通过赝反伽伐尼反应实现金纳米粒子模块替换（英文）

通过可控的方式精确调控纳米粒子的结构仍是一个富有挑战性和鼓舞人心的课题.尽管单原子或两、三个金属原子的精细调控已经在金纳米粒子中实现,涉及三个以上金属原子的取代(模块取代)还没有报道.本工作报道了环己硫醇配体保护的Au_(48)(CHT)_(26)的合成及其通过赝反伽伐尼过程的模块取代.单晶结构揭示模块取代的产物与母体团簇共用一个相似的Au_(31)(CHT)_(12)主体,但剩余部分不同(Au_6(CHT)_(11)vs.Au_(16)(CHT)_(14)).一个有趣的发现是模块取代抑制了Au_(48)(CHT)_(26)的光热过程,却增强了它的发射,赋予了所合成团簇更好的双(多)功能应用潜力.光热效应的减弱和发射的增强也暗示了这两种作用能够彼此至少部分转化,对于研究这两种效应之间的相互影响也具有重要的启示.     

Pd和Hg共掺杂的金属纳米团簇HgPdAu23(PET)18

异金属原子引入原子精确的金属纳米团簇是调控团簇物理化学性质的有效手段,目前报道的异金属原子掺杂团簇大多数是单个金属原子掺入金属团簇中形成的二元金属纳米团簇,而两个异金属原子同时掺入同一个金属团簇中形成三元金属纳米团簇的报道较少.本工作中,我们报道了Pd和Hg双原子同时掺入Au₂₅(PET)₁₈(PET=苯乙硫醇)团簇中形成HgPdAu₂₃(PET)₁₈新团簇,推测了Pd和Hg在三元金属团簇中最可能的位置,即Pd位于三元金属团簇的内核中心,而Hg原子位于三元金属团簇内核的表面.不同金属种类以及不同的掺杂位置导致了三元金属团簇HgPdAu₂₃(PET)₁₈具有不同于原始团簇Au₂₅(PET)₁₈和二元金属团簇PdAu₂₄(PET)₁₈和HgAu₂₄(PET)₁₈的电子构型.本研究为双金属异原子掺入金属纳米团簇的精准制备提供了新的思...     

金纳米团簇在盐酸和十二硫醇刻蚀作用下的原位生长动力学研究

了解金属纳米团簇的形成机制对于进一步发展其化学制备方法是必要的。我们利用盐酸(HCl)和十二硫醇(RSH)共同刻蚀L₃ (L₃: 1, 3-双二苯基膦丙烷)包覆的多分散性的Au_n (15 ≤ n ≤ 60)团簇成功制备出单分散性的Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄纳米团簇,并结合原位同步辐射X射线吸收谱、原位真空紫外-可见吸收光谱和质谱技术,研究了Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄纳米团簇的动力学形成过程。结果表明,Au团簇从多分散到单分散的转变经历了3个明显不同的动力学步骤。首先,尺寸较大的多分散金属团簇Au_n主要在HCl刻蚀作用下,形成尺寸较小的亚稳的中间产物Au₈–Au₁₁团簇。然后,这些中间产物与反应溶液中已有的Au(Ⅰ)-Cl物种反应,并与SR发生部分配体交换,逐渐长大为由SR和L₃保护的Au₁₃团簇。最后,形成的Au₁₃团簇经过一个较缓慢的结构重组过程,最终形成稳定的Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄的纳米团簇。     

合成高产率的Au21(SR)15纳米簇

近年来,精确原子个数的金纳米簇因其在催化、生物医药、传感等领域具有潜在应用而备受关注。本研究中使用金刚烷硫醇(HS-Adam)作为配体制备了Au₂₃(S-Adam)₁₆纳米簇。在室温条件下,通过HS-Adam刻蚀Au₂₃(S-Adam)₁₆纳米簇,得到了纯度较高的Au₂₁(S-Adam)₁₅,其转换率可达20% (根据金原子计算)。并通过紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis),电喷雾(ESI)和基质辅助激光解析飞行时间(MALDI)质谱以及热重分析(TGA)对合成的金纳米簇进行表征。     

硫醇保护金团簇的实验和理论研究现状

硫醇保护的金团簇(Au_m(SR)_n,m和n为Au和SR的数目)由于其特殊的光学、电学性质以及特别的物理/化学性质,在纳米催化、生物医学和光学设备中具有潜在的应用价值。Au₁₀₂(SR)₅₄和Au₂₅(SR)₁₈^-团簇单晶结构的确定是Au_m(SR)_n团簇合成的两大突破,它们的结构揭示了Au_m(SR)_n团簇中Au-S键新的成键特征和新的原子堆积方式。本文总结了Au_m(SR)_n团簇实验合成单晶结构的研究成果,概述了有谱图无单晶结构的Au_m(SR)_n团簇的实验进展,介绍了密度泛函理论预测Au_m(SR)_n团簇的研究概况,并结合本课题组的研究课题归纳了解释团簇稳定性和化学成键方式的超原子复合物模型,超原子网络模型和超级共价键模型及其应用。最后,对Au_m(SR)_n团簇的研究趋势进行了展望。     

三苯基膦：转换硫醇保护的纳米粒子成[Au25(PPh3)10(SR)5Cl2]2+

我们在此报道了一种未曾发现的有趣现象：尽管[Au₂₃(SC₆H₁₁)₁₆]⁻、Au₂₄(SC₂H₄Ph)₂₀ (Ph:苯环)、Au₃₆(TBBT)₂₈ (TBBTH:对叔丁基苯硫酚)、Au₃₈(SC₂H₄Ph)₂₄、混合Au_x(SC₂H₄Ph)_y团簇及3 nm的金纳米粒子有不同的组成、结构、尺寸和保护性硫醇配体,但它们在三苯基膦(PPh₃)作用下,均能统一地经由亚稳的[Au₁₁(PPh₃)₈Cl₂]²⁺最终转化为稳定的双二十面体[Au₂₅(PPh₃)₁₀(SR)₅Cl₂]²⁺ (SR:硫醇配体)。换句话说,三苯基膦是这些硫醇保护的纳米粒子的统一转化器。然而,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)/柠檬酸盐(Citrate)保护的金纳米粒子和[Ag₂₅(SPhMe₂)₁₈]⁻ (Me:甲基)在同样的条件下,却不能转化为[Au₂₅(PPh₃)₁₀(SR)₅Cl₂]²⁺或[Ag₂₅(PPh₃)₁₀(SR)₅Cl₂]²⁺,暗示了硫醇保护的金纳米粒子具有与三苯基膦反应的独特性能。另外,我们考察了配体对双二十面体[Au₂₅(PPh₃)₁₀(SR)₅Cl₂]²⁺团簇荧光性能的影响。     

正二十面体Au13和Pt13团簇上肉桂醛的吸附

运用广义梯度近似(GGA)密度泛函理论的Perdew-Burke-Ernzerh (PBE)方法, 研究了肉桂醛在正二十面体Au₁₃和Pt₁₃团簇上的吸附行为. 通过分析不同吸附模式的吸附能和几何构型发现: 同一金属团簇, 顺式肉桂醛的吸附能强于反式肉桂醛的吸附能. 对于Au₁₃团簇, 肉桂醛的稳定吸附构型为C＝C和C＝O共吸附模型; 对于Pt₁₃团簇, 肉桂醛的稳定吸附构型为C＝O吸附. 比较二者发现, 肉桂醛在Pt₁₃团簇的吸附能力强于Au₁₃团簇.分析Au₁₃和Pt₁₃团簇上肉桂醛最稳定吸附构型的电子结构表明, 电子由肉桂醛原子的2s、2p轨道向金属表面转移, 同时金属部分电子反馈到肉桂醛的反键轨道, 最终肉桂醛稳定吸附于金属团簇. 此外, 肉桂醛在团簇模型上的吸附能大于其在平板模型上的吸附能.     

超卤素掺杂立方相卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池材料第一性原理研究

卤化物钙钛矿（ABC₃）太阳能电池由于其优异的光电性质引起了人们的广泛关注,对结构中的A位及B位离子进行等价离子取代是调控钙钛矿材料禁带宽度的有效方法之一.本文研究拟用超卤素离子团簇（BeX₃^-,MgX₃^-,BX₄^-,AlX₄^-,SiX₅^-,PX₆^-,X＝F,Cl）对立方相CsPbI₃钙钛矿中的I^-离子进行部分掺杂或完全取代,设计了一系列基于超卤素团簇掺杂的新型卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池材料,并运用第一性原理的方法对材料的结构和性质进行了模拟研究.结果表明,采用上述超卤素离子团簇对CsPbI₃钙钛矿中的I^-离子进行部分掺杂比全部取代后得到的结构体系禁带宽度小;采用PCl₆^-团簇取代I^-离子得到的CsPb （PCl₆）₃体系的禁带宽度是1.58 eV,其导带底部主要由Cl原子的3p轨道、P原子的3s轨道以及Pb原子的6p轨道杂化组成,该材料是一种潜在的钙钛矿太阳能电池材料.     

巯基保护的中空金纳米球

基于全统一模型和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,我们提出了具有高对称性和稳定性的巯基保护的中空金纳米球Au₆₀(SR)₂₀的原子结构。Au₆₀(SR)₂₀由一个二十面体Au₅₀富勒烯中空笼子(由20个四面体Au₄融合构成)和10个[―RS―Au―SR―]订书针结构组成,并遵循“分离和保护”规则。DFT计算表明,这种空心Au₆₀(SR)₂₀纳米球具有大的带隙(1.3 eV)以及在笼中心的核独立化学位移(NICS)为负值(−5),表明其高度的化学稳定性。此外,四面体Au₄单元中心的NICS值远大于空心笼中心的NICS值,表明Au₆₀(SR)₂₀的总体稳定性可能来自每个四面体Au₄单元的局部稳定性。正的谐波振动频率说明Au₆₀(SR)₂₀纳米球至少是势能表面的局部最小值。另外,我们还通过融合四面体Au₄层设计了双层中空金纳米球,表明调整中空金纳米球壳层厚度是可行的。最后,我们还介绍了更大的中空金纳米球Au₁₈₀(SR)₆₀的设计。这项工作提供了可控设计中空金纳米球的新策略。     

精确控制合成Au36(SR)24金原子簇(SR = SPh,SC6H4CH3, SCH(CH3)Ph,SC10H7)

近十几年来,具有原子精确的金原子簇(Au_nL_m)逐渐发展成一种新型可靠的金纳米材料。在本研究中,报道一种简单实用合成脂肪或者芳香巯基保护Au₃₆(SR)₂₄金原子簇的方法。通过“尺寸聚焦”方法,成功地获得Au₃₆(SCH(CH₃)Ph)₂₄,Au₃₆(SC₆H₄CH₃)₂₄,Au₃₆(SPh)₂₄及Au₃₆(SC₁₀H₇)₂₄等金原子簇。这些原子簇通过UV-Vis光谱,电喷雾(ESI)和基质辅助激光解析飞行时间(MALDI)质谱以及TGA等表征进行了进一步的确定。同时发现在UV-Vis光谱中,芳香巯基保护Au₃₆(SR)₂₄金原子簇发生了明显的红移现象;例如与Au₃₆(SCH(CH₃)Ph)₂₄原子簇相比,萘巯基保护的Au₃₆(SC₁₀H₇)₂₄原子簇在570 nm左右的吸收峰发生了13 nm的位移。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.