanwhile,derived from edible fungus-polysaccharide,PATS has more bio-safety advantage.Therefore,PATS has promising future to be developed and used as an ideal substitute for heparin in clinic.     

Partial degradation and biological activities of an antitumor polysaccharide from rice bran.

A rice bran polysaccharide designated RON was subjected either to partial hydrolysis with formic acid or to partial degradation by ultrasonic irradiation. A significant change in the molecular size was also observed during simple chromatography of RON on a strongly acidic ion exchange resin, although the apparent molecular weight of RON had been assumed to be more than 1 x 10(6) daltons (Da). This fact indicates that RON exists as molecular aggregates, presumably mediated by metal cations. Degradation products with average molecular weights above ca. 1 x 10(4) Da which were obtained by any of the three methods still retained the following activities of RON: in vivo antitumor activity against Meth-A fibrosarcoma in mice by oral administration, and in vitro macrophage stimulatory effects to induce tumoricidal activity and interleukin 1 production. This molecular size was proven to be the minimum requisite for these activities because smaller fragments were scarcely active. The aggregation was characteristic of RON but not essential for its antitumor activity because definite, though slightly reduced, activity was exhibited even by the smaller fragments obtained after the ion exchange resin treatment.     

Identification of the composition of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides by pyrlysis/capillary gas chromatography

Pyrolysis/capillary gas chromatography is used for the characterization of the monomer composition of various oligosaccharides and polysaccharides including glucose-containing disaccharides,glucans, a galactomannan and an arabinogalactan. The chromatograms showed many common pyrolysis products, but also unique anhydrosugar products (e.g., 1,6-anhydroglucopyranose, 1,4-anhydroarabinopyranose, 2,6-anhydrofructofuranose) derived from each type of saccharide unit present in the samples. Reasonable values of the monomer composition of the polysaccharide can also be obtained from th pyrograms. The method is rapid and direct, requiring no sample preparation.