甲酸甲酯生产甲酰胺催化新工艺的研究

研究了在常压下,由甲酸甲酯与ＮＨ３反应生产甲酰胺的催化新工艺,比较了不同反应器、加或不加催化剂。催化剂活性组分含量、催化剂粒度大小及装量等对反应的影响,并考察了不同反应温度、ＮＨ３流量、反应时间与甲酰胺收率的关系,结果表明用催化新工艺在２ｇ－Ｍ－１０催化剂上,加２０ｍＬ甲酸甲酯,ＮＨ４流量为４Ｌ／ｈ,反应温度７℃,反应２ｈ后,甲酰胺收率可达９９％。     

钯铜共催化苯并唑类杂环与芳基溴的直接芳基化反应研究

研究开发了一个实用高效的钯铜共催化体系,1%Pd(OAc)2与10%CuCl2.2H2O双金属组合催化剂在弱碱和0.5 equiv PPh3配体存在下,顺利催化苯并唑类杂环与各种芳基溴的直接芳基化,并得到良好的收率.该钯铜共催化体系具有钯催化计量低、配体廉价易得、底物适用范围广、反应条件温和等特点.     

第四届石油化工催化会议将于下半年召开

中国化工学会石油化工学会决定于今年下半年(具体时间和地点待定)举行第四届石油化工催化会议。征文内容包括(1)石油化工催化剂和催化反应工艺开发、研究的新成就、新进展;(2)国内外石油化工催化剂的发展现状、趋势和技术经济评价;(3)催化剂制备、测试和评价的实验技术;(4)催化剂和催化反应的基础和应用基础研究;(5)催化剂工业化推广应用的成果和经验。     

稀土催化材料的制备、结构及催化性能

稀土催化材料的研究和发展为La和Ce等高丰度轻稀土元素的高质、高效利用提供了有效的途径.稀土元素具有未充满电子的4f轨道和镧系收缩等特征,作为催化剂的活性组分或载体使用时表现出独特的催化性能.本文从稀土氧化物、稀土复合氧化物、稀土-贵金属催化剂、稀土改性多孔催化材料等稀土催化材料出发,重点介绍和讨论了稀土的添加对催化剂的结构、活性和稳定性等的影响,阐述了稀土与过渡金属及氧化物、稀土与贵金属之间的相互作用,及对催化剂催化性能的影响.并对稀土催化材料的研究和发展提出了思考和展望.     

三氯化铝—金属氯化物复合物催化苯的甲基化反应

1.前言 苯与甲烷通常是惰性很强的物质,尤其是在苯与甲烷之间,一般不容易发生化学反应。Olah曾报导,以HF-SbF_3为催化剂,苯可与甲烷直接发生甲基化反应而生成甲苯。但甲苯的收率仅为0.1％,且催化剂本身也有强烈的腐蚀性。Loffler等人以Ni/SiO_2为催化剂,在300℃下发现甲烷可与苯反应,但甲苯收率也只有约7％。 最近我们发现,无水三氯化铝及某些金属氯化物以适当的方式处理后所得到的复合物,可有效地催化苯与甲烷的反应,主要产物有甲苯和二甲苯等。实验结果表明,这些复合物对     

生物质与塑料共催化热解制备芳烃化合物研究进展

芳烃,尤其苯、甲苯、二甲苯(BTX)等单环芳烃,是化工行业重要的基础原料,主要来源于化石燃料的催化重整与热裂解。生物质与塑料共催化热解制芳烃具有高效、环保、低成本、高选择性等优点,可以解决因生物质富氧、贫氢的特点造成热解产物氧含量高、芳烃收率和选择性低等问题。本工作主要综述了生物质与塑料共催化热解制备芳烃化合物的研究进展,介绍了共催化热解反应原料类别,重点论述了共催化热解反应催化剂,总结归纳了共催化热解双烯合成、烃池协同等反应机理。展望了生物质与塑料共催化热解未来的研究重心与发展方向,即通过研制高活性、高稳定性的改性分子筛催化剂来提高芳烃产率。     

人工固碳技术—热催化还原CO_(2)催化剂的研究进展北大核心CSCD

选择性加氢在功能材料合成和化学产品提纯等化工领域中有非常重要的应用,并且近年来为减少温室效应的影响,将CO_(2)催化选择性加氢转化成其他有应用价值的物质成为研究热点之一。其中热催化是应用较为广泛、易得到多种目标产物并且获得产品收率较高的方法。目前,利用CO_(2)多相热催化加氢制得甲烷、甲醇、轻烯烃等多种高价值的燃料和化学品已取得了一定进展,但仍存在一些难点问题,其中制备高效催化剂是催化加氢反应的关键问题之一。一直以来,研究人员致力于解决催化剂的活性和选择性问题,通过助剂掺杂和加入功能性载体对催化剂进行改性。针对这些问题,本文简要介绍了CO_(2)催化加氢的研究背景,总结了近5年来热催化CO_(2)加氢制得甲烷、甲醇、轻烯烃产品过程中使用催化剂的种类及对加氢反应的影响,期望为CO_(2)多相催化加氢中新型催化剂的开发提供参考。     

《分子催化》简介

《分子催化》是由中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所主办、中国科学院主管、科学出版社出版的向国内外公开发行的学术性刊物.主要报道有关分子催化方面最新进展与研究成果.辟有学术论文、研究简报、研究快报及综合述评等栏目.内容侧重于配位催化、酶催化、光助催化、催化过程中的立体化学问题、催化反应机理与动力学、催化剂表面态的研究及量子化学在催化学科中的应用等.工业催化过程中的均相催化剂、固载化学的均相催化剂、固载化的酶催化剂等活化、失活和再生;用于新催化过程的催化剂的优选与表征等方面的内容,本刊亦有报道.读者对象主要是科研单位及工矿企业中从事催化工作的科技人员、研究生、高等院校化学系和化工系的师生.     

单原子材料在二氧化碳催化中的技术经济分析与产业化应用前景

近年来, 随着科学研究的不断深入, 单原子催化剂由于具有高活性与高选择性等突出特点被广泛挖掘和应用. 作为连接多相与均相催化的桥梁, 单原子催化剂已经成为催化领域的重要研究对象之一, 具有广泛的工业化应用前景. 本文对单原子催化剂的发展历程、 特点及其在不同领域的应用进行了概括, 综合评述了当前CO₂还原领域的技术经济分析, 并首次对单原子材料催化转化CO₂进行了技术经济分析与计算. 最后, 对单原子催化剂在CO₂还原领域中工业化应用的未来发展方向及亟需解决的关键科学和技术问题进行了展望, 以期推动单原子催化材料的进一步广泛应用.     

沸石分子筛催化剂在化学工业中的应用

沸石分子筛作为重要的催化材料广泛应用于化学工业, 本文系统介绍了分子筛催化剂在石油炼制、 石油化工、 煤化工、 精细化工及环境化工等领域的工业应用, 阐述了分子筛催化剂在推动化学工业技术进步与发展上发挥的重大作用, 并对分子筛催化剂的未来发展进行了展望.     

酶复合催化剂原位合成新方法及生物催化应用

工业生物催化面临两大重要挑战,一是可工业应用的酶催化反应类型仍然比较有限,远少于化学催化剂,因此需要拓展酶催化的反应类型;二是酶在苛刻的工业催化反应条件下尤其是在高温、有机溶剂、不适宜的pH等环境下稳定性较差,因此需要提高工业酶催化剂的稳定性.研究者已经开发了很多方法,以解决这两方面难题,例如酶的定向进化、定点突变、酶的计算机从头设计和构建人工金属酶等.本文系统介绍了本课题组开发的酶复合催化剂原位合成方法及其生物催化应用,期望为解决工业生物催化的上述挑战提供新思路.原位合成是构建酶-无机晶体复合催化剂的一种简便、高效、普适的方法.酶-无机晶体复合物中,限域包埋使酶具有高于常规固定化酶的催化活性和稳定性.该方法可以简便拓展至其它多种类型的无机晶体材料,显著提高酶的稳定性.无机晶体的限域包埋对酶分子结构和性能有着重要影响,通过理性设计复合催化剂的结构,可实现对酶的活性、稳定性以及多酶反应级联效率的有效调控.本课题组采用分子模拟和实验相结合的方法阐释了多酶-无机晶体复合催化剂所驱动的级联反应效率提高的关键因素.通过调控原位合成中金属离子和有机配体的浓度,实现了酶分子在缺陷型甚至无定形载体中的包埋.在此基础上,深入探讨了缺陷对酶分子结构和催化活性的调控机制,为酶复合催化剂的理性设计提供了依据.同样基于原位合成方法,本课题组构建了酶-金属团簇复合催化剂,实现了温和条件下酶催化和金属催化的高效耦合和协同.以脂肪酶-钯团簇复合催化剂为例,阐明了酶-金属团簇复合催化剂中二者相互作用对酶分子结构和活性以及金属催化活性的影响机制,为酶催化和金属催化相融合的研究提供了重要基础.我们对这一领域存在的挑战和未来重要的研究方向也进行了讨论,希望本文可以从催化剂工程角度为高效酶催化剂的设计以及生物催化应用领域的拓展提供新思路,推动该领域发展.     

Continuous flow organometallic catalysis: new wind in old sails

Organometallic catalysis is a powerful tool for chemical synthesis, and the field still evolves at a high pace continuously improving efficiencies and opening up new possibilities. However, despite increasing use in specialty and fine chemical production issues of catalyst recovery still hamper broader application and prevent tapping the full potential of this technology on industrial scale. Even though scientists have tackled this problem for decades practicable methods remained scarce. In this contribution we analyse the major challenges of performing organometallic catalysis in continuous flow from a conceptual point of view, and exemplify for recently developed concepts based on near- and supercritical fluids how the integration of molecular and engineering principles can offer new solutions to this persistent problem.     

Microwaves and chemistry: The catalysis of an exciting marriage

The potential of microwave power as a tool to facilitate chemical reactions has not whetted the chemist’s appetite in the past and the phenomenon and uses of microwaves have remained in the comer of spectroscopists and engineers for a long time. The possibility of microwaves initiating chemical changes has nevertheless excited our imagination for the past ten years. We will present the original development of the concept of microwave catalysis/sensitization in chemistry and the coming of age of the techniques as an enabling technology in the industrial world. A number of demonstrated applications ranging from hydrocarbon oxidations to environmental technology will be illustrated, as well as the most recently developed technique and applications of the microwave-induced acoustic phenomenon.     

Advancements in biocatalysis: From computational to metabolic engineering

Through several waves of technological research and un-matched innovation strategies, bio-catalysis has been widely used at the industrial level. Because of the value of enzymes, methods for producing value-added compounds and industrially-relevant fine chemicals through biological methods have been developed. A broad spectrum of numerous biochemical pathways is catalyzed by enzymes, including enzymes that have not been identified. However, low catalytic efficacy, low stability, inhibition by non-cognate substrates, and intolerance to the harsh reaction conditions required for some chemical processes are considered as major limitations in applied bio-catalysis. Thus, the development of green catalysts with multi-catalytic features along with higher efficacy and induced stability are important for bio-catalysis. Implementation of computational science with metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and machine learning routes offers novel alternatives for engineering novel catalysts. Here, we describe the role of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering in catalysis. Machine learning algorithms for catalysis and the choice of an algorithm for predicting protein-ligand interactions are discussed. The importance of molecular docking in predicting binding and catalytic functions is reviewed. Finally, we describe future challenges and perspectives.     

不可还原材料负载的纳米金催化剂:理性设计与优化

近年来,负载型金催化剂被视为多相催化工业化进程中的机遇和挑战,因而广受研究.载体的选取可以有效调控纳米金催化剂的化学结构及催化活性.针对载体本身对反应是否具有活性,可将其分为活性载体与惰性载体.活性载体主要为具有还原性的金属氧化物;而惰性载体,诸如碳基材料、氧化硅、氧化铝等,多为反应条件下不具备还原性或不可进行还原处理的材料,不释放活性氧物种,通常不具备显著催化活性.一般情况下,活性载体负载的金纳米粒子(Au NPs)在CO氧化反应、醇类选择性氧化反应、水煤气变换等多相催化反应中均展现出优越的催化活性及目标产物的选择性;而以传统不可还原性材料负载Au NPs时,若非采用特殊的优化手段,该类金催化剂的活性及稳定性通常差强人意.尽管如此,不可还原材料作为惰性载体,亦展现出无与伦比的独特优势,例如其多具有易于调控的表面性能、可调变的多样化微观结构,丰富的地壳储量和易于大规模产业化的优势等.因此,针对不可还原材料负载的纳米金催化剂,探讨创新性的改性手段及其对金催化剂活性与稳定性的理性调控,成为近年来纳米金催化领域中最引人关注的研究课题之一.然而到目前为止,基于惰性载体负载金催化剂的系统性总结工作仍未见报道.作者及其所在团队围绕Au-载体/助剂表界面性质的精准调控及理性验证,以CO氧化与醇类选择氧化等反应为探针,对基于不可还原材料的纳米金催化剂的设计理念和改性手段进行了多尺度的探索.基于本组研究工作及近十年相关文献报道,本综述将以几种典型的不可还原材料为例,针对负载型金催化剂的研究进展进行详尽的阐述.从催化剂设计的理论设想和实践方案入手,对特殊结构材料的独创性研制手段、二元金属掺杂及表面功能化手段、特殊氛围处理等备受关注的改性手段进行归纳.并进一步对改性手段影响表面化学结构、电子结构、Au-载体/助剂间的相互/协同作用、催化剂形貌的实例以及水物种参与对反应的影响等方面展开对比讨论.本综述旨在为致力于金催化研究工作及有志在该领域一展抱负的研究者拓展新的方向,全面诠释不可还原材料作为惰性载体在金催化领域的巨大应用前景,进一步激发不可还原载体负载金催化剂开发的新思路,推动纳米金催化的工业化进程.     

The Wittig Reaction in Industrial Practice

The effects of a scientific discovery on industrial practice are illustrated with reference to the Wittig reaction. The aim of utilizing the Wittig reaction of linking terpenoid building blocks to give vitamin A and carotenoids on an industrial scale prompted extensive research and development work of a synthetic and chemical engineering nature. The importance of the Wittig reaction and its variants in the synthesis of active compounds and fine chemicals in industrial research is demonstrated in the present article.     

Methanol synthesis on ZnO(0001). III. Free energy landscapes, reaction pathways, and mechanistic insights

The interplay of physical and chemical processes in the heterogeneous catalytic synthesis of methanol on the ZnO(0001) surface with oxygen vacancies is expected to give rise to a complex free energy landscape. A manifold of intermediate species and reaction pathways has been proposed over the years for the reduction of CO on this catalyst at high temperature and pressure conditions as required in the industrial process. In the present study, the underlying complex reaction network from CO to methanol is generated in the first place by using ab initio metadynamics for computational heterogeneous catalysis. After having "synthesized" the previously discussed intermediates in addition to finding novel species, mechanistic insights into this network of surface chemical reactions are obtained based on exploring the global free energy landscape, which is refined by investigating individual reaction pathways. Furthermore, the impact of homolytic adsorption and desorption of hydrogen at the required reducing gas phase conditions is probed by studying such processes using different charge states of the F-center.     

Ordered Mesoporous Silica as Supports in the Heterogeneous Asymmetric Catalysis

Enantioselective synthesis of organic compounds has been studied by homogeneous catalysts for several years. However, these catalysts have yet to make a significant impact on industrial scales for fine chemical synthesis. A primary reason is the designing of a homogeneous asymmetric catalyst, which requires relatively bulky ligands and catalyst recovery and recycling often causes problems. One of the convincing ways to overcome this problem is to immobilise the asymmetric catalyst onto a solid support and the resulting heterogeneous asymmetric catalyst system can, in principle, be readily re-used. A large number of supports such as inorganic oxides including zeolites, alumina, zirconia, silica and organic polymers have been employed as supports in heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis. Therefore, in this review article we have summarized the work done by us in our laboratory on the immobilization of chiral transition metal complexes such as Ru, Ir, Mn and Ti onto ordered mesoporous silica and its asymmetric catalysis. All these immobilized catalysts were well characterized by different physicochemical techniques to confirm the structural retention of the support as well as the active metal complex after immobilization. This report includes our asymmetric catalytic investigations in enantioselective reactions such as hydrogenation of ketones, olefins, oxidation of sulfides and oxidative kinetic resolution of alcohols and sulfoxides through immobilized heterogeneous catalyst systems.     

Extending the kinetic solution of the classic Michaelis–Menten model of enzyme action

The principal aim of studies of enzyme-mediated reactions has been to provide comparative and quantitative information on enzyme-catalyzed reactions under distinct conditions. The classic Michaelis–Menten model (Biochem Zeit 49:333, 1913) for enzyme kinetic has been widely used to determine important parameters involved in enzyme catalysis, particularly the Michaelis–Menten constant (K _M ) and the maximum velocity of reaction (V _max ). Subsequently, a detailed treatment of the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis was undertaken by Briggs–Haldane (Biochem J 19:338, 1925). These authors proposed the steady-state treatment, since its applicability was constrained to this condition. The present work describes an extending solution of the Michaelis–Menten model without the need for such a steady-state restriction. We provide the first analysis of all of the individual reaction constants calculated analytically. Using this approach, it is possible to accurately predict the results under new experimental conditions and to characterize and optimize industrial processes in the fields of chemical and food engineering, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.     

High Oxidation State Organometallic Chemistry,A Challenge—the Example of Rhenium

Homogeneous catalysis as the major industrial outlet of organometallic basic research has been enjoying great benefit from organotransition metal species that promote bond forming between hydrocarbon fragments. Most of the commercially important processes that serve to produce large-volume organic feedstock chemicals such as linear α-olefins (Shell Higher Olefins Process), linear aldehydes (hydroformylation), acetaldehyde (Wacker-Hoechst), acetic acid (Monsanto), adiponitrile (DuPont hydrocyanation of butadiene) operate at low-valent metal centers. It is thus hardly surprising that by far the most part of organometallic research during the past few decades has been directed towards an understanding and the improvement of these catalytic reactions as well as towards the related stoichiometric chemistry. As a matter of consequence, our present knowledge on high-valent organotransition metal compound is comparatively shallow, nor do we know much about the chemical relationship and interconvertability of high and low oxidation states within a given class of compounds. In this article I want to point out some ostensibly challenging perspectives of future organometallic research by describing a novel class of high oxidation state organorhenium compounds as well as by speculating on possible generalizations for other transition metals.