民办中学高一学生化学学习归因特点的研究

通过自编的学生化学学习归因特点的量表对某民办中学高一学生进行了调查,得出如下结论：整体上学生对于化学考试和化学问题解决的成功和失败归因无性别差异,均主要归因于努力、基础、运气、教师和他人帮助等因素。但学生的成功归因在普通班与重点班中存在明显差异,普通班比重点班的学生更多地倾向于运气。在性别上,重点班中男生更倾向于将考试的成功归因于努力和能力,女生倾向于努力和教师;而普通班则无性别差异。     

初中生化学学科能力性别差异研究*

基于化学学科能力建构的基本框架,研究初中学生化学学科能力的分化水平和性别差异之间的关系。通过设计“初中化学学科能力”专项测试题,对132名男生、108名女生进行纸笔测试,并用SAS.9.4软件对测试结果进行量化处理,发现初中生的化学学科能力存在不同程度的分化现象,男生和女生在化学学科能力上存在性别差异,尤其在模型思维能力、定量化能力上男生比女生均有明显的优势。     

重金属暴露与肾功能的关联性研究：基于代谢综合征人群的横断面研究证据

探索代谢综合征人群中重金属暴露与肾功能的相关性，为特定人群中慢性肾脏病的诊治提供新思路。基于2011—2018年美国健康与营养调查数据，纳入2 474名代谢综合征患者作为研究对象；探讨四种血液金属元素(包括镉、铅、硒、锰)对肾功能的影响。肾功能主要通过慢性肾病(CKD)、估计的肾小球滤过率(eGFR),尿微量白蛋白肌酐比(UACR)和尿酸(UA)评估。通过加权多因素Logistic回归模型及线性回归模型分析血液中金属元素水平与肾功能的关系。进一步按照年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、是否患高血压、糖尿病及血脂异常进行亚组分析。研究发现血液中镉、铅水平与CKD的发生呈正相关，与eGFR呈现负相关。血硒与CKD的发生存在负向关联，而血锰与eGFR水平存在正相关(P<0.05)。而亚组分析结果显示，女性及老年代谢综合征患者对于金属暴露的效应更为敏感。代谢综合征人群中重金属暴露与肾功能存在关联，铅、镉暴露可能会导致肾功能受损，而硒、锰暴露则可能会起到一定的保护作用。     

化学实验室安全教育实效研究*——以大二学生为例

为考察化学实验室安全教育实效,本文对天津理工大学化学化工学院大二学生的实验室焦虑、安全态度、安全意识以及安全知识进行问卷调查。调查结果表明:实验室焦虑存在性别差异,女生焦虑情绪比男生严重;参加过安全教育培训学生比未参加安全培训学生安全态度更为端正。回归分析表明:实验室焦虑、安全态度和安全知识都与安全意图显著正相关。基于统计分析结果,提出以下安全培训提升策略:关注学生心理安全,加强情绪疏导,克服实验室焦虑;优化安全教育模式,发挥学生主观能动性,提高安全教育实效。最后,安全教育也是立德树人的过程,通过安全教育,将学生培养成为敬畏生命、敬畏责任、敬畏规章、具有正确安全道德价值观的化工行业从业人员。     

初三学生知觉到的教师期望及其与化学学业成绩的关系

从3种期望维度（“教师支持”、“教学互动”和“学业反馈”）、性别两个方面分析初三学生知觉到的教师期望差异,考察教师期望、性别对学生化学学业成绩的预测作用,并比较教师期望和性别两种因素对化学学业成绩预测作用的差异。结果表明：初三学生知觉到的来自化学教师的期望偏低,维度差异显著,性别差异不显著;相比于性别差异,教师期望对学生化学成绩的预测作用更大,其中“教师支持”维度的预测作用最大。     

有关普通高中学生化学问题解决归因的特点研究

本文在理论探讨归因对学生学习和未来发展的影响基础上,自编了以问题解决为重点的中学生化学学习归因量表,通过初步调查,得出如下结论:学生的整个化学学习归因无性别差异,都归为能力、努力、运气、教师、环境、基础等因素。在化学问题解决成功归因中,男生倾向于努力及经验(内在稳定因素),女生倾向于努力及教师的作用(外在不稳定因素);在化学问题解决失败归因中,男生倾向于努力归因(不稳定可控因素),而女生倾向于能力归因(稳定不可控因素)。     

初高中化学学习衔接影响因素的实证研究

以自编问卷对北京市某示范性高中一年级的254名学生进行了初高中化学学习衔接影响因素的调查。结果表明,主要影响因素为：化学实验为主要载体的学习兴趣、学习压力、知识难度、作业难度、思维方式等。尽管不同性别的学生在成绩方面不存在显著性差异,但对于化学学习,男生显得比女生更有信心。男生更期望以自主探究的方式来学习,而女生则更喜欢讲授为主的教学方式。男生将成绩归因于个人努力,而女生则多归因于个人能力。基于此,建议促进基于学生“学”的化学教学方式的变革,要关注学生基础,要基于性别差异针对性地提升学习信心,要关注作业的数量和质量,最后要重视以实验为核心载体来培养学生的科学素养。     

瘦素水平和妊娠期糖尿病的相关性研究

目的分析瘦素水平和妊娠期糖尿病的相关性。方法选取150例妊娠期糖尿病患者作为观察组,另选取同期的38名健康妊娠者作为对照组;对比观察组与对照组的瘦素、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平、HOMA-IR指数,分析妊娠期糖尿病患者瘦素与FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR指数的相关性。结果观察组患者的瘦素、FPG、FINS水平均显著高于对照组,HOMA-IR指数大于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);妊娠期糖尿病患者的瘦素与FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR指数均呈正相关,均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论妊娠期糖尿病的发生、发展可能与瘦素水平升高具有相关性,孕期检测瘦素水平,有利于预测妊娠期糖尿病的发病,评估严重程度。     

利用改进的内梅罗指数法模型评价苏州市内外城河水质

采用改进的内梅罗指数法评价苏州市内外城河的水质污染状况。计算水质的分级标准临界值,以此作为评价水质污染状况的依据。研究结果表明,苏州市内外城河6个采样点的水质污染状况不同,各个点位的水质随时间变化显著(5月、9月、11月较好)。通过Pearson相关性分析可知,影响水质的主要因素是营养元素(氨氮、总氮和总磷)及重金属(6价铬)。对比改进前后的两种评价方法,改进的内梅罗指数法对水质污染状况的评价更为科学客观。     

性别对刷牙习惯和釉质脱矿影响的临床研究

目的了解不同性别医学新生的刷牙状况和对釉质脱矿的影响,为宣传正确有效的刷牙知识提供依据。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法,对347名医学新生(男生194名,女生153名)进行刷牙问卷调查并进行釉质脱矿检查和脱矿指数的计算。结果女生在刷牙次数方面好于男生,差异显著(P0.01);每次刷牙时间超过3 min以上的新生只占少数,男生问题尤为突出;大多数人能采用横竖结合的正确方法刷牙,但很少人能清洁所有刷牙部位,能做到餐后刷牙的更是寥寥无几。两组人群釉质脱矿指数有显著的统计学差异(P0.05),女性明显好于男性。结论医学新生刷牙状况不佳,日常刷牙行为亟待改善。不同性别医学新生的刷牙认知和行为存在差异,导致两组人群脱矿程度不同,女性人群的釉质脱矿程度较轻。     

Clinical evaluation of Moro (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) orange juice supplementation for the weight management

In the last years, several studies have recently evaluated the beneficial effects of red orange juice (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and its active components in weight management and obesity. Moro orange is a cultivar of red orange, particularly rich in active compounds such as anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavone glycosides and ascorbic acid, which displays anti-obesity effects in in vitro and in vivo studies. In this clinical study, the effect of a Moro juice extract (Morosil^®, 400 mg/die) supplementation was evaluated in overweight healthy human volunteers for 12 weeks. Results showed that Moro juice extract intake was able to induce a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) after 4 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, in subjects treated with Moro extract, body weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference were significantly different from the placebo group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it could be suggested that the active compounds contained in Moro juice have a synergistic effect on fat accumulation in humans and Moro juice extract can be used in weight management and in the prevention of human obesity.     

Association between angiotensin-1 converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the metabolic syndrome in a Mexican population

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is recognized as a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors. All components of MS have a genetic base. Genes of the renin angiotensin system are potential candidate genes for MS. We investigated whether angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism increases susceptibility to MS as an entity in a Mexican population. In a cross-sectional study, 514 individuals were studied including 245 patients with MS and 269 subjects without MS criteria. ACE gene polymorphism was detected using PCR. MS was defined according to The National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) criteria, except that the raised fasting plasma glucose 相似文献   

Significant Associations Between Sun Exposure and Adiposity Were Not Observed in Breast and Prostate Cancer Patients in a Cross‐sectional Analysis

Obesity is a significant health problem worldwide. Exposure to low‐dose ultraviolet radiation (like that in sunlight) suppresses the development of obesity in mice; however, the nature of the associations between sun exposure and adiposity is not well understood in humans. The present study characterized cross‐sectional relationships between sun exposure and adiposity in a convenience cohort of breast (n = 269; mean age = 58 years) and prostate (n = 78; mean age = 69 years) cancer patients. Participants were enrolled in a 3‐month exercise program in Perth, Australia. Self‐reported questionnaires measured time spent outdoors (previous week, winter and summer), sex, age, treatment received and physical activity levels. Adiposity measures included body mass index, waist‐hip ratio and body fat percentage (measured via DXA). In unadjusted models, greater time spent outdoors across all times was significantly associated with lower waist‐hip ratio, while greater time spent outdoors in the last winter was associated with lower body fat percentage, but not when stratified by sex. There were no statistically significant associations between time spent outdoors and adiposity after adjusting for sex, age, treatments received and physical activity. Longitudinal studies in larger populations may elucidate significant associations not found in our study due to the cross‐sectional design and power limitations.     

Toenail selenium level among healthy residents of two Polish Districts

The goal of this study was to evaluate the selenium mass fraction in toenail clippings taken from random inhabitants living in various areas of the Pomeranian (Northern Poland) and Lubuskie (Western Poland) Districts. Toenail clippings were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) giving means of 0.57±0.10 and 0.60±0.16 mg·kg⁻¹ for the two areas, respectively, but the difference was statistically not significant. In additional, it was found that gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and selenium supplementation are factors with apparent effects to the selenium levels in toenail clippings.     

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a Sicilian student population

Since the last decades, socio-economic changes have a key role on eating habits affecting the nutritional status and health of people, in particular children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare the diet of student population both normal weight and overweight and obese in order to understand their eating habits by comparing the different diets of the student referring to the Mediterranean diet. The study comprised 337 Sicilian students aged 9 to 13 years, 96 in primary schools and 241 in secondary schools, respectively, in three Sicilian cities namely, Messina, San Piero Patti and Ragusa. The variables studied were height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and adherence to the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI) diet quality indicator. Interestingly, the results highlighted 2.67 MAI mean value for normal weight students while 1.27 MAI mean value indicating a decreased adherence to the Mediterranean diet in overweight students.     

Mediterranean diet in a Sicilian student population. Second part: breakfast and its nutritional profile

Abstract

Breakfast habits affect the nutritional status and health of people, in particular children and adolescents. This is the second part a previous study about the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a Sicilian (Italy) student population. The investigation analysed both normal weight and overweight subjects in order to understand how eating habits, number of meals and daily calorie intakes could affect their body mass indexes (BMI). The aim of this second part was to analyse the breakfast nutritional profiles of this student population. The results highlighted that breakfast was regularly consumed by a percentage ranging from a maximum of 84% (in normal subjects) to a minimum value of 57.4% (in overweight/obese students). Milk, yoghurt, sugar, bread/rusk and tea contributed as main foods to the breakfast composition. The results highlighted that subjects who consumed breakfast showed lower BMI values with significant differences between normal and overweight/obese students.     

Differences in Salivary Proteins as a Function of PROP Taster Status and Gender in Normal Weight and Obese Subjects

Taste plays an important role in processes such as food choices, nutrition status and health. Salivary proteins contribute to taste sensitivity. Taste reduction has been associated with obesity. Gender influences the obesity predisposition and the genetic ability to perceive the bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), oral marker for food preferences and consumption. We investigated variations in the profile of salivary proteome, analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS, between sixty-one normal weight subjects (NW) and fifty-seven subjects with obesity (OB), based on gender and PROP sensitivity. Results showed variations of taste-related salivary proteins between NW and OB, which were differently associated with gender and PROP sensitivity. High levels of Ps-1, II-2 and IB-1 proteins belonging to basic proline rich proteins (bPRPs) and PRP-1 protein belonging to acid proline rich proteins (aPRPs) were found in OB males, who showed a lower body mass index (BMI) than OB females. High levels of Ps-1 protein and Cystatin SN (Cyst SN) were found in OB non-tasters, who had lower BMI than OB super-tasters. These new insights on the role of salivary proteins as a factor driving the specific weight gain of OB females and super-tasters, suggest the use of specific proteins as a strategic tool modifying taste responses related to eating behavior.     

Bio-analytical methods for investigating the effect of age,body mass index and gender on the PK/PD ratio of antibiotics

The effectiveness of antibiotics (ABs) is governed by achieving the adequate pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) ratio. In this study, fast LC–MS/MS methods were developed and validated for the bioanalysis of cefaclor (CFC), ciprofloxacin (CFC), roxithomycin (RXM) and clindamycin (CLD). Chromatographic separation was performed on a C₁₈ Zorbax-Eclipse Plus (3.5 μm, 100 × 4.6 mm) using isocratic elution. Detection was performed by positive electrospray ionization. The methods were applied for the assessment of PK parameters in volunteers (n = 101, 64 male and 37 female) and the effects of age, body mass index (BMI) and gender were investigated. Good linearity (r ² ≥ 0.99), accuracy (>86%), precision (CV% ≤ 11) and extraction recovery (>83%) were observed for CFC, CFX, RXM and CLD. Application to PK studies revealed that age and BMI affected the T_half and the AUC of RXM and CLD (p < 0.023). Gender difference affected the critical PK parameters of the four ABs (T_half (U = 18; P = 0.036) of CFC, the C_max of CFX (U = 30; P = 0.017), the T_half (U = 23; P = 0.009) and AUC (U = 26; P = 0.008) of RXM and CLD), respectively. These results highlight the significance of age and BMI variations for RXM and CLD dosing. Furthermore, it indicates that the gender difference may be considered when adjusting the AB dose.     

血脂、金属元素与脑中风关系的研究

脑中风是严重威胁中、老年人健康与生命的主要疾病之一．为了探讨中风发病机理和进行人群防治与疾病监测，作者于1990年9月至1992年5月进行了大规模人群调查和实验室研究工作．测定了中风高危人群8928人的血糖，胆固醇，低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)及血压、身体指数等．随机抽取1928人测定血清中金属元素，结果发现由东北到华南中风发病率逐渐降低的趋势与血清中钾钠含量和钙镁比值高有密切关系。     

Identification of a genetic locus on chromosome 4q34-35 for type 2 diabetes with overweight

The incidence of type 2 diabetes is rising rapidly because of an increase in the incidence of being overweight and obesity. Identification of genetic determinants for complex diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, may provide insight into disease pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to investigate the shared genetic factors that predispose individuals to being overweight and developing type 2 diabetes. We conducted genome-wide linkage analyses for type 2 diabetes in 386 affected individuals (269 sibpairs) from 171 Korean families and association analyses with single-nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes within linkage regions to identify genetic variants that predispose individuals to being overweight and developing type 2 diabetes. Through fine-mapping analysis of chromosome 4q34-35, we detected a locus potentially linked (nonparametric linkage 2.81, logarithm of odds 2.27, P=6 × 10⁻⁴) to type 2 diabetes in overweight or obese individuals (body mass index, BMI⩾23 kg m⁻²). Multiple regression analysis with type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes revealed a significant association (false discovery rate (FDR) P=0.006 for rs13144140; FDR P=0.002 for rs6830266) between GPM6A (rs13144140) and BMI and waist–hip ratio, and between NEIL3 (rs6830266) and insulin level from 1314 normal individuals. Our systematic search of genome-wide linkage and association studies, demonstrate that a linkage peak for type 2 diabetes on chromosome 4q34-35 contains two type 2 diabetes-related genes, GPM6A and NEIL3.