熟地黄的炮制及有效成分和微量元素的检测研究

炮制出熟地黄,并建立熟地黄中5种有效苷类成分的高效液相色谱（HPLC）及微量元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）的测定方法,以此优选熟地黄的最佳炮制工艺.以传统酒蒸熟地黄工艺为对照,5种有效苷类成分及微量元素的含量为评价指标,确定熟地黄不同次数炮制的最优工艺.结果发现,通过“七蒸七晒”炮制工艺所获熟地黄显著增加了其中梓醇、地黄苷D、益母草苷、毛蕊花糖苷、异毛蕊花糖苷含量以及铁、锌、铜微量元素含量,同时降低了镉、砷有害元素含量.利用HPLC和ICP-MS分别精准的检测到熟地黄中5种有效苷类成分和微量元素的含量,确定“七蒸七晒”为熟地黄最佳炮制工艺,为熟地黄炮制方法提供了科学依据.     

紫荆花与玫瑰茄微量元素含量的比较研究

首次报道紫荆花十种微量元素含量，并与玫瑰茄作了含量比较研究．     

辽产10种中草药微量元素含量的测定

用原子吸收分光光度法测定了辽宁特产人参、五味子、细辛、关黄柏、北柴胡、杏仁、北沙参、防风、酸枣仁、升麻十种中草药中的微量元素含量，可以指导其栽培、采集、保藏和炮制，从而保证中草药质量，安全有效应用于临床。     

生、炒决明子中无机元素的分析测定

为测定生决明子中无机元素水平,探讨其药效物质基础及炒制对其含量的影响,采用原子荧光法和等离子发射光谱法等测定了不同产地、批次的生、炒决明子中重金属及微量元素的含量。结果表明,不同产地的生、炒决明子含有的重金属元素均没有超过食品卫生标准。决明子经过炮制后,无机元素变化情况:硫、钠、铬、钡、锂、镍、锶等元素炮制前后变化不大;钙、钾、镁、锰、锌有益元素的含量略有增高;汞、铅、砷有害元素的含量略有下降。可见决明子饮片药用是安全的,炒制工艺对决明子无机元素含量有一定影响,其特有无机元素的种类和含量对揭示决明子药效的物质基础具有意义。     

不同产地磁石炮制前后元素的溶出量分析

利用吸收光度法测定三种不同产地磁石的生品和炮制品的水煎液中铁的含量,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定其余十四种元素的含量。结果表明,三种磁石中铁及微量元素的溶出量有明显差别;经煅淬后主成分铁及大部分微量元素的溶出量都有明显增加,而砷、铅的溶出量显著降低。磁 石中各种元素的溶出量与其产地和炮制有关。     

苍术炮制前后微量元素的比较

采用等离子本原子发射光谱法对苍术进行了炮制前后３２种元素含量的测定比较。结果表明：苍术经麸炒、土炒后、微量元素的含量有不同程度的变化，为深入研究苍术炮制机理提供了参考依据。     

174例男性不育症患者精浆微量元素检测与分析

检测了174例男性不育症患者精浆锌、铁、铅、钙、镁等五种微量元素,以探讨不育症患者精浆微量元素含量与精液质量的关系。结果显示：（1）粘稠性精液组精浆锌含量显著低于正常粘度精液组（P＜0．01）,精浆钙含量低于正常度精液组（P＜0．05）,铁、铅、镁含量无差异（P＜0．05）。（2）无精子及少精子症组精浆铁、钙含量高于精子密度正常组（P＜0．01）,铜含量低于精子密度正常组（P＜0．01）,锌、镁含量无差异（P＜0．05）。（3）精子活动率低下组与正常组浆微量元素含量无差异（P＜0．05）。提示精浆锌、铁、铅、钙等微量元素含量改变是影响精液质量的重要原因之一。精浆镁含量与精液质量似无明显关系。     

微量元素锶与龋齿

叙述了饮术中锶浓度、牙釉质中锶含量与龋齿的关系，锶与其他微量元素的联合抗龋作用；讨论了锶抗龋的可能作用机制．研究结果表明．微量元素锶在防治牙病方面可能是有用的．     

树舌及其提取物中锌锰铜铁含量分析

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了树舌及其不同提取物中Ｚｎ,Ｍｎ,Ｃｕ,Ｆｅ含量,考虑了提取方法对中药微量元素含量的影响。结果证明,不同提取方法对中药微量元素含量有明显影响。在制剂生产中,应选择适宜的提取炮制方法的生产工艺。     

龙津街婴儿辅食添加与微量元素含量的关系

为了解荔湾区龙津街婴儿辅食添加时间及结构对其体内微量元素含量有无影响，减少微量元素失衡对婴儿生长发育的影响，采用分层抽样方法对龙津街内进行“4－2－1”体检的398名3－12个月散居婴儿进行辅食添加情况了解，同时检测其头发中碘，锌，铁，钙，铜，锰的含量。用x^2求得两者关系P＜0．01，P＜0．05，表明辅食添加的时间正常与否，添加辅食结构是否合理对其头发中微量元素含量有密切关系。科学地进行辅食添加对平衡婴儿体内微量元素含量，促进其健康生长有重要意义。     

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of the impact of bran-processing on the chemical profile of Radix Paeoniae Alba (Baishao)

In this study, a rapid and versatile ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based chemical profiling approach was applied to evaluate chemical constitution of crude and processed Radix Paeoniae Alba (RPA) samples. A total of 44 compounds were identified, among which the contents of 9 compounds in processed samples were obviously decreased and 8 compounds were increased. Furthermore, compound 28 was not found in RPA sample after stir-frying with wheat bran. The proposed method provided a chemical basis for exploring the processed mechanism of herbal medicine.     

Multielement determination in wheat and bran

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was employed to measure 26 elements in three wheat varieties and in bran retained on U.S. standard sieve#e40. It was observed that the mineral content of bran was much higher than whole wheat and more than 90% of the elemental content was retained in the bran. The concentrations of As, Ce, Cr, Cs, Eu, Hf, Hg, La, Sb, Sc, Sr, Th and V in whole wheat and bran were below the detection limit.     

The Effects of Wheat Bran Composition on the Production of Biomass-Hydrolyzing Enzymes by Penicillium decumbens

The effects of the starch, protein, and soluble oligosaccharides contents in wheat bran on the extracellular biomass-hydrolyzing enzymes activities released by Penicillium decumbens mycelia grown in batch fermentations have been examined. The results showed increased starch content correlated directly with an increase in released amylase activity but inversely with the levels of secreted cellulase and xylanase. High amounts of protein in wheat bran also reduced the activities of cellulase, xylanase and protease in the culture medium. The effects of the soluble and insoluble components of wheat bran and cello-oligosaccharides supplements on production of extracellular cellulase and xylanase were compared. The soluble cello-oligosaccharides compositions in wheat bran were proved to be one of the most significant factors for cellulase production. According to the results of this research, determining and regulating the composition of wheat bran used as a fermentation supplement may allow for improved induction of cellulase and xylanase production.     

Xylanase and β-Xylosidase Production by <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Aspergillus ochraceus</Emphasis>: New Perspectives for the Application of Wheat Straw Autohydrolysis Liquor

The xylanase biosynthesis is induced by its substrate—xylan. The high xylan content in some wastes such as wheat residues (wheat bran and wheat straw) makes them accessible and cheap sources of inducers to be mainly applied in great volumes of fermentation, such as those of industrial bioreactors. Thus, in this work, the main proposal was incorporated in the nutrient medium wheat straw particles decomposed to soluble compounds (liquor) through treatment of lignocellulosic materials in autohydrolysis process, as a strategy to increase and undervalue xylanase production by Aspergillus ochraceus. The wheat straw autohydrolysis liquor produced in several conditions was used as a sole carbon source or with wheat bran. The best conditions for xylanase and β-xylosidase production were observed when A. ochraceus was cultivated with 1% wheat bran added of 10% wheat straw liquor (produced after 15 min of hydrothermal treatment) as carbon source. This substrate was more favorable when compared with xylan, wheat bran, and wheat straw autohydrolysis liquor used separately. The application of this substrate mixture in a stirred tank bioreactor indicated the possibility of scaling up the process to commercial production.     

Newly Generated Atractylon Derivatives in Processed Rhizomes of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz

Thermally processed rhizomes of Atractylodes macrocephala (RAM) have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating various disorders, and have been an integral part of various traditional drugs and healthcare products. In TCM, herbal medicines are, in most cases, uniquely processed. Although it is thought that processing can alter the properties of herbal medicines so as to achieve desired functions, increase potency, and/or reduce side effects, the underlying chemical changes remain unclear for most thermally processed Chinese herbal medicines. In an attempt to shed some light on the scientific rationale behind the processes involved in traditional medicine, the RAM processed by stir-frying with wheat bran was investigated for the change of chemical composition. As a result, for the first time, five new chemical entities, along with ten known compounds, were isolated. Their chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses. The possible synthetic pathway for the generation of such thermally-induced chemical entities was also proposed. Furthermore, biological activity evaluation showed that none of the compounds possessed cytotoxic effects against the tested mammalian cancer and noncancer cell lines. In addition, all compounds were ineffective at inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic microorganisms.     

Phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the bran,flour and whole grain of different wheat varieties

Total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging capability of the bran layer, flour made from endosperm and whole grain of wheat were determined. Fifteen different wheat samples of ten spring and five winter wheat varieties were analyzed. The spring wheat varieties were grown in both conventional and organic conditions. The total phenolic content of the bran layer found to be the highest (1258-3157 μg/g), followed by that of grains (168 - 459 μg/g) and the lowest of flour (44 - 140 μg/g). The bound phenolic acids were quantified by CE-DAD analysis after alkaline hydrolysis. Ferulic acid was a major compound among phenolic acids found in wheat varieties.     

Phytase Production by Aspergillus oryzae in Solid-State Fermentation and its Applicability in Dephytinization of Wheat Ban

Aspergillus oryzae SBS50 secreted a high titre of phytase in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran at 30 °C after 96 h at the initial substrate to moisture ratio of 1:2 and a water activity of 0.95. The production of phytase increased when wheat bran was supplemented with sucrose and beef extract. Further enhancement in enzyme production was recorded when the substrate was supplemented with the surfactant Triton X-100 (145 U/g of DMB). An overall 29-fold improvement in phytase production was achieved owing to optimization. Under optimized conditions, the mould secreted 9.3-fold higher phytase in SSF as compared to submerged fermentation (SmF). The mesophilic mould also secreted amylase, cellulase (CMCase), pectinase and xylanase along with phytase in SSF. Scanning electron microscopy revealed luxuriant growth of A. oryzae on wheat bran with abundant spores. The enzyme dephytinized wheat bran with concomitant liberation of inorganic phosphate.     

Isolation and Cultivation of a Xylanolytic Bacillus subtilis Extracted from the Gut of the Termite Reticulitermes santonensis

The aim of this work was the isolation of xylanolytic microorganisms from the digestive tract of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis. The reducing sugars released after the hydrolysis of xylans can be further fermented to provide bioethanol. A xylanolytic strain of Bacillus subtilis was isolated from the hindgut of the termite and displayed amylase and xylanase activities. The bacterium was grown on media containing agricultural residues: wheat bran, wheat distiller’s grains, and rapeseed oil cake. Wheat bran led to the highest induction of xylanase activity, although the development of the strain was less fast than in the other media. It was possible to reach maximal xylanase activities of 44.3, 33.5, and 29.1 I.U./ml in the media containing wheat bran, wheat distiller’s grains, and rapeseed oil cake, respectively. Mass spectrometry identified a wide range of xylose oligomers, highlighting an endoxylanase activity. The enzyme was stable up to 45 °C and displayed an optimal pH close to 8.     

Screening and Production Study of Microbial Xylanase Producers from Brazilian Cerrado

Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides of low molecular weight containing 100 to 200 glycosidic residues. In plants, the xylans or the hemicelluloses are situated between the lignin and the collection of cellulose fibers underneath. The xylan is the most common hemicellulosic polysaccharide in cell walls of land plants, comprising a backbone of xylose residues linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. So, xylanolytic enzymes from microorganism have attracted a great deal of attention in the last decade, particularly because of their biotechnological characteristics in various industrial processes, related to food, feed, ethanol, pulp, and paper industries. A microbial screening of xylanase producer was carried out in Brazilian Cerrado area in Selviria city, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. About 50 bacterial strains and 15 fungal strains were isolated from soil sample at 35 °C. Between these isolated microorganisms, a bacterium Lysinibacillus sp. and a fungus Neosartorya spinosa as good xylanase producers were identified. Based on identification processes, Lysinibacillus sp. is a new species and the xylanase production by this bacterial genus was not reported yet. Similarly, it has not reported about xylanase production from N. spinosa. The bacterial strain P5B1 identified as Lysinibacillus sp. was cultivated on submerged fermentation using as substrate xylan, wheat bran, corn straw, corncob, and sugar cane bagasse. Corn straw and wheat bran show a good xylanase activity after 72 h of fermentation. A fungus identified as N. spinosa (strain P2D16) was cultivated on solid-state fermentation using as substrate source wheat bran, wheat bran plus sawdust, corn straw, corncob, cassava bran, and sugar cane bagasse. Wheat bran and corncobs show the better xylanase production after 72 h of fermentation. Both crude xylanases were characterized and a bacterial xylanase shows optimum pH for enzyme activity at 6.0, whereas a fungal xylanase has optimum pH at 5.0–5.5. They were stable in the pH range 5.0–10.0 and 5.5–8.5 for bacterial and fungal xylanase, respectively. The optimum temperatures were 55C and 60 °C for bacterial and fungal xylanase, respectively, and they were thermally stable up to 50 °C.     

The action of the acid phosphomonoesterase of wheat bran on the methylamide of N-bensoyl-O-pyrophosphoserine

Conclusions The pyrophosphate bond of the methylamide of N-benzoyl-O-pyrophosphoserine is cleaved by the acid phosphatase from wheat bran. The rate of cleavage of the pyrophosphate bond is considerably higher than that of the phosphomonoester bond. The acid phosphatase preparation from wheat bran does not catalyze the phosphotransferase reaction, which shows a difference in the structures of the active centers and in the mechanisms of the action of the acid phosphatase of wheat bran and the alkaline phosphatase ofE. coli. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 551–554, 1969