太阳能海水脱盐中光热材料与蒸发装置的研究进展

用于海水脱盐的太阳能界面蒸发装置因其绿色环保、简单高效以及适用范围广等优点,受到了广泛关注。与传统的体积式蒸发装置不同,太阳能界面蒸发装置将太阳光的收集和蒸汽的产生锁定在空气-水的界面,无需从底部加热整体水来产生蒸汽,极大提高了能源利用效率。本文详细介绍了太阳能界面水蒸发装置的重要组成部分——光热材料的光热转换机理、材料种类以及材料的性能;探讨了高效海水净化太阳能蒸发装置的设计策略(增强光吸收、充足水供应、耐盐排盐等)。在此基础上,总结了基于界面蒸发中的太阳能蒸发装置的研究进展,展望了新型太阳能蒸发装置在海水净化领域的发展前景。     

光热材料在海水淡化领域的近期研究进展与展望

太阳能水蒸发系统成本低、能效高,对缓解能源危机、减少水污染、促进海水淡化具有重要意义.然而,太阳能驱动水蒸发的自然机制往往受到低蒸发率和吸收光谱范围小的影响.其中,局部加热并限制热损失的界面水蒸发策略被广泛认可并作为高性能、可持续的太阳能蒸汽产生的有效途径.随着太阳能水蒸发技术的不断发展,制备绿色、高效的光热材料已成为研究热点.根据光热材料的种类将其划分为:金属材料、半导体材料、碳基材料以及聚合物材料,详细阐述了不同材料的光热转换机制并总结近年来光热材料在海水淡化领域的研究现状及进展;讨论了潜在的光热候选材料,对其未来发展做出了展望.旨在为海水淡化领域中高效光热材料的合理设计和开发提供可行方案,对今后光热材料的发展具有总结和指导意义.     

光热转换材料及其在脱盐领域的应用

光热脱盐技术在缓解水资源短缺和减少水环境污染等方面具有重要的应用前景,已吸引了各国研究者的广泛关注。光热脱盐主要是利用光热转换材料将吸收的太阳光能直接、高效地转化为热能,以蒸发水分实现含盐水脱盐和水质净化,其效率取决于光热转换材料的性能。本文综述了近年来太阳能光热转换材料如金属基材料、碳基材料、半导体材料、有机聚合物材料、复合光热材料的研究现状及其光热转换机理,并介绍了光热转换材料在脱盐领域的应用进展。基于上述分析,对光热转换材料在未来脱盐领域的研究前景进行了展望,提出应针对光热转换材料的低强度全光谱吸收和高效转化利用、光热稳定性和重复使用性提高,以及光热脱盐系统的热传递损失最小化和热量利用最大化等方面进行深入探析。     

多尺度Ag/CuO复合光热材料的制备及在海水淡化中的应用

采用原位化学反应和热处理相结合的策略,在泡沫铜表面形成丝线状与花瓣状的立体无机物阵列,然后在其表面蒸镀Ag纳米颗粒(NPs),成功制备了基于泡沫铜的Ag/CuO复合光热材料。该复合材料因表面三维立体阵列结构以及Ag NPs而具备较高的太阳光吸收率。故而,Ag/CuO复合光热材料结合三聚氰胺泡沫组成的蒸发器件实现了高效的海水淡化。本研究除了探索光陷阱深度和金属掺杂对吸收体光热转换效率增强之外,还搭建了太阳能驱动界面蒸汽生成测试系统,测试了样品的光热蒸发性能。在1倍太阳(1 kW·m~(-2))辐照下,该器件整体蒸发速率高达1.097 6 kg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),即其蒸发效率可达78.38%。     

PVDF⁃CNT自漂浮多孔微珠的制备及在高效太阳能驱动界面水蒸发中的应用

采用操作便捷的相转化法制备了可用于太阳能驱动界面水蒸发的聚偏氟乙烯-碳纳米管(PVDF-CNT) 自漂浮多孔微珠. PVDF-CNT微珠独特的组成和多孔微球结构有助于实现太阳光的高效捕获、 充分的水运 输和快速的蒸汽逸出, 且CNTs含量越高, PVDF-CNT微珠性能越佳. PVDF-CNT微珠最多可吸收约94.5％的太阳光, 2 min内使水面温度从20.8 ℃升高至43.1 ℃. 在1 kW/m²的太阳光模拟器照射下, 水蒸发速率高达1.501 kg/(m²·h), 太阳能转换效率高达94.2%.     

低蒸发焓水凝胶用于太阳能驱动水净化

日益严重的水资源短缺和水体污染引发了人们对先进水净化技术的研究兴趣。太阳能驱动的界面蒸发利用清洁的太阳能来分离水和杂质,被认为是解决缺水和污染最环保、经济的技术。低蒸发焓水凝胶基光热转换材料由于其高蒸发速率、可加工性、可控性和多功能性,成为最有潜力的太阳能蒸发器材料。首先,本综述回顾了水凝胶的关键概念,这些概念证明了其在太阳能驱动的界面蒸发系统中的优势,如快速水传输和低蒸发焓;其次,总结了水凝胶的制备方法包括引入的光热材料以及水凝胶的设计策略,以提高水凝胶的整体性能。水凝胶蒸发器的多种功能在抗盐、光降解、杀菌和发电等方面得到了扩展。基于水凝胶的上述优势,本综述进一步提出了适用于实际使用环境的水凝胶蒸发器的设计概念和策略。     

石墨烯三维结构组装体制备及光热水蒸发和水处理研究进展

水资源短缺是世界长期面临的问题,当前全球80多个国家的约15亿人口面临淡水不足,其中26个国家的3亿人口完全生活在缺水状态。近年来,人们开发了新型太阳能界面水蒸发材料和技术,能够利用高效光热材料吸收太阳能转化为热能,实现大量的、快速的水蒸发,冷凝后收集便得到洁净水,是一种高效、绿色、低成本水处理和解决水资源短缺的方法。石墨烯三维组装体材料的物理和化学性质优异,光热转化效率高,同时其太阳光吸收率高,内部微纳孔道丰富,具有良好的水传输通道,表面水蒸发面积大,在太阳光照射下能够实现超高的水蒸发速率,在光热水处理方面展现了巨大的科学研究意义和实用价值。本文将综述石墨烯三维组装体的制备及光热水处理方面的研究进展,包括石墨烯三维结构组装体制备方法,其光热水蒸发性能,总结了石墨烯三维结构组装体在光热水蒸发及水处理方面的应用,最后分析了石墨烯三维结构组装体光热水处理面临的问题及展望。     

超浸润光热材料的构筑及其多功能应用研究

随着工业社会的不断发展,不同行业对于超浸润材料的功能提出了更高的要求,超浸润材料向多功能化或智能化转型成为其发展的必然趋势。同时,在人们对环境问题日益重视的背景下,符合环保可持续、高效、低耗的新技术受到关注,具有光热效应的超浸润材料作为实现油水分离、海水淡化及太阳能蒸发等领域的新兴产品而成为研究热点。本文首先介绍了近年来碳基、有机物基、半导体基及复合型超浸润光热材料构筑的研究现状并对其局限性进行了分析,然后梳理并详细论述超浸润光热材料在防覆冰、海水淡化、油水分离等领域的应用进展及其作用机理,进而总结了其目前制备过程中存在的环境危害性等问题,并对功能性与智能型超浸润光热材料的发展趋势及研究路线进行了展望。     

聚乙烯醇载银海绵的制备及界面光热驱动水蒸发性能

利用光热材料的太阳能水蒸发技术是一种绿色、 环保地解决淡水资源短缺的重要技术, 但光热材料的制备成本、 蒸发效率和热损失等因素限制了其推广应用. 本文采用一锅法制备了聚乙烯醇载银海绵(AgNPs/PVA)太阳能界面蒸发器, 并研究了AgNPs含量对AgNPs/PVA在太阳能驱动水蒸发过程中光热性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 当AgNPs的质量为PVA的10%时, 制备的AgNPs/PVA在1 kW/m ²的太阳光强度下具有最优的蒸发速率, 水蒸发速率可达1.62 kg?m ^?2?h ^?1, 为纯水(0.42 kg?m ^?2?h ^?1)的3.9倍. 本文制备的AgNPs/PVA具有制备工艺简单、 亲水性能优良和蒸发性能良好的特点, 在太阳能驱动水蒸发领域具有较大的应用前景.     

基于Ti3C2-MXene的太阳能界面水汽转换

水资源匮乏是现代化发展中面临的全球性问题,太阳能界面水汽转换(Interfacial Solar Steam Generation, ISSG)是一种高效、绿色、低成本进行海水淡化和废水处理的方法。ISSG使用绿色的太阳能作为热源,通过光热转换并将热限制在水气界面上以高效产生蒸气,然后经过冷凝收集获得清洁水。设计和构筑具有强光吸收的光热转换材料是ISSG的技术核心。Ti₃C₂-MXene是一种新型二维碳化钛材料,具有比表面积大、水分散性好和光热转换效率高等优点,在ISSG领域具有巨大的应用潜力。本文介绍了ISSG技术和MXene,总结了光热转换材料的设计原则,论述了Ti₃C₂-MXene复合材料在ISSG领域的研究进展,其中包括二维MXene薄膜、三维MXene气凝胶和水凝胶、生物基-MXene复合材料的构筑和性能等,并分析了Ti₃C₂-MXene所面临的挑战和发展前景。     

Three-dimensional porous photo-thermal fiber felt with salt-resistant property for high efficient solar distillation

The urgent need for fresh water resource is a public issue facing the world. Solar distillation for seawater desalination is a promising freshwater production method. Interfacial solar evaporation systems based on 2D photo-thermal membranes have been widely studied, but salt pollution is one of the main challenges for solar distillation. In order to solve this problem, a hydrophilic three-dimensional (3D) porous photo-thermal fiber felt (PFF) was obtained by one-step method, through a simple polydopamine (PDA) coating method with hydrophobic graphite felt as a substrate. The PFF had a good evaporation rate of 1.48 kg m^?2 h^-1 and its corresponding light-vapor conversion efficiency reached 87.4%. In addition, the PFF exhibited an excellent salt-resistant ability when applied to photo-thermal evaporation of high-salinity seawater with 10 wt% NaCl, owing to its intrinsic 3D macroporous structure for the migration circulation of salt ions. The development of the PFF offers a new route for the exploration of salt-resistant photo-thermal materials and is promising for the practical application of solar distillation.     

多孔碳基复合膜的真空冷冻干燥制备及高效太阳能水蒸发性能

以多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原料, 通过相转化法形成均匀共混的胶体, 利用真空冷冻干燥(冻干)技术使胶体固化, 并在真空状态下使部分溶剂挥发, 制备了具有多孔结构的CNTs/PVDF复合膜. 实验结果表明, 冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜具有优异的光吸收能力、 极佳的表面亲水性能. 在1 kW/m²光照强度下, 其水蒸发速率可达1.95 kg·m^-2·h^-1、 光热转化效率为92.9%. 搭载了冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜的蒸发器在处理模拟海水和染料废水时, 均表现出良好的抗盐污染性、 显著的稳定性和优异的太阳能蒸发性能.     

Preparation of Three-dimensional Graphene-based Sponge as Photo-thermal Conversion Material to Desalinate Seawater

Water shortage has become one of the major threats to human society over the past centuries. The new interfacial solar evaporation is undoubtedly an attracting technology to solve this problem. Herein, graphene aerogel(GA) and graphene oxide/melamine sponge composite material(GO-MS) were prepared through a two-step reduction and one-step freezing method as photo-thermal materials to evaporate pure water and seawater. The proper concentrations of the graphene oxide(GO) dispersion for their preparation were investigated, which is 7 mg/mL for GA, and 5 mg/mL for GO-MS. The evaporation rates of GA are 1.40 kg/(m²·h) for pure water and 1.21 kg/(m²·h) for seawater, while for GO-MS it is 1.63 kg/(m²·h) for pure water and 1.45 kg/(m²·h) for seawater, respectively. The composite material not only reduces the usage of GO, but also shows better photo-thermal conversion properties. Furthermore, the heat loss of evaporation system was calculated and the method of further enhancing photo-thermal conversion efficiency was deduced, which will provide a strong basis for guiding the design and development of graphene based three-dimensional materials and further exploration in this field.     

Laser-assisted synthesis of cobalt@N-doped carbon nanotubes decorated channels and pillars of wafer-sized silicon as highly efficient three-dimensional solar evaporator

The Co@NCNTs/Si pillars with channels is assemble to a suitable pure water gathering device, which is applied in seawater desalination and sewage purification to produce pure water by utilizing solar energy. High-efficiency utilization of solar energy to generate water vapor is popular, recyclable, and environmentally friendly for seawater desalination and sewage purification, helping to alleviate the global water shortage crisis. Here, we report an efficient and simple method to prepare a three-dimensional (3D) evaporator for steam generation by harnessing the power of the sun. This evaporation is composed of one-dimensional (1D) cobalt embedded and nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (Co@NCNTs) and 3D silicon pillars array structure (Si pillars). The Co@NCNTs/Si pillars shows a wide light absorption range provided by carbon nanotubes and a long light absorption path because of the silicon pillars. The surface temperature of the sample rises rapidly in 1.5 min and exceed 80 °C under solar illumination of one sun. The water evaporation can be high as 1.21 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under one sun irradiation (1 kW/m²) with the energy efficiency up to 82.4%. This scalable Co@NCNTs/Si pillars can prepare pure water from seawater and sewage, where the removal rate of ions in seawater and pollutants in sewage is similar to 100%. Based on our research, this multistage three-dimensional structure is a simple and efficient novel photothermal material for extensive seawater desalination and sewage purification.     

Hydrophilic carbon nanotube membrane enhanced interfacial evaporation for desalination

Carbon nanotube-based(CNT-based) interfacial evaporation material is one of the most potential materials for solar desalination. Here, we studied the evaporation rate of the CNT-based membranes with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemical modified surfaces using molecular dynamic simulations.We found that the hydrogen bonding density among water molecules at the interface is a key factor in enhancing the evaporation rate. For a hydrophilic CNT-based membrane, the strong interactions betwe...     

Novel advances in metal-based solar absorber for photothermal vapor generation

Access to safe drinking water has become an extremely urgent research topic worldwide. In recent years, the technology of solar vapor generation has been extensively explored as a potential and effective strategy of transforming elements content in seawater. In this review, the basic concepts and theories of metal-based photothermal vapor generation device (PVGD) with excellent optical and thermal regulatory are introduced. In the view of optical regulation, how to achieve high-efficiency localized evaporation in different evaporation system (i.e., volumetric solar heating and interface solar heating) is discussed; from the aspect of thermal regulation, the importance of selective absorption surface for interfacial PVGD is analyzed. Based on the above discussion and analysis, we summarize the challenges of metal-based desalination device.