纳米材料的化学锂化与电活性

基于国内外最新研究进展及本课题组的研究工作, 综述了纳米材料的化学锂化与电活性研究进展. 首先介绍了钼氧化物、钒氧化物、硒化物等高容量纳米材料的制备和锂化过程的化学问题;然后介绍了单纳米线器件及纳米线锂离子电池的组装、化学锂化与电活性等的最新进展. 指出单纳米线(带、管等)器件组装、锂离子迁移原位检测、有序阵列或复杂结构设计构筑以及锂化机理、静电耦合、锂离子迁移与界面作用等相关性的研究将是更深入探索纳米材料化学锂化与电活性的关键问题, 对纳米锂离子电池材料研究领域的发展起到促进作用.     

高能量密度锂离子电池用富锂正极材料

随着移动通讯设备和电动汽车的发展,对高比能量密度锂离子电池的需求越来越大。目前商业化动力电池主要采用的磷酸铁锂和三元正极材料放电比容量均低于180 mAh/g,难以满足一次充电行驶500公里以上的要求,因此,正极材料的比容量已成为限制锂离子电池能量密度提高的瓶颈。富锂材料具有大的比容量(≥250 mAh/g)和高的放电电压(3.8 V),理论能量密度高达900 Wh/kg,是未来动力电池的理想正极材料,因而研究高比容量富锂正极材料具有非常重要的现实意义。本文回顾了锂离子电池正极材料的发展和目前商业化正极材料比容量低的现状,综述了新一代大比容量富锂正极材料的结构特征和电化学性质,以及放电机制和改性研究的最新进展,并指出现阶段高能量密度锂离子电池用富锂材料遇到的问题,且有针对性地提出了解决思路和方法。     

自组装多级结构在锂离子电池中的应用

锂离子电池作为比能量最高的二次电池,在可持续能源领域扮演越来越重要的角色。为寻求下一代更高性能的锂离子电池,人们在探索许多高比容量电极材料。然而,这些材料通常具有锂化前后体积变化大、电极阻抗大等缺点,需要制备成纳米结构才能够获得较好的电化学储锂性能。而纳米结构具有比表面积高、振实密度低等缺点,导致电池的首次库仑效率低、循环寿命短和比能量低。将纳米材料组装成多级结构能够有效地降低整体的比表面积、从而限制固体界面膜形成对锂的消耗量,提高首次库仑效率;与纳米颗粒的无序堆积相比,多级结构材料往往具有较高的堆积密度和接触面积,进而提高电池的能量密度。本文主要介绍锂离子电池中多级结构的制备及其在锂离子电池中的应用：制备方面主要介绍了溶剂热法、乳液法、喷雾干燥法和模板法,以及相关参数对最终多级结构的影响;在应用方面,主要针对不同多级结构材料以提高锂离子电池性能为主线进行综述。     

单个LiCoO_2纳米粒子充放电过程的实时光学成像

<正>含锂纳米材料已经被广泛用作锂离子电池的电极材料。研究单个纳米粒子电化学活性,可以"Bottom up"地建立起纳米材料结构-器件性能关系,有助于新型、高效电极材料的设计和优化。因此,发展可用于单个纳米粒子实时构效分析的原位分析方法极为重要。目前,透射电子显微镜(TEM)和透射X射线显微镜(TXM)等成像技术的高分辨率精细地反映了纳米粒子的原子结构在电化学过程中的演变过程,然而此类形貌和结构表征     

锂离子电池高容量合金基含锂负极材料的研究进展

现有的以石墨为负极的锂离子电池能量密度逐渐接近其理论极限. 基于合金化反应机制的高容量含锂负极材料Li_xM_y(M为能够和锂发生合金化反应的元素)是一类新兴的负极材料, 具有数倍于石墨的储锂比容量, 且可以为电池提供活性锂源. 这些特性使其能够与高容量无锂正极材料(如S, O₂, FeF₃和V₂O₅等)相匹配, 构建下一代高比能锂离子电池新体系. 本文综述了近年来高容量合金基含锂负极材料(如Li_xSi, Li_xSn, Li₃P和Li_xAl基系列材料)的研究进展, 分析了所面临的挑战, 概述了材料的合成与电极的制备方法, 并介绍了它们在常规锂离子电池、 锂离子-硫电池及锂离子-空气电池等多个全电池体系中的应用实例, 提出并举证了其电化学性能优化与调控的策略, 最后展望了未来的研究方向.     

废旧锂离子电池选择性提锂

新能源汽车行业的蓬勃发展不仅使锂离子电池需求量激增,大批锂离子电池在达到一定循环次数后也会因无法继续使用而报废。目前研究者们已经对废旧锂离子电池中有价金属的提取方法进行了许多研究,但回收过程中重点关注的对象是钴和镍,锂作为锂离子电池中的主要成分没有给予足够的重视。随着锂资源供需关系的日趋紧张,近年来通过将废旧锂离子电池中的锂优先选择性提取以提高其回收效率的研究不断增多。基于此,本文系统梳理了从不同正极材料(如钴酸锂、锰酸锂、镍钴锰酸锂和磷酸铁锂)中选择性提锂的方法,包括高温转型、选择性浸出、机械化学及电化学法,为后续有关退役锂离子电池选择性提锂的研究及产业实践提供参考。     

锂空气电池非水基电解液的优化与研究进展

锂空气电池是介于燃料电池和锂电池之间的一种新一代高性能绿色二次电池, 其理论比能量高达11140 Wh/kg (Li), 是锂离子电池的6～9倍, 同时具有输出电压稳定、环境友好等优点, 应用前景广阔. 电解液是电池中重要的组成部分, 在决定电池的电化学性能方面起着至关重要的作用. 综述了锂空气电池中有机电解液、离子液体和固态电解质等三种非水基电解质的研究进展, 系统阐述了各电解液不同化学性质(电化学稳定性、离子导电率、极性)、物理性质(如介电常数、黏度、氧气溶解度、吸湿性)和物理化学性质(对阴极材料的浸润能力等)对锂空气电池放电比容量、大电流放电能力和循环性能的影响, 并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

纳米薄膜锂离子电池电极材料

本文总结了近年来纳米薄膜锂离子电池电极材料的研究情况,特别是本课题组在这方面的工作进展.我们从纳米颗粒和纳米结构两方面对各种纳米电极材料进行了分类和归纳,对于纳米颗粒组成的薄膜电极材料,除了对传统的锂一金属氧化物(LiMO2,LiMn2O4等)电极材料和聚阴离子型(LiFePO4等)电极材料薄膜化的研究做了介绍之外,着...     

对聚苯树脂炭化产物作为锂离子电池碳电极材料的研究Ⅱ.炭化产物制备的电极材料组装的锂离子电池电化学性能

电化学性质;对聚苯树脂炭化产物作为锂离子电池碳电极材料的研究Ⅱ.炭化产物制备的电极材料组装的锂离子电池电化学性能     

对聚苯树脂炭化产物作为锂离子电池碳电极材料的研究Ⅱ.炭化产物制备的电极材料组装的锂离子电池电化学性能

电化学性质;对聚苯树脂炭化产物作为锂离子电池碳电极材料的研究Ⅱ.炭化产物制备的电极材料组装的锂离子电池电化学性能     

Nanostructured strategies towards boosting organic lithium-ion batteries

Pursuing material development for next-generation batteries,organic electrode materials have shown great potential for lithium-ion batteries.However,their widespread adopting is plagued by intrinsic problems such as poor electronic conductivity,high dissolution inside electrolytes and unstable chemical peculiarity.Recently,nanostructured-strategies promoted organic electrodes with exotic properties for enhancing electron and ion transport together with the stability during electrochemical process,have received increasing attention and have been extensive applied in boosting the organic lithium-ion based energy storage.In this review,we summarize the applications of nanostructures to improve the performance of both organic anodes and cathodes,including(i)nanoscale design of zero-dimensional organic electrode materials,(ii)strategies of one-dimensional nanostructured organic electrode materials,(iii)construction of two-dimensional nanosized organic composite electrodes,and(iv)three-dimensional exploration of nanosized organic electrodes.We hope to stimulate high-quality applied research on understanding and handling the relationship between the nanostructure and performance of organic lithium-ion batteries that might speed up the commercialization of organic lithium ion batteries.     

钒系磷酸盐锂离子电池正极材料

商业化锂离子电池以锂过渡金属氧化物作正极材料,由于安全性等问题限制了其更广泛的应用。在已经研究和开发的众多新型锂离子电池正极材料中,钒系磷酸盐由于具有较高的对锂电位和理论比容量而成为研究热点。本文综述了各种钒系磷酸盐类锂离子电池正极材料的研究现状,重点对各种材料的结构、制备方法和电化学性能进行了总结,并对改善材料综合性能的方法和机理进行了探讨。     

Lithium manganese spinel materials for high-rate electrochemical applications

In order to successively compete with supercapacitors, an ability of fast discharge is a must for lithium-ion batteries. From this point of view, stoichiometric and substituted lithium manganese spinels as cathode materials are one of the most prospective candidates, especially in their nanosized form. In this article, an overview of the most recent data regarding physico-chemical and electrochemical properties of lithium manganese spinels, especially, LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, synthesized by means of various methods is presented, with special emphasis of their use in high-rate electrochemical applications. In particular, specific capacities and rate capabilities of spinel materials are analyzed. It is suggested that reduced specific capacity is determined primarily by the aggregation of material particles, whereas good high-rate capability is governed not only by the size of crystallites but also by the perfectness of crystals. The most technologically advantageous solutions are described, existing gaps in the knowledge of spinel materials are outlined, and the ways of their filling are suggested, in a hope to be helpful in keeping lithium batteries afloat in the struggle for a worthy place among electrochemical energy systems of the 21st century.     

Covalent modification of natural graphite with lithium benzoate multilayers via diazonium chemistry and their application in lithium ion batteries

In this study, we present an alternative pathway for the surface modification of anode materials of lithium ion batteries via molecular design. Aromatic multilayers of lithium benzoate were covalently attached to the surface of natural graphite through diazonium chemistry, and the resulting graphite exhibited superior electrochemical performance as anode material of lithium ion batteries. The mechanism responsible for the improved electrochemical behavior was ascribed to the formation of a stable and compact passive film that can accommodate the volume change of graphite particles. Due to the diversity and reliability of diazonium chemistry, this study may provide a new strategy to modify the conventional anode or even cathode materials of lithium ion batteries.     

金属硫化物在可充电电池中的研究进展

低成本、长寿命、高安全性、高性能且易于大规模生产的锂/钠离子电池已被证实为重要的二次储能设备。 电极材料对锂/钠电池性能与循环寿命影响极大,金属硫化物由于具有高比容量和低电势而极具潜力成为锂/钠离子电池负极材料。 在电化学循环过程中,由于金属硫化物容易产生穿梭效应和体积变化,从而电极材料结构被破坏,进一步导致电池容量衰退、稳定性降低。 本文总结了多种金属硫化物的微观结构调控策略,从三维空间构建到与其它材料的复合,增强了电极的导电性和减缓体积变化带来的负面影响,进而获得性能优异的金属硫化物负极材料。 通过对金属硫化物的结构与性能的讨论,对其研究前景进行了积极的展望。     

The application of nanostructured transition metal sulfides as anodes for lithium ion batteries

With wide application of electric vehicles and large-scale in energy storage systems, the requirement of secondary batteries with higher power density and better safety gets urgent. Owing to the merits of high theoretical capacity, relatively low cost and suitable discharge voltage, much attention has been paid to the transition metal sulfides. Recently, a large amount of research papers have reported about the application of transition metal sulfides in lithium ion batteries. However, the practical application of transition metal sulfides is still impeded by their fast capacity fading and poor rate performance. More well-focused researches should be operated towards the commercialization of transition metal sulfides in lithium ion batteries. In this review, recent development of using transition metal sulfides such as copper sulfides,molybdenum sulfides, cobalt sulfides, and iron sulfides as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries is presented. In addition, the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and synthetic strategy of transition metal sulfides are briefly summarized. The critical issues, challenges, and perspectives providing a further understanding of the associated electrochemical processes are also discussed.     

锂离子电池纳米负极电极材料

综述了锂离子电池纳米负极材料研究的最新进展,根据材料的化学组成把锂离子电池纳米级负极材料分为金属基纳米负极材料、非金属基纳米负极材料、金属-非金属复合纳米负极材料、纳米氧化物负极材料和其它纳米负极材料。论述了各类材料的优势和存在的问题,探讨了这些材料的主要制备方法与其结构、形貌和电化学性能之间的关系,展望了纳米负极材料用于锂离子电池的前景。     

Amorphous cobalt silicate nanobelts@carbon composites as a stable anode material for lithium ion batteries

During the past decade, tremendous attention has been given to the development of new electrode materials with high capacity to meet the requirements of electrode materials with high energy density in lithium ion batteries. Very recently, cobalt silicate has been proposed as a new type of high capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries. However, the bulky cobalt silicate demonstrates limited electrochemical performance. Nanostructure engineering and carbon coating represent two promising strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of electrode materials. Herein, we developed a template method for the synthesis of amorphous cobalt silicate nanobelts which can be coated with carbon through the deposition and thermal decomposition of phenol formaldehyde resin. Tested as an anode material, the amorphous cobalt silicate nanobelts@carbon composites exhibit a reversible high capacity of 745 mA h g^–1 at a current density of 100 mA g^–1, and a long life span of up to 1000 cycles with a stable capacity retention of 480 mA h g^–1 at a current density of 500 mA g^–1. The outstanding electrochemical performance of the composites indicates their high potential as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. The results here are expected to stimulate further research into transition metal silicate nanostructures for lithium ion battery applications.     

锂/钠离子电池材料的固体核磁共振研究进展

固体核磁共振技术是一种定量分析固体材料结构与组成的强有力手段,结合固体核磁共振和常规x-射线衍射(XRD)、 x-射线吸收谱(XAS)等表征方法可对锂/钠离子电池材料在电化学反应中的结构演化过程进行全面的分析. 例如通过固体核磁共振研究, 可获得不同合成与修饰条件下, 锂/钠离子电池电极和电解质材料体相以及电极/电解质界面层的化学组成、局域结构和离子扩散动力学等信息,为高性能电池材料的设计和研发提供重要的基础数据. 本文结合本课题组的研究工作,综述了近三年来国内外固体核磁共振技术在锂/钠离子电池电极、电解质材料以及固体电解质界面膜（SEI）研究中的应用和进展.     

氟磷酸盐及正硅酸盐锂离子电池正极材料研究进展

综述了用于锂离子电池的氟磷酸盐和正硅酸盐正极材料的研究现状, 重点对各种材料的结构及合成方法与性能的关系, 特别是对如何改善材料的电化学性能进行了总结和探讨. 展望了这两类锂离子电池正极材料的发展趋势.