载体酸性对Mo/HZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂上烯烃歧化反应性能的影响

在固定床反应器上考察了Mo/HZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂上乙烯与2-丁烯歧化制丙烯反应的性能.结合X射线衍射、NH3程序升温脱附、吡啶吸附红外光谱、H2程序升温还原和程序升温氧化等表征结果发现,载体酸性的差异导致催化剂酸性和 Mo物种落位方式不同.载体酸性较强时,催化剂积炭严重,反应稳定性差;载体酸性较弱时,Mo物种...     

丝光沸石-氧化铝双组元负载钼催化剂上的1-丁烯歧化反应

在固定床反应器上考察了氢型丝光沸石(HM)-氧化铝双组元负载MoO3催化剂上的1-丁烯歧化反应性能,通过氨程序升温脱附、X射线衍射和氢程序升温还原对样品进行了表征.实验结果表明,在110℃,0·1MPa,WHSV=1·5h-1及TOS=1h的反应条件下,MoO3没有歧化反应活性.Al2O3,HM-Al2O3和HM载体上只生成异构产物,并且载体酸性越强,异构产物越多.MoO3/HM几乎没有歧化活性,而MoO3/Al2O3催化剂上生成了一定量的歧化产物,且各产物收率相近.MoO3/HM-Al2O3具有最高的歧化活性,1-丁烯转化率为84·9%,丙烯和戊烯收率分别为28·5%和20·6%.催化剂本身的酸性和载体表面Mo物种存在状态是影响1-丁烯歧化制丙烯反应性能的两个关键因素.     

多相催化剂上烯烃交叉歧化反应

烯烃歧化反应广泛用于石油化工和有机合成领域.本文介绍了常用于烯烃交叉歧化反应的多相催化剂,如负载型Re、Mo、W催化剂及其特点,影响催化剂活性的因素,如金属价态、结构、分散度、载体性质及助剂影响等,探讨了烯烃歧化反应的机理及其可能的失活途径.     

WO3/SiO2催化剂上2-丁烯与乙烯歧化制丙烯

采用浸渍法制备了WO₃/SiO₂催化剂,对其进行了UV-Vis DRS和NH₃-TPD表征。将WO₃/SiO₂作为催化剂,以乙烯和2-丁烯为原料制备丙烯,考察了反应温度、质量空速等因素对歧化反应的影响。实验结果表明,催化剂的最佳WO₃担载量为8 %;以8%WO₃/SiO₂ 为催化剂,在反应温度473K~573K、压力3.0MPa、质量空速1.6h^-1下,2-丁烯的转化率可保持在80%以上,丙烯的选择性大于89.2%。经过140h的稳定性实验,2-丁烯的转化率和丙烯的选择性略有下降,适当的提高反应温度（由473K增加到513K）可以恢复催化剂的活性。新鲜催化剂表面存在四面体、八面体六价钨物种和体相WO₃,适当还原的W物种是歧化活性物种;W负载在催化剂表面引入了新的强酸中心,同时明显增加了总酸量。     

有序介孔氧化铝的制备及其在丁烯歧化中的应用

采用有机铝源及阴离子模板剂制备了高比表面积、大孔容、窄孔径分布的有序介孔氧化铝(Al₂O₃)载体, 研究了铝源水解速率、模板剂碳链长度以及洗涤介质等因素对有序介孔氧化铝载体合成的影响。实验结果表明,提高铝源水解速率和用乙醇溶剂洗涤Al₂O₃前躯体都有利于Al₂O₃载体形成有序介孔结构,所得Al₂O₃载体的孔径和孔体积随着模板剂碳链长度的增加而增大。分别用有序介孔Al₂O₃和普通介孔Al₂O₃为载体,采用浸渍法负载氧化铼(Re₂O₇)制备了铼基催化剂,并用于评价丁烯歧化合成丙烯的反应性能。实验结果表明,铼基有序介孔催化剂(Re/OMA)的丁烯歧化性能显著优于普通铼基介孔催化剂(Re/MA),丁烯转化率高于50%,丙烯选择性约60%,丙烯收率达30%,催化剂寿命明显延长。     

以Mo-EDTA为钼源直接水热合成Mo-MFI分子筛及其催化环己烯环氧化性能

环氧化物是一种重要的有机化工原料,广泛应用于合成化学、聚合物合成、食品化学、药物化学等领域中.烯烃催化环氧化反应是制备环氧化物的主要方法.一些均相钼配合物催化剂对烯烃环氧化反应表现出较好的催化性能.然而均相催化剂在实际生产中存在与产物分离困难、不易循环利用等问题.为解决上述问题,研究人员采用不同策略将各种钼配合物负载在固体载体上,制备出活性相对较高的多相钼配合物催化剂.然而,这类负载型钼配合物催化剂在以双氧水为氧化剂的反应体系中普遍存在活性组分易于流失的问题,导致催化剂的稳定性相对较差.因此,设计制备具有高活性和高稳定性的多相钼基烯烃环氧化催化剂具有重要的科学意义和实用价值.将过渡金属引入到具有MFI型拓扑结构的微孔分子筛的骨架上能够制备出具有高活性和高稳定性的杂原子分子筛催化剂.例如,采用直接水热法合成的钛硅分子筛(如TS-1)对以双氧水为氧化剂的小分子烯烃(如丙烯)环氧化反应表现出非常高的活性和稳定性.受这一研究结果启发,研究人员还开展了水热法合成Mo原子取代的MFI型分子筛(Mo-MFI).然而,由于Mo的离子半径较大(与Si相比),且合成体系中的Mo物种在碱性条件下易于发生沉淀,导致引入到分子筛骨架或孔道中的Mo含量极低.本文以Mo-EDTA配合物为钼源,四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用一步水热法合成了系列具有不同钼含量的Mo-MFI-n分子筛(n代表初始Si/Mo摩尔比).结合X-射线粉未衍射、红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、透射电子显微镜等表征技术对分子筛的结构、组成和Mo物种的状态进行了研究.结果表明,使用Mo-EDTA作为钼源有利于在分子筛骨架和孔道中引入更多的Mo物种;EDTA2?独特的配位能力使其在分子筛生长过程中能够有效调节Mo物种的释放率,并与硅物种缩合的速率匹配,从而使更多的Mo物种被引入到分子筛骨架中;同时也会有少量的Mo物种以骨架外Mo团簇的形式分布在分子筛的孔道内或孔口附近.通过以双氧水为氧化剂的环己烯环氧化反应考察了所制备的Mo-MFI-n催化剂的性能.经组分优化的Mo-MFI-50(初始Si/Mo摩尔比为50)催化剂能够在较温和的条件下有效地将环己烯转化为相应的环氧化物.在75℃下反应9 h后,环己烯转化率和环氧化物选择性分别高达93％和82％,性能明显优于传统水热法合成的Mo-MFI分子筛.此外,反应后的Mo-MFI-50分子筛催化剂通过简单的过滤而不需要焙烧处理就可多次重复利用,表现出较高的结构稳定性和循环性.     

纳米HZSM-5沸石酸度的调节及对液化气裂解反应的影响

通过对纳米HZSM-5沸石进行钠离子浸渍改性和在小型常压固定床反应器中开展碳四液化气催化裂解制丙烯反应研究,探讨了催化剂酸度对反应选择性的影响.结果表明,钠离子改性能够选择性地去除纳米HZSM-5沸石表面的强酸中心,而对弱酸中心则基本无影响.在用钠离子改性基本上消除催化剂强酸中心的情况下,混合碳四液化气的催化裂解反应主要发生在丁烯分子上,丙烯的最高选择性可达60%,丙烯和乙烯的总选择性可达80%.     

载体对烯烃歧化制丙烯的影响

以SiO₂（SBA-15、MCM-48和SiO₂）和TiO₂-SiO₂（MTS-9）介孔分子筛为载体负载8%WO₃合成钨基催化剂,研究载体对丁烯歧化制丙烯性能的影响以及载体对丁烯转化率和丙烯选择性的影响。以SBA-15、MCM-48和SiO₂为载体时,催化剂的丁烯转化率在30%~37%;以MTS-9为催化剂载体时,丁烯的转化率高达到37%~42%。对所有使用的催化剂进行多种技术表征。结果表明,活性组分在各种载体上的分散度不同,载体MTS-9具有更好的分散能力,表面活性物种数量最多,催化剂WO₃/MTS-9的歧化性能最佳。     

钨含量对W/SiO2/Al2O3催化剂上1-丁烯自歧化反应的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列钨负载量不同的W/SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 催化剂. 采用X 射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼(Raman)光谱、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和氨程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 实验结果表明: 钨的负载量对催化剂上氧化钨物种的分散程度、还原性以及催化剂的酸性有非常重要的影响. 对该类催化剂上1-丁烯自歧化反应进行了详细考察, 结果表明: 当钨的质量分数为6.0%时,W/SiO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂表现出最佳的歧化活性和稳定性. 原因在于6.0%的钨负载量可以使催化剂上氧化钨物种具有中等程度的分散性、合适的还原性, 并且使催化剂具有一定程度的酸性, 这些因素有利于在催化剂上形成烯烃歧化活性位.     

担体对Fe—MnO催化剂上乙烯二次反应的影响

以乙烯为探针分子，采用TPSR手段研究催化剂担体对乙烯二次反应的影响。结果表明，担体的性质差异导致不同类型的乙烯二次反应，从而将直接影响到烯烃选择性。结果催化剂CO加氢反应结果及催化剂表面CO／H2－TPSR、C2H4／H27脉冲反应表征，发现担体的碱性促使乙烯歧化生成甲烷和丙烯，而担体的酸性促使乙烯歧化的同时，存在强烈的丙烯加氢作用，从而促进乙烯歧化，导致烯烃选择性大幅度下降，因而酸性担体不利于烯烃生成。     

乙烷氧化脱氢用Ni/Al2O3催化剂中活性镍物种前驱体（英文）

Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation(ODH) of ethane were prepared by impregnation of Al2O3 with nickel acetate or nickel nitrate,and by mechanical mixing of NiO and Al2O3.The Ni-based catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction,diffuse reflectance UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,and temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen.The results showed that formation of crystalline NiO particles with a size of < 8 nm and/or non-stoichiometric NiO species in the Ni/Al2O3 catalysts led to more active species in ODH of ethane under the investigated reaction conditions.In contrast,tetrahedral Ni species present in the catalysts led to higher selectivity for ethene.Formation of large crystalline NiO particles(22-32 nm) over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts decreased the selectivity for ethene.     

Differential thermal analysis of ignition temperatures in a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis reaction

Differential thermal analysis was carried out on the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis reaction 3TiO₂+4Al+3C→3TiC+2Al₂O₃. The results allow the ignition temperature of the reaction to be estimated and the reaction mechanism to be identified. The ignition temperature was 900°C and the results suggest that the reaction proceeds by an initial reaction between titania and aluminium (3TiO₂+4Al→3Ti+2Al₂O₃) and the titanium formed reacts with the carbon (Ti+C→TiC).     

Catalytic activities of Mo-modified Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for thioetherification of mercaptans and di-olefins in fluid catalytic cracking naphtha

A series of molybdenum-modified Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared, and their catalytic activities and stabilities for thioetherification of mercaptans and di-olefins in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) naphtha were investigated. The sulfided catalyst samples were characterized by a range of physical techniques. The results showed that the addition of Mo to Ni catalysts could improve the degree of dispersion of Ni species in the carrier, inhibit the formation of NiAl₂O₄ crystallites, enhance the presulfidation degree of the metals, and change the chemical environment and electronic structure of Ni. These effects could significantly improve the activity of the Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts for thioetherification in FCC naphtha. Furthermore, addition of a small amount of Mo improved the di-olefin selective hydrogenation ability of the Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst and significantly reduced coke formation during the reaction.     

Hydrogenolysis of dimethyl disulfide in the presence of bimetallic sulfide catalysts

The hydrogenolysis of dimethyl disulfide in the presence of Ni,Mo and Co,Mo bimetallic sulfide catalysts was studied at atmospheric pressure and T = 160–400°C. At T ≤ 200°C, dimethyl disulfide undergoes hydrogenolysis at the S-S bond, yielding methanethiol in 95–100% yield. The selectivity of the reaction decreases with increasing residence time and temperature due to methanethiol undergoing condensation to dimethyl disulfide and hydrogenolysis at the C-S bond to yield methane and hydrogen sulfide. The specific activity of the Co,Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst in hydrogenolysis at the S-S and C-S bonds is equal to or lower than the total activity of the monometallic catalysts. The Ni,Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst is twice as active as the Ni/Al₂O₃ + Mo/Al₂O₃ or the cobalt-molybdenum bimetallic catalyst.     

Effect of small amounts of Al on the surface silanol structure and their correlation to the improved catalytic performances of WOx/SiO2–Al2O3 in the propene self-metathesis

Surface silanol structures, acid properties, and tungsten dispersion of the sol-gel-derived 7W/SiO₂–xAl₂O₃ (x = 0.2–23 wt%) were investigated by means of ²⁹Si, ²⁷Al, and ¹H MAS NMR, NH₃-TPD, in-situ NH₃-IR spectroscopy, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. The surface silanol structure changed upon Al and tungsten loadings; however, loading of 1 wt% Al₂O₃ appeared to be the threshold for preserving the Si(OH)Al with isolated bridge after impregnation of 7 wt% W. The 7W/SiO₂–1Al₂O₃ (1 wt% Al₂O₃) was also found to exhibit the lowest ratio of Bronsted to Lewis acid with the highest amount of Lewis acid sites and the best catalyst performances in propene self-metathesis at 550 °C in terms of both propene conversion and ethylene/butene selectivity. Despite its low tungsten dispersion, the metathesis activity was correlated well with the higher amount of tungsten carbene species, which were formed on the catalysts containing higher isolated bridge silanol and the presence of higher Lewis acid sites.     

Promoting effect of Mg in supported Mo/HBeta–Al2O3 catalyst for cross-metathesis of ethene and butene-2 to propene

Promoting effects of Mg in heterogeneous Mo/HBeta–Al₂O₃ catalyst have been carefully studied for cross-metathesis of ethene and butene-2 to propene. The catalyst shows good stability with Mg content in the range of 1–2 wt%. Such effect may be attributed to the elimination of weak acid sites through introduction of Mg which suppresses the side olefin oligomerization reaction, as evidenced from NH₃-TPD and ¹H MAS NMR results. Addition of more Mg content to 3 wt% may change the state and reducibility of Mo species, as indicated from the UV–vis, UV-Raman and H₂-TPR measurements. The increasing difficulty for the reduction of Mo(VI) species is closely related with the poor performance of 3 wt% Mg–4Mo/HBeta–30% Al₂O₃ catalyst in the metathesis reaction.     

Hydrolysis of the uranyl ion in sodium nitrate medium

Studies on Nickel Oxide Mixed Catalysts. VIII. Catalytic Properties of NiO? Al₂O₃/SiO₂ Catalysts Catalytic properties of NiO? Al₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts prepared by precipitation-deposition and impregnation have been investigated in dimerization of ethene and isomerization of but-1-ene. It was found that the catalytic activity is mainly determined by the interaction between the catalyst components where a X-ray amorphous nickel alumolayersilicate is formed. The dimerization of ethene proceeds by participation of coordinatively unsaturated nickel ions with aluminum ions in the neighbourhood. The catalytic activity in the isomerization of but-1-ene depends on the surface acidic properties of the catalyst.     

不同硅铝比Al-ITQ-13分子筛的甲醇制丙烯反应催化性能

采用晶种法直接合成了硅铝比(SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比)为137、224和309的三种Al-ITQ-13分子筛,并采用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附、固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)和NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等分析方法对不同硅铝比分子筛进行了表征,并在固定床微型反应评价装置上,考察了硅铝比对甲醇转化制丙烯反应性能的影响。结果表明,不同硅铝比Al-ITQ-13分子筛呈现出相似的织构性质,酸量及酸强度随着硅铝比的升高逐渐下降。硅铝比对甲醇转化反应的产物分布存在较大的影响;随着硅铝比的升高,氢转移反应和芳构化反应活性降低,使得乙烯选择性下降,而丙烯和丁烯的选择性升高。硅铝比由137提高到309,丙烯的选择性(质量分数)由46.04%增加到55.52%,而丙烯/乙烯比由3.39提高到6.57。     

Characterization of the active phase of NiMo/Al2O3 hydrodesulfurization catalysts

The active phase of the NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst for hydrodesulfurization reactions has been investigated in this work. Special attention has been focused on the effect of the order of metal impregnation on the formation of the active phase in the reaction. The Mo and Ni oxides and their sulfides on the alumina were investigated by XPS and DRS analyses. The Ni-Mo oxides or precursor of the active phase which are chemically bonded between Mo and Ni were also confirmed from the binding energy shifts of the XPS peaks. The amount of Ni-Mo oxides was determined after the formation of metal oxides during calcination. The Ni-Mo sulfide (active phase) was then induced through sulfidation. It was important that Mo should be located at the tetrahedral sites on the alumina with a high Mo dispersion. These results indicated that there are two important factors in preparing highly efficient Ni-Mo catalysts; one is that Mo should be located at the tetrahedral coordination on Al₂O₃ in high dispersion (Mo/Al₂O₃) and the other is that the Ni species should be supported on MoAl₂O₄ to form Ni-Mo oxides which change into the Ni-Mo sulfide active sites by sulfidation.     

Catalytic behavior of decomposed molybdophosphoric acid supported on alumina for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene

Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) to ethylene was investigated over a series of alumina supported molybdophosphoric acid (MPA) catalysts. The MPA was transformed into surface Mo oxides on Al₂O₃ when subjected to calcination at 600°C. The catalysts were characterized by N₂-adsorption, XRD, FT-IR spectroscopy and TPR techniques. The results showed that MPA loading and the source of Mo precursor had a clear influence on the catalytic performance. The evaluation of the catalysts for ODHE at temperatures between 450 and 550°C revealed superior ethane conversion (X～24%) and ethylene selectivity (S = ca. 65%) over 20 wt % MPA/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The transformation of MPA into finely dispersed Mo oxides on Al₂O₃ appeared to be responsible for this improved performance.