表面相结结构在促进光催化电荷分离中的应用（英文）

二十世纪八十年代以来,特别是近十年,光催化研究在利用可再生能源太阳能的道路上飞速发展.越来越多的研究表明,相结结构的构筑是有效提高半导体光催化剂性能的重要策略.其中,TiO2作为重要的模型光催化剂,其相关研究成果呈现出指数增长的趋势.本综述围绕TiO2模型光催化剂,主要介绍TiO2表面相结的研究成果,包括TiO2表面相的表征、锐钛矿:金红石TiO2相结用于光催化产氢研究、TiO2相结在光催化中作用的最新认识等.在表征方面,通过表面灵敏的紫外拉曼光谱研究了TiO2相变过程中表面相结构的变化,结合可见拉曼以及XRD表征揭示了TiO2独特的相变过程,即相变始于锐钛矿粒子的界面处,小粒子逐渐团聚为大粒子,致其相变从大粒子体相开始最终扩展到整个粒子.使用CO,CO2探针红外光谱,根据锐钛矿和金红石表面吸附物种的差异,进一步证实了锐钛矿:金红石表面相结结构,为紫外拉曼光谱的表面表征特性提供坚实证据.同时,利用发光光谱观察到锐钛矿晶相的可见发光带和金红石晶相的近红外发光带,并基于此给出了TiO2材料表面相结结构的荧光表征新方法.此外荧光光谱还提供了锐钛矿、金红石相中载流子动力学信息,揭示了束缚态在光催化中的作用.在光催化应用方面,观察到混相结构TiO2较单独锐钛矿及金红石相具有更高的光催化产氢活性,通过在较大金红石颗粒上担载纳米锐钛矿粒子,证明了相结结构在提高光催化活性中的核心作用,并首次提出了锐钛矿:金红石表面异相结结构概念,推断其对电荷分离的促进作用是最终提高反应活性的原因.之后将此概念应用到改善商品TiO2(P25)光催化活性中,通过可控热处理精细调控P25的表面相结构,在光催化重整生物质衍生物产氢实验中,成功将P25光催化产氢活性提高3-5倍.之后发展了新的TiO2表面控制方法,通过加入Na2SO4等相变控制剂,延缓了TiO2从锐钛矿向金红石的相变过程,在较高温度下实现TiO2相结结构的调控,最终可将P25光催化重整甲醇制氢的活性提高6倍,同时通过高分辨电镜清晰观察到锐钛矿:金红石相结的原子层生长接触.在相结作用机理方面,多种时间分辨光谱技术以及理论计算被用作探索锐钛矿:金红石相结处的电子转移机理.通过时间分辨红外光谱对TiO2表面相结结构作用的研究,特别是利用锐钛矿、金红石不同的瞬态吸收光谱特征,证明了锐钛矿:金红石相结处的载流子转移过程,存在锐钛矿向金红石的电子转移过程.模型光催化剂TiO2相结的研究成果,加深了对光催化机理的认识,促进新型高效光催化体系的设计合成.     

表面相结结构在促进光催化电荷分离中的应用

二十世纪八十年代以来,特别是近十年,光催化研究在利用可再生能源太阳能的道路上飞速发展。越来越多的研究表明,相结结构的构筑是有效提高半导体光催化剂性能的重要策略。其中, TiO2作为重要的模型光催化剂,其相关研究成果呈现出指数增长的趋势。本综述围绕TiO2模型光催化剂,主要介绍TiO2表面相结的研究成果,包括TiO2表面相的表征、锐钛矿：金红石TiO2相结用于光催化产氢研究、TiO2相结在光催化中作用的最新认识等。在表征方面,通过表面灵敏的紫外拉曼光谱研究了TiO2相变过程中表面相结构的变化,结合可见拉曼以及XRD表征揭示了TiO2独特的相变过程,即相变始于锐钛矿粒子的界面处,小粒子逐渐团聚为大粒子,致其相变从大粒子体相开始最终扩展到整个粒子。使用CO, CO2探针红外光谱,根据锐钛矿和金红石表面吸附物种的差异,进一步证实了锐钛矿：金红石表面相结结构,为紫外拉曼光谱的表面表征特性提供坚实证据。同时,利用发光光谱观察到锐钛矿晶相的可见发光带和金红石晶相的近红外发光带,并基于此给出了TiO2材料表面相结结构的荧光表征新方法。此外荧光光谱还提供了锐钛矿、金红石相中载流子动力学信息,揭示了束缚态在光催化中的作用。在光催化应用方面,观察到混相结构TiO2较单独锐钛矿及金红石相具有更高的光催化产氢活性,通过在较大金红石颗粒上担载纳米锐钛矿粒子,证明了相结结构在提高光催化活性中的核心作用,并首次提出了锐钛矿：金红石表面异相结结构概念,推断其对电荷分离的促进作用是最终提高反应活性的原因。之后将此概念应用到改善商品TiO2(P25)光催化活性中,通过可控热处理精细调控P25的表面相结构,在光催化重整生物质衍生物产氢实验中,成功将P25光催化产氢活性提高3?5倍。之后发展了新的TiO2表面控制方法,通过加入Na2SO4等相变控制剂,延缓了TiO2从锐钛矿向金红石的相变过程,在较高温度下实现TiO2相结结构的调控,最终可将P25光催化重整甲醇制氢的活性提高6倍,同时通过高分辨电镜清晰观察到锐钛矿：金红石相结的原子层生长接触。在相结作用机理方面,多种时间分辨光谱技术以及理论计算被用作探索锐钛矿：金红石相结处的电子转移机理。通过时间分辨红外光谱对TiO2表面相结结构作用的研究,特别是利用锐钛矿、金红石不同的瞬态吸收光谱特征,证明了锐钛矿：金红石相结处的载流子转移过程,存在锐钛矿向金红石的电子转移过程。模型光催化剂TiO2相结的研究成果,加深了对光催化机理的认识,促进新型高效光催化体系的设计合成。     

WO_3中单斜相/六方相异相结的构建及提高光催化降解罗丹明B活性（英文）

光催化技术被认为有可能成为解决环境污染和能源危机的有效手段之一,引起了各国政府和科学家的极大兴趣.以TiO_2,WO_3和Bi_2O_3等半导体为催化剂的光催化反应受到广泛关注.WO_3是一种典型的n型半导体材料,具有电致变色、气敏和光催化等性能,在电致变色器件、气敏传感器和光催化剂等方面有着广泛应用前景.由于WO_3具有高的太阳能利用率、良好的可见光响应性和较强的抗光腐蚀性,是一种极具开发潜力的半导体光催化材料,所以在光解水制氢及催化降解有机污染物等领域中得到广泛应用.然而,WO_3半导体表面上较高的光生电子-空穴复合效率是影响其光催化性能的主要因素之一,从而限制了WO_3在光催化领域的工业应用.研究发现,TiO_2材料在从锐钛矿向金红石转变的过程中,通过精细调变焙烧温度,可以在两种晶相的界面形成TiO_2异相结.形成的锐钛矿-金红石异相结能有效促进电子-空穴分离.目前,构建异相结已成为改善光催化剂电子-空穴分离效率的有效方法之一.近年来,人们先后成功构建了a-Ga_2O_3/b-Ga_2O_3,a-Bi_2O_3/b-Bi_2O_3和WO_3/WO_3·H_2O等异相结,这些异相结催化剂在光催化降解水产氢和降解污染物反应中显示了比单一晶相更高的光催化活性.WO_3是一种多晶相材料,具有正交、六方、单斜和四方等多种晶体结构,其中六方晶相(h-WO_3)由于具有开放结构而在气体传感器和电池电极等领域显示了突出性能,而单斜晶相(m-WO_3)具有合适的带宽和良好的可见光响应性,因而广泛应用在光催化领域.而且,h-WO_3的导带和价带均低于m-WO_3的导带和价带,所以在WO_3材料中有可能通过构建单斜/六方异相结(m-WO_3/h-WO_3)来提高WO_3的光催化性能.本文借鉴半导体异相结概念,采用固相热分解法,试图通过调节焙烧温度和焙烧时间以构建m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结催化剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和N_2吸附-脱附等方法对WO_3样品的晶相结构、形貌和元素组成等进行了表征.以光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)为模型,研究了不同晶相WO_3材料的光催化性能,考察了WO_3晶相和异相结对其光催化性能的影响,从而为WO_3材料中异相结的构建提供思路、方法和理论指导.结果表明,采用偏钨酸铵固相热分解制备WO_3的过程中,焙烧温度为600–700℃时,样品为单斜晶相,随着焙烧温度升高至800℃时,样品中开始出现六方晶相.随着焙烧温度升高,h-WO_3的含量没有明显变化,当温度升至1000℃时,h-WO_3的含量有所减少.SEM和HRTEM结果验证了m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结的形成,小的m-WO_3粒子分布在棒状h-WO_3上,并且两者紧密接触.为了进一步证实WO_3的异相结效应,将偏钨酸铵在800℃焙烧不同时间(8–30 h).结果表明,通过改变焙烧时间可有效控制m-WO_3和h-WO_3混合晶相比例,800℃焙烧8 h时m-WO_3为主要晶相,焙烧12 h时h-WO_3含量明显增加,当焙烧时间延长至24和30 h时h-WO_3含量减少.SEM结果同样显示,在800℃焙烧12 h样品中棒状h-WO_3显著增多,与小的m-WO_3粒子接触几率增大,即m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结数量增加.不同晶相WO_3样品光催化降解RhB的结果表明,具有m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结结构的WO_3催化剂具有较高光催化活性.荧光光谱结果表明,单斜相/六方相异相结的形成提高了电子-空穴分离效率,从而提高了其光催化降解Rh B的活性.而在具有m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结结构的WO_3催化剂中,随着焙烧温度升高或焙烧时间延长,h-WO_3含量有所减少,从而导致暴露的m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结数量减少,因而使得活性有所降低.本文采用固相热分解法通过调变焙烧温度构建了m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结光催化剂,显著提高了光催化降解RhB的活性,这对设计合成高效WO_3基光催化剂具有一定借鉴.     

具有高光催化活性的黑色TiO2（B）/锐钛矿双晶TiO2-x纳米纤维

高效TiO2基光催化材料的开发一直是催化领域的研究热点,主要的策略是如何有效地分离光生载流子.制备多晶相的TiO2材料可引入异质/相结结构使电子与空穴朝不同方向移动,从而避免电子与空穴复合;另外,在TiO2中掺杂其他金属或非金属也可以有效地降低电子与空穴的复合率,掺杂的元素作为电子捕获阱俘获光生电子,以实现电子空穴的有效分离.近些年,作为一种全新的掺杂剂,氧空穴可以有效改善TiO2的光催化活性,所制TiO2具有可见光的全光谱吸收能力,因此该类TiO2呈现出黑色.通过上述方法均可以制备出高活性TiO2基光催化材料,如果能够将这些方法耦合一起,则可能制备出活性更高的光催化剂.因此,本文将异相结结构和空穴掺杂耦合起来,用多孔钛酸盐衍生物在H2中高温焙烧制得一种全新的黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x纳米纤维.不同于其他TiO2基光催化材料,该样品仅由Ti和O元素组成,通过Ti和O元素的组合,形成了双晶结构和空穴掺杂两种特殊的结构,借助场发射(FESEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、氮气物理吸脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热重(TG)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)和荧光光谱(PL)等表征分析了样品的结构及其光催化性能间构效关系. FESEM结果显示,黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x为长1–5mm、宽0.2mm的纤维结构, Raman结果表明,锐钛矿相在特征波段(140 cm–1左右)和TiO2(B)的特征波段(220–260 cm–1)均发生蓝移,说明该两相中均存在氧空穴;该样表面未检测到Ti3+,因此氧空穴可能分散在TiO2(B)和锐钛矿相的体相中.根据黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x和白色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2的失重差,估算出前者的O/Ti原子比为1.97.光催化降解甲基橙实验结果显示,黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x的光催化活性是白色双晶TiO2的4.2倍,锐钛矿TiO2的10.5倍,且连续反应10次后未出现失活现象,显示出了良好的光催化稳定性.前期,我们已经证明了白色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2由于具有TiO2(B)和锐钛矿的异相结结构,致使其电子空穴有效地分离,从而表现出优异的光催化活性;本文的PL结果显示,由于氧空穴的引入,异相结与氧空穴两者共同作用,进一步促进了黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x电子与空穴的有效分离,因此黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x表现出高的光催化活性.由于其特殊的结构,黑色TiO2(B)/锐钛矿双晶TiO2–x纳米纤维将在环境与能源领域表现出良好的应用前景.     

锐钛矿/金红石TiO_2相结界面电荷分离的时间分辨发光光谱研究（英文）

"结"的构筑,被证实是提高电荷分离效率的重要策略,在太阳电池、光催化等领域有广泛应用.跟踪研究异质结、异相结处的电荷转移动力学,可深入认识结的作用,进一步指导新材料、新结构的设计合成.锐钛矿/金红石Ti O_2异相结,可大大提高Ti O_2光催化重整生物质制氢的产氢性能.锐钛矿/金红石异相结处的电荷分离、复合等动力学行为还亟需进一步深入研究,我们使用时间分辨发光光谱技术,重点研究了锐钛矿和金红石界面处的电荷转移过程及其对电荷复合过程的影响机制.我们制备了一系列具有不同晶相组成的Ti O_2催化剂,使用XRD和表面灵敏的紫外拉曼光谱表征确定了样品的表面和体相组成,研究其光致发光性质并与其晶相组成相关联.发现,Ti O_2的发光行为与其晶相结构直接相关,特别是与其表面晶相结构存在密切关系.其中,500 nm的可见发光带与锐钛矿晶相相关,而835 nm的近红外发光带与金红石晶相相关.分析可见发光带强度随Ti O_2晶相组成的变化,发现Ti O_2粒子中存在少量金红石成分时,可见发光带强度不仅未猝灭,反而有一个明显的增强效应,同时,近红外发光峰的出现也存在一定的延后现象.这些结果表明锐钛矿/金红石异相结处存在金红石向锐钛矿的电荷转移过程.进一步,使用时间分辨发光光谱研究可见发光带和近红外发光带的衰减动力学,从而分析揭示锐钛矿/金红石相结对锐钛矿和金红石的载流子动力学的影响机制.对于可见发光带来说,锐钛矿/金红石异相结的存在使可见发光带的衰减速率在微秒时间尺度减慢,而在毫秒时间尺度反而衰减变快.在金红石为主要晶相的混相氧化钛中(如Ti O_2-800),还观测到了一个新的约0.43ms的快衰减成分,表明锐钛矿向金红石的载流子转移过程.对于近红外发光带来说,与可见发光带类似,在微秒时间尺度的衰减也明显变慢,寿命可增长一倍以上,而在毫秒时间尺度的衰减速率没有明显变化.特别是,在锐钛矿/金红石异相结存在条件下,除长于40ms的微秒衰减成分外,基本所有混相Ti O_2样品都显示出~2ms的快衰减成分,且此快衰减成分的比例受样品晶相组成、制备方法等影响,可达到22%左右.这一快衰减成分的出现,证明了锐钛矿/金红石异相结处存在金红石向锐钛矿的载流子转移过程.我们通过发光光谱技术研究了锐钛矿/金红石异相结在电荷分离复合过程中的作用.研究发现,锐钛矿/金红石相结存在条件下,可见和近红外发光带都出现了一个新的快衰减成分,证明相结处存在快速的电荷分离过程.由于相结促进电荷分离,在微秒时间尺度抑制了电荷复合,从而使发光衰减明显变慢.而在毫秒时间尺度,电荷复合速率并没有抑制效果.因此,我们提出锐钛矿/金红石相结对光催化活性的促进作用,主要是因为微秒时间尺度促进电荷的有效分离,从而使微秒时间尺度存在更大量的光生电荷参与光催化过程.     

WO3中单斜相/六方相异相结的构建及提高光催化降解罗丹明B活性

光催化技术被认为有可能成为解决环境污染和能源危机的有效手段之一,引起了各国政府和科学家的极大兴趣.以TiO2,WO3和Bi2O3等半导体为催化剂的光催化反应受到广泛关注.WO3是一种典型的n型半导体材料,具有电致变色、气敏和光催化等性能,在电致变色器件、气敏传感器和光催化剂等方面有着广泛应用前景.由于WO3具有高的太阳能利用率、良好的可见光响应性和较强的抗光腐蚀性,是一种极具开发潜力的半导体光催化材料,所以在光解水制氢及催化降解有机污染物等领域中得到广泛应用.然而,WO3半导体表面上较高的光生电子-空穴复合效率是影响其光催化性能的主要因素之一,从而限制了WO3在光催化领域的工业应用.研究发现,TiO2材料在从锐钛矿向金红石转变的过程中,通过精细调变焙烧温度,可以在两种晶相的界面形成TiO2异相结.形成的锐钛矿-金红石异相结能有效促进电子-空穴分离.目前,构建异相结已成为改善光催化剂电子-空穴分离效率的有效方法之一.近年来,人们先后成功构建了α-Ga2O3/β-Ga2O3,α-Bi2O3/β-Bi2O3和WO3/WO3·H2O等异相结,这些异相结催化剂在光催化降解水产氢和降解污染物反应中显示了比单一晶相更高的光催化活性.WO3是一种多晶相材料,具有正交、六方、单斜和四方等多种晶体结构,其中六方晶相(h-WO3)由于具有开放结构而在气体传感器和电池电极等领域显示了突出性能,而单斜晶相(m-WO3)具有合适的带宽和良好的可见光响应性,因而广泛应用在光催化领域.而且,h-WO3的导带和价带均低于m-WO3的导带和价带,所以在WO3材料中有可能通过构建单斜/六方异相结(m-WO3/h-WO3)来提高WO3的光催化性能.本文借鉴半导体异相结概念,采用固相热分解法,试图通过调节焙烧温度和焙烧时间以构建m-WO3/h-WO3异相结催化剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和N2吸附-脱附等方法对WO3样品的晶相结构、形貌和元素组成等进行了表征.以光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)为模型,研究了不同晶相WO3材料的光催化性能,考察了WO3晶相和异相结对其光催化性能的影响,从而为WO3材料中异相结的构建提供思路、方法和理论指导.结果表明,采用偏钨酸铵固相热分解制备WO3的过程中,焙烧温度为600-700℃时,样品为单斜晶相,随着焙烧温度升高至800℃时,样品中开始出现六方晶相.随着焙烧温度升高,h-WO3的含量没有明显变化,当温度升至1000℃时,h-WO3的含量有所减少.SEM和HRTEM结果验证了m-WO3/h-WO3异相结的形成,小的m-WO3粒子分布在棒状h-WO3上,并且两者紧密接触.为了进一步证实WO3的异相结效应,将偏钨酸铵在800℃焙烧不同时间(8-30 h).结果表明,通过改变焙烧时间可有效控制m-WO3和h-WO3混合晶相比例,800℃焙烧8h时m-WO3为主要晶相,焙烧12h时h-WO3含量明显增加,当焙烧时间延长至24和30h时h-WO3含量减少.SEM结果同样显示,在800℃焙烧12h样品中棒状h-WO3显著增多,与小的m-WO3粒子接触几率增大,即m-WO3/h-WO3异相结数量增加.不同晶相WO3样品光催化降解RhB的结果表明,具有m-WO3/h-WO3异相结结构的WO3催化剂具有较高光催化活性.荧光光谱结果表明,单斜相/六方相异相结的形成提高了电子-空穴分离效率,从而提高了其光催化降解RhB的活性.而在具有m-WO3/h-WO3异相结结构的WO3催化剂中,随着焙烧温度升高或焙烧时间延长,h-WO3含量有所减少,从而导致暴露的m-WO3/h-WO3异相结数量减少,因而使得活性有所降低.本文采用固相热分解法通过调变焙烧温度构建了m-WO3/h-WO3异相结光催化剂,显著提高了光催化降解RhB的活性,这对设计合成高效WO3基光催化剂具有一定借鉴.     

氢氟酸加入量对钛基半导体结构演变及光催化性能的影响

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,氢氟酸为氟源,采用溶剂热法制备了一系列钛基半导体纳米晶,考察了氢氟酸加入量对纳米晶结构演变的影响,并通过光催化产氢、光降解罗丹明B及瞬态光电流响应测试了所得纳米晶的光催化性能。当不加氢氟酸时,所得纳米晶为TiO_2纳米颗粒,主要暴露{101}面。加入少量氢氟酸时,所得纳米晶为主要暴露{001}面的TiO_2纳米片,这是由于氟离子吸附于纳米晶表面,降低{001}面表面能所致。由于{001}面与{101}面间的晶面异质结促进了载流子分离,该样品表现出了最高的光催化性能。继续增加氢氟酸加入量,氟离子开始进入晶格构成新晶相,所得纳米晶的表面与体相均形成TiO_2与TiOF_2混合相,形貌呈现片层堆叠结构,光催化性能下降。当进一步增加氢氟酸加入量后,氟离子全部进入晶格形成大颗粒(NH_4)_(0.3)TiO_(1.1)F_(2.1)。因其具有不适宜光催化反应的能带结构,该物质表现出了较差的光催化活性,但其可作为制备氮、氟掺杂钛基半导体材料的前驱体使用。     

高热稳定性TiO_2空心微球高效光催化氧化丙酮(英文)

空心结构材料具有低密度、高通透性和易于回收的优点,因此人们对空心球的TiO_2,如TiO_2空心微球(TiO_2-HMSs)的制备非常感兴趣.但是普通TiO_2-HMSs的热稳定性较差,一般在600°C以上就由活性较高的锐钛矿相相变成活性很差的金红石相.考虑到氟离子能够抑制TiO_2相变,因此我们以Ti(SO4)2为钛源,在NH4F和H_2O2的共同作用下,于180°C水热制备了由空心颗粒自组装成的表面氟化的TiO_2-HMSs,并考察了其热稳定性与光催化氧化分解丙酮的性能.研究发现,当焙烧温度从300°C上升到1000°C时,TiO_2平均粒径从79.0 nm逐渐增大到97.7 nm,结晶度从1.00增大到1.53.这是由于热处理促进了TiO_2颗粒的晶化.当进一步升温到1100°C时,XRD谱开始出现金红石相TiO_2的特征衍射峰,此时约18.4%的锐钛矿相开始向金红石相转化.因此,本文制备的二氧化钛锐钛矿相可以稳定到1000°C,显示出优良的高热稳定性.扫描电镜显示,水热制备的TiO_2-HMSs是由高能(001)面暴露的TiO_2十面体纳米晶组装而成.随着焙烧温度提高到900°C,空心微球外观没有显著改变,但是组装体纳米晶暴露出来的空洞逐渐变小,晶粒变得圆滑;至1100°C时,空心微球组装体的纳米晶变成了球形颗粒,但是空心微球的空心结构没有坍塌,空心微球结构依然得到保留.我们用丙酮的紫外光催化氧化分解来评价不同温度焙烧的TiO_2空心微球的光催化活性.结果显示,前驱体TiO_2空心微球于300°C焙烧2 h,丙酮的氧化速率从1.39×10-3 min~(-1)(前驱体)降至0.82×10-3 min~(-1)(T300样品),这是因为样品表面吸附的氟离子受热挥发所致;当焙烧温度从300°C提高到900°C时,催化剂活性从0.82×10~(-3) min~(-1)升至2.09×10~(-3) min~(-1),这是由于焙烧促进了TiO_2的晶化;进一步升至1000和1100°C时,催化剂活性显著下降,这是由于催化剂的比表面积急剧减小和金红石相的生成.总之,本文利用氟离子的化学诱导作用制备出表面氟化的空心颗粒自组装TiO_2空心微球,该TiO_2空心微球显示出超高热稳定性与高光催化活性,因此在高热环境中具有实际应用前景.     

水热法合成LaPO_4/TiO_2异质结复合光催化材料及性能研究

以静电纺丝技术制备的锐钛矿相TiO_2纳米纤维为基质,尿素为碱源,环己烷六羧酸为小分子模板剂,采用水热法合成了LaPO_4/TiO_2异质结复合纳米纤维。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高倍透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析测试手段对产物形貌和结构进行了表征,并以甲基橙为模拟污染物,紫外光为光源,评价了样品光催化降解活性。结果表明:LaPO_4纳米棒均匀地构筑在TiO_2纳米纤维表面,制备了LaPO_4/TiO_2异质结复合纳米纤维光催化材料,其具有比纯TiO_2纳米纤维和Degussa P-25更强的光催化活性,降解率达到89.4%。     

微观形貌可控TiO2的制备及其光解水产氢性能

通过简单的沉淀、水热、溶剂热和溶胶凝胶法分别制备出实心球(s-TiO_2)、空心球(h-TiO_2)、纳米管(a-TNT)和介孔形状(mTiO_2)的锐钛矿晶型结构TiO_2光催化材料。采用HRTEM、FESEM、XRD、UV-Vis、N2吸-脱附和光解水制氢反应等对催化材料的微观表面结构、光吸收性能以及不同形貌光催化剂的光解水制氢的性能对比研究。结果表明:s-TiO_2具有最高的光催化活性,主要归功于s-TiO_2独特的微观形貌结构所致,s-TiO_2是由亚微晶颗粒组成的介孔状实心球,亚微晶粒径相比较其它形貌的材料要小,有利于光生载流子的迁移,抑制电子-空穴对的体相复合,导致活性提高。同时,晶化过程用于传质通道的无序微孔可以束缚用作牺牲剂的CH3OH分子,使得空穴快速被牺牲剂消耗,减少与电子复合。     

The influence of titanium dioxide phase composition on dyes photocatalysis

A comparative study of TiO₂ powders prepared by sol–gel methods is presented. Titanium tetraisopropoxide was used as the precursor for the sol–gel processes. The effects of the annealing treatment on phase, crystallite size, porosity and photodegradation of dyes (methyl orange and methylene blue) were studied. The phase structure, microstructure and surface properties of the films were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The X-ray diffraction was used for crystal phase identification, for the accurate estimation of the anatase–rutile ratio and for the crystallite size evaluation of each polymorph in the samples. It was found that the only TiO₂ anatase phase of the synthesized TiO₂ develops below 500 °C, between 600 and 800 °C the anatase coexist with rutile and above 800 °C only the rutile phase was found in the samples. Attention has been paid not only to crystal structures, but also to the porosity, the particle size and the photocatalytic properties. However, the annealing temperature was found to have significant influence on the photocatalytic properties. Different TiO₂ doctor blade thin films were obtained mixing the sol gel powder (100% anatase) and TiO₂ Aldrich with TiO₂ Degussa P25. The surfactant (Triton X100 or sodium dodecyl sulfate) affects the packing density of the particles during deposition and the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the dyes. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of methyl orange and methylene blue using TiO₂ thin film were investigated.     

Synthesis and Photochemical Properties of Monolithic TiO2 Nanowires Diode

In this paper, the structural and photochemical properties of a monolithic photochemical diode are discussed. The present structure is composed, from the top to the bottom, of a TiO₂ nanowire layer, a TiO₂ film, a Ti foil, and a porous layer made of Pt nanoparticles. The synthesis of the nanowires was simply carried out by Au-catalysed-assisted process; the effects of the annealing temperature and time were deeply investigated. Morphological and structural characterizations were performed by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The analyses showed the rutile structure of the TiO₂ nanowires. The photocatalytic properties were studied through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under UV light irradiation. The nanowires induced an enhancement of the photo-degradation rate, compared to TiO₂ in a bulk form, due to an increase in the surface area. Moreover, the presence of a nano-porous Pt layer deposited on the rear side of the samples provided a further increase in the MB degradation rate, related to the scavenging effect of Pt nanoparticles. The overall increment of the photo-activity, due to the nano-structuration of the TiO₂ and to the presence of the Pt layer, resulted a factor 7, compared to the bulk reference. In addition, photovoltage measurements allowed to assess the effects of TiO₂ nano-structuration and Pt nanoparticles on the electron accumulation.     

可见光响应的镍硅共掺杂二氧化钛及其光催化性能

为了更好地利用太阳光和提高二氧化钛的光催化性能,以钛酸四正丁酯、正硅酸乙酯、六水合硝酸镍为原料,在高压釜中140℃非水溶剂热反应,所得材料经400℃焙烧制得镍硅共掺杂的二氧化钛光催化剂.所得材料用X射线衍射、氮吸附、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外漫反射等测试手段分析,结果显示所有样品均为锐钛矿型二氧化钛,Si和Ni均掺杂到TiO2体相中,样品具有较大的比表面积,其最大达303.3m2·g-1.在可见光照射下,以降解罗丹明-B为探针反应研究其可见光催化性能,与未掺杂和镍掺杂的二氧化钛相比较,共掺杂的二氧化钛具有更高的可见光催化性能,当Ni/Ti和Si/Ti的物质的量的比分别为0.01和0.20时,可见光催化性能最好.可见光催化性能的提高归因于镍和硅的协同作用.     

A sol–gel combustion synthesis method for TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> powders with enhanced photocatalytic activity

TiO₂ photocatalytic powders were synthesized by a sol–gel combustion synthesis method in which urea was used as the fuel and titanyl nitrate was used as the oxidizer. Various fuel-to-oxidizer ratios were studied for their effects on the combustion phenomena and the properties of the synthesized TiO₂. The fuel-to-oxidizer ratio was found to determine the maximum combustion temperature, which in turn affects the specific surface area, crystallite size, and weight fraction of anatase phase of the synthesized TiO₂. The synthesized TiO₂ all contain carbonaceous species and are either pure anatase or anatase–rutile mixed phase in crystalline structure. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂ was found to correlate to a certain degree with the specific surface area, crystallite size, weight fraction of anatase phase, and visible and IR absorbances. The mixed phase TiO₂ shows a higher photocatalytic activity than the pure anatase phase TiO₂ when containing a small fraction (<~25 wt%) of rutile phase but a lower phoyocatalytic activity when containing a large fraction (>~25 wt%) of rutile phase. The synthesized TiO₂ all show higher photocatalytic activity than Degussa P25 TiO₂. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed mainly to sensitization by the carbonaceous species and larger amounts of hydroxyl group adsorbed on the TiO₂ surface.     

Sonochemical synthesis of Fe–TiO2–SiC composite for degradation of rhodamine B under solar simulator

Fe–TiO₂–SiC composite with photocatalytic activity has been synthesized by a low cost sonochemical process in the presence of citric acid. The addition of citric acid during the sonochemical process allows the formation of a photocatalytic coating of Fe–TiO₂ onto silicon carbide. Experimental characterization results indicate that the composite was formed over all the surface of the silicon carbide (SiC) with an anatase crystalline TiO₂ phase with iron incorporation. The incorporation of iron narrows the band gap of TiO₂ which allow the absorbtion of light with a large wavelength. The obtained Fe–TiO₂–SiC composite exhibits good enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B under solar simulator irradiation in comparison with the commercial TiO₂–P25.     

Top-down synthesized TiO2 nanowires as a solid matrix for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry

Top-down synthesized TiO₂ nanowires are presented as an ideal solid matrix to analyze small biomolecules at a m/z of less than 500. The TiO₂ nanowires were synthesized as arrays using a modified hydrothermal process directly on the surface of a Ti plate. Finally, the feasibility of the TiO₂ nanowires in the anatase phase as a solid matrix. The crystal and electronic structures of the top-down TiO₂ nanowires were analyzed at each step of the hydrothermal process, and the optimal TiO₂ nanowires were identified by checking their performance toward the ionization of analytes in surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Finally, the feasibility of the TiO₂ nanowires in the anatase phase as a solid matrix for SALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was demonstrated using eight types of amino acids and peptides as model analytes.     

Preparation, phase transformation and photocatalytic activities of cerium-doped mesoporous titania nanoparticles

Cerium-doped mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticles with high surface area and thermal stable anatase wall were synthesized via hydrothermal process in a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/Ti(SO₄)₂/Ce(NO₃)₄/H₂O system. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, FTIR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and DRS spectra. Experimental results indicated that the doping of cerium not only increased the surface area of mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticles, but also inhibited the mesopores collapse and the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation. Moreover, the undoped, doped anatase mesoporous nanoparticles exhibit higher photocatalytic activity than commercial photocatalyst (Degussa, P25), but the maximum photodegradation rate corresponds to the undoped mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticles. The lower photocatalytic activities of cerium-doped samples compared with undoped one may be ascribed to that the doped cerium partially blocks titania's surface sites available for the photodegradation and absorption of Rhodamine B (RB).     

Synthesis of TiO2 (B) and High‐temperature Stable Anatase TiO2 Nanowires by Hydrothermal Method and Investigation of Photocatalytic Activity

In this study, TiO₂ nanowires (TNWs) were synthesized through hydrothermal method and were characterized using X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET techniques. Monoclinic TiO₂ (B) is the dominant phase of TNWs up to 600°C which is completely transformed into a highly crystalline anatase phase at 800°C. The photocatalytic activity of TNWs, prepared at various calcination temperatures, was investigated in the removal of Rhodamine B as an organic model pollutant. The results indicated that the photocatalytic activity of TNWs, prepared at 800°C calcination temperature, was better than that of other samples and even TiO₂–P25 nanoparticles.     

Effects of anatase TiO2 morphology and surface fluorination on environmentally relevant photocatalytic reduction and oxidation reactions

Aiming at clarifying the interplay on TiO₂ photoactivity between particle morphology and surface fluorination, the photocatalytic performance of anatase nanocrystals, characterized by a pseudo-spherical shape or a nanosheet structure, is investigated in both a reduction and an oxidation reaction, either in the absence or in the presence of added fluoride anions. Cr(VI) photocatalytic reduction is strongly favored by a large exposure of anatase {001} facets; however, surface fluorination leads in this case to a morphology-independent photoactivity decrease, due to the decreased adsorption of the reaction substrate. More interestingly, a beneficial synergistic effect between the platelet-like anatase morphology and TiO₂ surface fluorination is clearly outlined in Rhodamine B photocatalytic degradation, possibly resulting from the intrinsic ability of fluorinated {001} anatase facets of boosting ^?OH radical mediated oxidation paths, due to their larger amount of surface –OH groups, as revealed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.     

Graphite-like carbon deposited anatase TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> single crystals as efficient visible-light photocatalysts

Graphite-like carbon deposited single-crystal anatase TiO₂ with exposed {001} facets was fabricated through a two-step solvothermal process by using glucose as carbon source. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, transmission electron microscopy, Raman, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface photovoltage spectroscopy. These results demonstrated that graphite-like carbon layers were deposited on the surface of TiO₂ single-crystal nanosheets with exposed highly reactive {001} facets via the dehydration of glucose during the process of hydrothermal treatment. The loading of the graphite-like carbon layers could effectively extend the light absorption edge of the single-crystal anatase TiO₂ nanosheets to visible light region and accelerate the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes, contributing an excellent visible-light driven photocatalytic performance to the graphite-like carbon deposited single-crystal anatase TiO₂ nanosheets for the degradation of methyl orange.