基于铜/银纳米簇检测铜离子的方法研究

通过设计不同富含G碱基的DNA序列,探究了G碱基对核酸-铜/银纳米簇(DNA-Cu/AgNCs)的荧光增强效应,并建立了铜离子的荧光检测方法。结果发现,在富含C碱基序列模板的5'端增加G5序列后,制备得到的铜/银纳米簇的荧光强度显著增强。同时,该DNA-Cu/AgNCs的荧光可被Cu~(2+)和Hg~(2+)猝灭。通过NaBH_4掩蔽Hg~(2+)实现了对Cu~(2+)的特异性检测。该方法检测Cu~(2+)的线性范围为0.01～5.0μmol/L,检出限为5.0 nmol/L。方法具有简单快速、选择性高、成本低等优点,可用于实际样品测定。     

银纳米簇荧光探针检测L-半胱氨酸

常温下合成了二氢硫辛酸(DHLA)包裹的银纳米簇(AgNCs),并基于L-半胱氨酸对AgNCs的荧光猝灭现象构建了AgNCs荧光探针对Cys的检测方法。结果表明,在优化条件下,AgNCs的荧光猝灭程度和Cys浓度在2.0~100μmol/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系(R2=0.998),检出限为1.77μmol/L(S/N=3)。在人体血清样品中Cys检测的加标回收率为94.0%~102.4%。     

基于环状DNA-银纳米簇荧光探针对微囊藻毒素-LR的传感检测

以新型环状DNA为模板, 制备了环状DNA-银纳米簇(Circular DNA-AgNCs)荧光探针, 构建了一种无酶无标记检测微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的荧光传感分析方法. 设计的环状DNA由MC-LR适体链(Apt)和适体链的互补链(cDNA)杂交形成, 且cDNA可作为DNA模板用于合成AgNCs. 利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和荧光光谱(FL)表征了AgNCs的形貌和光学特性.结果表明, 当存在目标物MC-LR时, 由于MC-LR与环状DNA中Apt高特异性和高亲和力结合, 导致环状DNA解体, 释放出的cDNA-AgNCs在610 nm处呈现强荧光. 在优化实验条件下, 环状DNA-AgNCs荧光探针对MC-LR检测的线性范围为0.005~500 μg/L, 检出限为1.7 ng/L(S/N=3). 该荧光探针具有制备简单、 无需任何标记和灵敏度高等特点, 为环境水样中微囊藻毒素-LR的快速和准确测定提供了一种简单、 可靠和有效的方法.     

基于纳米金与纳米银簇间表面等离子增强能量转移效应特异性检测microRNA

microRNAs(miRNAs)的灵敏检测对临床诊断具有十分重要的意义.本研究采用偶联DNA聚合酶和核酸内切酶介导的恒温扩增反应实现靶标循环再生的策略,利用纳米金(AuNPs)与纳米银簇(AgNCs)间表面等离子增强能量转移效应,开发了一种miRNA定量检测方法.在AuNPs表面组装两种探针(Probe a和Probe b)制备响应元件Probe b-Probe a-AuNP,其中Probe a通过3′端巯基共价偶联到AuNPs表面,此外具有靶标miRNA互补序列、核酸内切酶酶切序列和Probe b互补序列,Probe b为荧光AgNCs合成模板.靶标miRNA存在时,启动酶级联恒温扩增反应,导致Probe b脱离AuNPs表面,抑制了Probe b为模板合成的AgNCs与AuNPs间表面等离子增强能量转移效应,使得反应体系荧光信号增强.本方法的检出限为2.5×10-11 mol/L,与miRNAs商业化检测试剂盒相比,避免了逆转录反应,而且操作简单,检测成本低,可应用于生物样本中miRNAs分析.     

基于碳量子点-银纳米簇荧光共振能量转移纳米探针的荧光传感器检测转基因成分CaMV35S

利用荧光共振能量转移(FRET)纳米探针结合催化发夹组装(CHA)无酶扩增信号放大途径建立了一种可用于转基因成分的荧光检测方法。首先为CaMV35S目标序列(tDNA)设计了可诱导的CHA循环的两个发夹结构序列HP1和HP2。当单链DNA标记碳点(sDNA-CDs)和DNA模板化银纳米团簇(Ts-AgNCs)杂交后,AgNCs和碳量子点(CDs)靠近,形成FRET效应,得到sDNA-CDs/Ts-AgNCs荧光猝灭的比率荧光探针。当tDNA存在时,通过杂交反应打开HP1发夹,形成HP1-tDNA双链结构;该结构可将HP2的发夹结构打开,从而形成HP1-HP2双链结构,同时释放出tDNA进入下一轮杂交,触发CHA循环。由于HP1-HP2中HP1的部分序列与Ts部分序列间的亲和性较sDNA强,因此,加入sDNA-CDs/Ts-AgNCs后,sDNA-CDs从探针中释放,使CDs(λ_em=464 nm)的荧光得以增强。而AgNCs仍在双链结构中,其荧光强度(λ_em=560 nm)基本保持不变。以I_F464/I_F560...     

基于分子信标探针和生物功能化纳米颗粒的蛋白质分析

随着人类基因组测序计划的完成,生命科学研究热点逐渐由基因组学向蛋白质组学转移.分析化学工作者利用分子信标探针和生物功能化纳米颗粒的固有优势,发展了一系列新原理、新方法和新技术并在蛋白质组学研究领域得到了广泛应用,极大地促进了蛋白质组学的发展和进步.本文主要综述了基于分子探针和生物功能化纳米颗粒开展的一系列实时、原位、灵敏、特异的蛋白质分析研究,包括:非特异性/特异性蛋白质的检测与分离、蛋白质/DNA相互作用研究、细胞表面蛋白质的识别,以及基于抗原-抗体反应的病原菌检测等,并进一步展望了基于分子信标探针和生物功能化纳米颗粒的蛋白质分析研究的发展前景与关键问题.     

基于DNA纳米花的细胞自噬基因沉默用于增敏抗肿瘤化疗

自噬是真核细胞降解蛋白质的重要途径之一, 在细胞的更新代谢中起重要作用. 肿瘤细胞借助高水平的细胞自噬能够阻断细胞凋亡途径, 降低化疗药物的抗肿瘤效果. 本文通过设计编码有核酸适配体序列(Aptamer)和DNA酶序列(DNAzyme)的多功能DNA纳米花, 利用DNA序列可负载化疗药物阿霉素(Dox)的特性, 实现了对肿瘤细胞特异靶向的药物递送, 并高效沉默肿瘤细胞的自噬相关基因ATG5, 达到增敏抗肿瘤化疗的效果. 通过RT-PCR实验验证合成的DNA纳米花可以有效剪切肿瘤细胞中自噬相关基因ATG5的mRNA; 并通过DNA纳米花的细胞毒性和细胞凋亡实验研究了其对肿瘤细胞系MCF-7的靶向治疗作用, 结果显示该多功能DNA纳米花在增敏抗肿瘤化疗方面具有明显优势.     

DNA-silver Nanocluster Binary Probes for Ratiometric Fluorescent Detection of HPV-related DNA

Herein, we described a ratiometric strategy based on "chameleon" DNA-silver nanoclusters( DNA-AgNCs) fluorescent binary probes. The strategy was applied to detect high-risk human papillomavirus( HPV) DNA sequences, HPV-16. First, DNA-AgNCs were synthesized by a simple reduction method. The obtained nanoprobes showed typical yellow and red fluorescence of AgNCs. Upon the addition of HPV-16 DNA, the yellow fluorescence of AgNCs was reduced greatly, whereas tlie red fluorescence of AgNCs was increased. The concentration of HPV-16 DNA in the samples was characterized by the ratio of fluorescence intensity at 570 and 630 nm. Tlie ratiometric nanoprobes showed good selectivity for HPV-16 DNA, and the detection limit was 2 ninol/L. In addition, the practical applicability of this strategy was demonstrated by analysing the HPV-16 DNA in hiunan serum, illustrating its potential promise for clinical diagnosis.     

日光辐射光还原合成左旋多巴胺功能化的荧光发射的银纳米簇和铁离子检测

以左旋多巴胺（L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine,DOPA）为稳定剂,采用日光辐射光还原法,合成了强荧光发射的银纳米簇（silvernanoclusters,AgNCs）。透射电镜分析表明,所合成的AgNCs表现亚纳米非晶态结构。AgNCs在可见-近红外波长范围内（400~750nm）有明显光吸收带,最大荧光激发和发射峰分别为550和630nm,荧光量子产率为2.3%（相对于罗丹明B）。AgNCs的荧光强度与合成时的日光辐射时间、DOPA浓度以及pH值等因素有关。进一步优化了合成AgNCs的条件。基于荧光猝灭原理,所合成的DOPA功能化的AgNCs能选择性地灵敏响应Fe³⁺。修饰在AgNCs表面的配体DOPA能够选择性地结合Fe³⁺,导致AgNCs显著聚集,伴随荧光猝灭。AgNCs具有的较高量子产率和红荧光发射特性,有利于提高Fe³⁺的分析灵敏度。     

利用DNA折纸术构建功能纳米材料

DNA折纸术(DNA origami)作为一种精确高效的自组装技术,自2006年Rothemund发明以来在生物医药、高灵敏度检测、纳米光电子器件、等离子体光子学等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力,近年来受到广大研究者的高度关注。 利用DNA折纸术构建纳米材料是以DNA origami结构为载体,通过碱基互补配对的原则及三维结构上可程序化设计和可寻址的特点精确地组装很多功能基团如金属及半导体纳米颗粒,蛋白质和单壁碳纳米管等,并应用于研究无标记的RNA杂交检测、单分子的化学反应、检测间距对多价态的配位体-蛋白质之间键合的影响等。本文对近几年来DNA origami构建功能纳米材料的研究进展加以系统综述,并对DNA origami的发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

Formation and Structure of Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters at Interfacial Binding Sites Facilitating Oligomerization of DNA Hairpins

Fluorescent, DNA‐stabilized silver nanoclusters (DNA‐AgNCs) are applied in a range of applications within nanoscience and nanotechnology. However, their diverse optical properties, mechanism of formation, and aspects of their composition remain unexplored, making the rational design of nanocluster probes challenging. Herein, a synthetic procedure is described for obtaining a high yield of emissive DNA‐AgNCs with a C‐loop hairpin DNA sequence, with subsequent purification by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). Through a combination of optical spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) in conjunction with the systematic study of various DNA sequences, the low‐resolution structure and mechanism of the formation of AgNCs were investigated. Data indicate that fluorescent DNA‐AgNCs self‐assemble by a head‐to‐head binding of two DNA hairpins, bridged by a silver nanocluster, resulting in the modelling of a dimeric structure harboring an Ag₁₂ cluster.     

Peptide‐Stabilized,Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters: Solid‐Phase Synthesis and Screening

Few‐atom silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) can exhibit strong fluorescence; however, they require ligands to prevent aggregation into larger nanoparticles. Fluorescent AgNCs in biopolymer scaffolds have so far mainly been synthesized in solution, and peptides have only found limited use compared to DNA. Herein, we demonstrate how solid‐phase methods can increase throughput dramatically in peptide ligand screening and in initial evaluation of fluorescence intensity and chemical stability of peptide‐stabilized AgNCs (P‐AgNCs). 9‐Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid‐phase peptide synthesis on a hydroxymethyl‐benzoic acid (HMBA) polyethylene glycol polyacrylamide copolymer (PEGA) resin enabled on‐resin screening and evaluation of a peptide library, leading to identification of novel peptide‐stabilized, fluorescent AgNCs. Using systematic amino acid substitutions, we synthesized and screened a 144‐member library. This allowed us to evaluate the effect of length, charge, and Cys content in peptides used as ligands for AgNC stabilization. The results of this study will enable future spectroscopic studies of these peptide‐stabilized AgNCs for bioimaging and other applications.     

Fabrication of highly catalytic silver nanoclusters/graphene oxide nanocomposite as nanotag for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay

Silver nanoclusters and graphene oxide nanocomposite (AgNCs/GRO) is synthesized and functionalized with detection antibody for highly sensitive electrochemical sensing of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a model tumor marker involved in many cancers. AgNCs with large surface area and abundant amount of low-coordinated sites are synthesized with DNA as template and exhibit high catalytic activity towards the electrochemical reduction of H₂O₂. GRO is employed to assemble with AgNCs because it has large specific surface area, super electronic conductivity and strong π-π stacking interaction with the hydrophobic bases of DNA, which can further improve the catalytic ability of the AgNCs. Using AgNCs/GRO as signal amplification tag, an enzyme-free electrochemical immunosensing protocol is designed for the highly sensitive detection of CEA on the capture antibody functionalized immunosensing interface. Under optimal conditions, the designed immunosensor exhibits a wide linear range from 0.1 pg mL⁻¹ to 100 ng mL⁻¹ and a low limit of detection of 0.037 pg mL⁻¹. Practical sample analysis reveals the sensor has good accuracy and reproducibility, indicating the great application prospective of the AgNCs/GRO in fabricating highly sensitive immunosensors, which can be extended to the detection of various kinds of low abundance disease related proteins.     

Detection of biotin-streptavidin interactions via terminal protection of small molecule linked DNA and the formation of fluorescent DNA-templated silver nanoclusters

It is known that the binding of certain proteins to small molecules in ssDNA/small-molecule chimeras protects the conjugated ssDNA from degradation by exonuclease I (Exo I). This has resulted in numerous methods to specifically detect the interaction between small molecules and proteins. We are presenting here an approach that utilizes the terminal protection strategy in combination with the formation of ssDNA-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs), thereby providing a fluorometric tool for the detection of such interactions. A C-rich ssDNA (type 5′-CCCCACCCCT-3′) was labelled with biotin at the 3′ end. In the absence of streptavidin (SA), the biotinylated ssDNA is hydrolyzed in the 3′ to 5′ direction by Exo I to form mononucleotides. The formation of the AgNCs is prevented due to the lack of the DNA scaffold, and this results in weak fluorescence. Conversely, in the presence of SA, the specific binding of SA to the biotinylated ssDNA protects the ssDNA from digestion. As a result, fluorescent AgNCs are being formed. Fluorescence is measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 625/705 nm. The calibration plot for SA is linear in the 6 to 600 nM concentration range, with a 2.6 nM detection limit. The assay is simple, sensitive and affordable. Conceivably, the method may also be used to detect the binding of other small molecules to proteins.

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Graphical abstract A fluorescent sensing platform for small molecule-protein interaction assay has been developed based on terminal protection strategy and ssDNA-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs).

     

Versatile Logic Devices Based on Programmable DNA‐Regulated Silver‐Nanocluster Signal Transducers

A DNA‐encoding strategy is reported for the programmable regulation of the fluorescence properties of silver nanoclusters (AgNCs). By taking advantage of the DNA‐encoding strategy, aqueous AgNCs were used as signal transducers to convert DNA inputs into fluorescence outputs for the construction of various DNA‐based logic gates (AND, OR, INHIBIT, XOR, NOR, XNOR, NAND, and a sequential logic gate). Moreover, a biomolecular keypad that was capable of constructing crossword puzzles was also fabricated. These AgNC‐based logic systems showed several advantages, including a simple transducer‐introduction strategy, universal design, and biocompatible operation. In addition, this proof of concept opens the door to a new generation of signal transducer materials and provides a general route to versatile biomolecular logic devices for practical applications.     

DNA-Templated Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters Inhibit Bacterial Growth While Being Non-Toxic to Mammalian Cells

Silver has a long history of antibacterial effectiveness. The combination of atomically precise metal nanoclusters with the field of nucleic acid nanotechnology has given rise to DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs) which can be engineered with reproducible and unique fluorescent properties and antibacterial activity. Furthermore, cytosine-rich single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides designed to fold into hairpin structures improve the stability of AgNCs and additionally modulate their antibacterial properties and the quality of observed fluorescent signals. In this work, we characterize the sequence-specific fluorescence and composition of four representative DNA-AgNCs, compare their corresponding antibacterial effectiveness at different pH, and assess cytotoxicity to several mammalian cell lines.     

Versatile logic devices based on programmable DNA-regulated silver-nanocluster signal transducers

A DNA-encoding strategy is reported for the programmable regulation of the fluorescence properties of silver nanoclusters (AgNCs). By taking advantage of the DNA-encoding strategy, aqueous AgNCs were used as signal transducers to convert DNA inputs into fluorescence outputs for the construction of various DNA-based logic gates (AND, OR, INHIBIT, XOR, NOR, XNOR, NAND, and a sequential logic gate). Moreover, a biomolecular keypad that was capable of constructing crossword puzzles was also fabricated. These AgNC-based logic systems showed several advantages, including a simple transducer-introduction strategy, universal design, and biocompatible operation. In addition, this proof of concept opens the door to a new generation of signal transducer materials and provides a general route to versatile biomolecular logic devices for practical applications.     

Label-free fluorescent detection of copper(II) using DNA-templated highly luminescent silver nanoclusters

Novel luminescent silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) were synthesized utilizing DNA as templates by a simple, rapid and one-pot procedure. Luminescence studies indicated that these DNA-AgNCs exhibited strong emission with peak maximum at 624 nm. The fluorescence of the DNA-AgNCs was found to be quenched by Cu(2+) enabling its detection with high sensitivity and selectivity.