Preparation of carbon-aerogel polypyrrole composite for desalination by hybrid capacitive desalination method

Capacitive Deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology with great potential applications. Most researchers view it as a viable water treatment alternative to reverse osmosis. This research reports the preparation and application of a carbon aerogel polypyrrole (CA-PPy) composite for the desalination of NaCl solution by the hybrid CDI method. The carbon aerogel (CA) was prepared from a Resorcinol / Formaldehyde precursor by the sol–gel method. The aerogel obtained from the sol–gel was then pyrolysed in a tube furnace to form CA. Polypyrrole (PPy) was prepared by the Oxidative chemical polymerisation of pyrrole, ferric chloride hexahydrate (oxidant), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (dopant). A composite of CA and PPy was then prepared and used to modify carbon electrodes. The CA-PPy composite was characterised to verify its composition, morphology, thermal properties, and functional groups. The electrochemical properties of the material were determined by Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. The electrochemical tests were done using a GAMRY potentiostat electrochemical workstation, a 1.0 M KCl was used as the electrolyte, and the applied potential window was (-0.2 to + 0.6) V for the CV test. The EIS test was done with the same concentration of KCl electrolyte at an applied potential of 0.22 V and at a frequency range of (0.1 – 100, 000) Hz. The optimal specific capacitance of the CA is 115F/g, and that of the composite is 360.1F/g, they were both obtained at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. The CDI desalination study of the CA-PPy composite showed a salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of 10.10 mg/g (300 mg/L NaCl solution) – 15.7 mg/g (800 mg/L NaCl solution) at 1.2 V applied voltage. The salt recovery efficiency of the electrode material in the 300 mg/L solution is 27 %, in the 500 mg/L solution, it is 20.12 %, and in the 800 mg/L solution, it is 15.41 %. The electrode material also showed good electrochemical stability after nine cycles of ion adsorption/desorption study.     

Microwave-assisted extraction of high-molecular-weight hemicelluloses from spruce wood

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) at atmospheric pressure has been demonstrated as an efficient technology for the extraction of polymeric hemicelluloses from spruce sawdust. This technology was shown to be more efficient than conventional extraction. MAE leads to a high solubilization of wood and a selective extraction of hemicellulose polymers with high molecular weights. To optimize MAE, different treatment powers (125–573 W) of presoaked spruce sawdust in water and 1 M sodium hydroxide solution for a period of 60 min were tested. The yield of hemicellulose extraction increased with the microwave power in both mediums, but with a clear advantage for presoaked samples in basic medium. The characterization of extracted hemicelluloses has shown high extraction selectivity depending on the medium of impregnation of sawdust before MAE: High-molecular-mass acetylated galactoglucomannans (M_w ∼ 41 kDa) were isolated after presoaking in water and higher molecular mass arabinoglucoronoxylans (M_w ∼ 66 kDa) in basic medium.     

Electrochemical disinfection – State of the art and tendencies

Electrochemical disinfection has gained increasing interest in many sectors of social and industrial life. The reason is the growing need to disinfect the air, water, and special surfaces of different nature such as drinking water, wastewater, pool water, and other water qualities or surfaces. New research studies are reported and discussed. A stronger orientation on engineering aspects is intended. Following tendencies can be identified - research on complex liquid systems, implementation of risks consideration seen from by-product formation, and better cooperation between researchers and industry oriented to improve cell design and disinfection technology. Partially, reaction kinetics is studied and discussed at higher levels of likelihood. Furthermore, it can be found that more and more research papers deal with hybrid technologies to create novelty, to use synergistic effects and to meet the demands of real system treatment under practical conditions. A major focus can be identified for wastewater treatment/disinfection emphasizing electrocoagulation and electro-photocatalysis.     

Enhanced alcohol and H2O adsorption and separation performances by introducing pyridyl ligand in a MOF

MOFs (Metal-Organic Framework), as promising crystalline materials of adsorption and separation, has been the subject of many recent investigations. However, the H₂O stability of MOFs and the variation of adsorption selectivity in humid environments largely hinder attempts as excellent adsorbents in numerous scenarios. This study employs hydro-thermal synthesis [Cd_0.5(DPETA)_0.5]_n using 2,3′,5,5′-Diphenyl tetracarboxylic acid (DPETA) and Cd(NO₃)₂·4H₂O as ligands and metal ions, respectively. And it is modified by adding auxiliary ligands 4-4′-bipyridyl (bpy) and 1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene(bpe) to obtain [Cd_1.5bpy₂(DPETA)]_n and [Cd₂bpe₂(DPETA)]_n.The phase purity of the MOFs is examined using PXRD and FT-IR spectrum. The adsorption capacities of three MOFs are tested separately for water, ethanol and methanol using vapor adsorption. Their adsorption conformations and hydrogen bond lengths are also calculated by the GCMC method. The adsorption selection ratios of methanol and ethanol are deduced in combination with the IAST method under three components of water, methanol and ethanol. The results shows a methanol/ethanol adsorption separation ratio of 45 for [Cd_1.5bpy₂(DPETA)]_n at 297 K, which is consistent with the of GCMC demonstrated. These results suggest that the methanol/ethanol adsorption selectivity ratio can be improved by increasing the adsorption force on methanol through by adding of auxiliary pyridyl ethylene. It can be used for efficient methanol/ethanol separation in humid environments.     

Insights into recent advances of chitosan-based adsorbents for sustainable removal of heavy metals and anions

With globally increased human population and industrialization, the natural sources of water are reduced and then contaminated. Therefore, development of advanced technologies for the efficient water treatment is becoming of the scope of each of the nation. One of the cost-effective and well-known technologies for wastewater treatment is adsorption of contaminants by natural biopolymer like chitosan (CS) due to its unique features such as availability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, eco-friendly and low-cost production. However, Cs suffers considerable limitations such as low adsorption capacity, low surface area and limited reusability. Thence, this review intended to provide an overview for recent advances of chitosan-based adsorbents that established better adsorption activities towards various hazard heavy metals, including: As(III), As(V), Cu(II), Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions. In addition, the capabilities of chitosan-based adsorbents for the adsorptive removal of anions including phosphates and nitrates were discussed. Besides, the suggested adsorption mechanisms of these contaminants onto chitosan-based adsorbents and the research conclusions for the optimum conditions of the adsorption processes were explained in light of the currently reported studies. Furthermore, to emphasize the foremost research gaps and future potential trends that could inspire further researchers to find out the best solutions for water treatment problems.     

A review on non-noble metal based electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction

In order to find a clean, efficient and sustainable new energy source that can replace fossil fuels, hydrogen energy is considered to be the most ideal choice. Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution plays a vital role in the development of hydrogen energy, promotes the research of new electrocatalysts, and is dedicated to find materials with high electrocatalytic efficiency. This article discusses in detail the major developments in OER electrocatalysts, including recently reported metal and non-metal based materials. Metal-based catalysts, although having the advantages of high catalytic activity, have disadvantages such as poor stability and low selectivity, which hinder the further application of such materials. Non-metallic based materials avoid such disadvantages and exhibit very substantial performance in overall water decomposition. This review provides useful knowledge of a well-designed OER electrocatalyst and a possible strategy for OER/HER dual-function catalytic performance for future development.     

Surfactants – Compounds for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses

We provide here a general view on the interactions of surfactants with viruses, with a particular emphasis on how such interactions can be controlled and employed for inhibiting the infectivity of enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses. The aim is to provide to interested scientists from different fields, including chemistry, physics, biochemistry, and medicine, an overview of the basic properties of surfactants and (corona)viruses, which are relevant to understanding the interactions between the two. Various types of interactions between surfactant and virus are important, and they act on different components of a virus such as the lipid envelope, membrane (envelope) proteins and nucleocapsid proteins. Accordingly, this cannot be a detailed account of all relevant aspects but instead a summary that bridges between the different disciplines. We describe concepts and cover a selection of the relevant literature as an incentive for diving deeper into the relevant material. Our focus is on more recent developments around the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, applications of surfactants against the virus, and on the potential future use of surfactants for pandemic relief. We also cover the most important aspects of the historical development of using surfactants in combatting virus infections. We conclude that surfactants are already playing very important roles in various directions of defence against viruses, either directly, as in disinfection, or as carrier components of drug delivery systems for prophylaxis or treatment. By designing tailor-made surfactants, and consequently, advanced formulations, one can expect more and more effective use of surfactants, either directly as antiviral compounds or as part of more complex formulations.     

Engineering nanostructures of CuO-based photocatalysts for water treatment: Current progress and future challenges

Nowadays, increasing extortions regarding environmental problems and energy scarcity have stuck the development and endurance of human society. The issue of inorganic and organic pollutants that exist in water from agricultural, domestic, and industrial activities has directed the development of advanced technologies to address the challenges of water scarcity efficiently. To solve this major issue, various scientists and researchers are looking for novel and effective technologies that can efficiently remove pollutants from wastewater. Nanoscale metal oxide materials have been proposed due to their distinctive size, physical and chemical properties along with promising applications. Cupric Oxide (CuO) is one of the most commonly used benchmark photocatalysts in photodegradation owing to the fact that they are cost-effective, non-toxic, and more efficient in absorption across a significant fraction of solar spectrum. In this review, we have summarized synthetic strategies of CuO fabrication, modification methods with applications for water treatment purposes. Moreover, an elaborative discussion on feasible strategies includes; binary and ternary heterojunction formation, Z-scheme based photocatalytic system, incorporation of rare earth/transition metal ions as dopants, and carbonaceous materials serving as a support system. The mechanistic insight inferring photo-induced charge separation and transfer, the functional reactive radical species involved in a photocatalytic reaction, have been successfully featured and examined. Finally, a conclusive remark regarding current studies and unresolved challenges related to CuO are put forth for future perspectives.     

Conjugate polymer-based membranes for gas separation applications: current status and future prospects

Conjugate polymers provide the possibility of exploiting both the chemical and physical attributes of the polymers for membrane-based gas separation. The presence of delocalized π electrons provides high chain stiffness with low packing density, thus making the membrane a rigid structure that favors facilitated transport. Historically, the polymeric membranes were constrained by the tradeoff relationship between gas permeability and gas selectivity. So, different methods were investigated to prepare the membranes that can overcome the limitation. In recent years, electroconductive polymeric membranes have gained attention with their enhanced transportation properties combining the separation behavior depending on both molecular size discrimination as well as the facilitated transport. They offer better selectivity toward polar gases such as CO₂ because of the increased solubility. This review is aimed to provide a literature survey on gas separation using conjugate polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and some derivatives of polythiophenes. It contains various methods used by different researchers to enhance the gas separation properties of the membranes with improved mechanical and thermal stability such as changing the morphology and membrane preparation methods. In addition, it provides the pros and cons of various factors affecting the conjugate polymer membrane performance. The major challenges and future work that can be done in improving the transportation properties through the membrane to achieve viable membranes are also discussed so that they can be used for commercial and practical applications in the future.     

The glucocorticoid derivative with the phthalimide group cationic nanocrystal for ophthalmic application: a design space development approach

The glucocorticoid derivative of budesonide with a phthalimide group is a drug candidate to treat inflammatory eye diseases; nevertheless, it presents low water solubility. Drug nanocrystals have been proposed to overcome this hurdle. The development of an innovative ophthalmic anti-inflammatory nanosuspension was performed using a design space approach. We obtained the particle size reduction of this glucocorticoid derivative on a nanometer scale (approximately 165.0 nm), applying wet bead milling on a super reduced scale. The design of experiment supported the optimization of the formula evaluating the parameters that influence reducing the particle size and also allowed determining the design space. Considering the two statistical models developed and the size range obtained, we proposed that the optimized formulation for the glucocorticoid derivative nanosuspension may be 1.0 wt% glucocorticoid derivative and 0.092 wt% cetylpyridinium chloride. This formulation was characterized by the morphological, physical–chemical, and mucoadhesive in vitro test and showed potential for ophthalmic use with reduced frequency of product application, improved efficiency, and safety, which may promote better patient compliance.     

Pathway and mechanism study on improvement of N2 selectivity of catalytic denitrification

Recently, nitrate pollution has attracted more public attention. In order to truly remove nitrate and reduce total nitrate content (TN) in water body, more harmless N₂ should be converted from nitrate. Studies on catalytic removal of nitrate in wastewater have been carried out. However, the catalytic performance still needs to be significantly improved, especially the N₂ selectivity. According to these, strategies that enable to efficiently improve N₂ selectivity of catalytic denitrification were explored in this paper. Results implied that the catalyst with composite carrier that possesses porous structure, large surface area, excellent electronic properties, and stable physical–chemical property tends to have better catalytic performance. It is suggested that acid washing by 2 mol/L HCl for certain carriers be applied to enhancement of N₂ selectivity. Additionally, higher N₂ conversion was also achieved by addition of sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl sulphosuccinate (AOT) onto Pd with the formation of Pd_AOT-Cu catalyst, which may be ascribed to the AOT that partially shields Pd active sites and inhibits hydrogen spillover from Pd to Cu. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized for experimental design and prediction of the optimal parameters. More N₂ was obtained under the predicted optimal conditions: 5.0 pH, 135 min time, 3.1 Pd: Cu, and 3.1 g/L Fe⁽⁰⁾.     

Camellia sinensis: Insights on its molecular mechanisms of action towards nutraceutical,anticancer potential and other therapeutic applications

The Camellia sinensis plant provides a wide diversity of black, green, oolong, yellow, brick dark, and white tea. Tea is one of the majorly used beverages across the globe, succeeds only in the water for fitness and pleasure. Generally, green tea has been preferred more as compared to other teas due to its main constituent e.g. polyphenols which contribute to various health benefits. The aim of this updated and comprehensive review is to bring together the latest data on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Camellia sinensis and to highlight the therapeutic prospects of the bioactive compounds in this plant so that the full medicinal potential of Camellia sinensis can be realised. A review of published studies on this topic was performed by searching PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, Google scholar, and Web of Science databases from 1999 to 2022. The results of the analysed studies showed that the main polyphenols of tea are the four prime flavonoids catechins: epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin (EC) along with the beneficial biological properties of tea for a broad heterogeneity of disorders, including anticancer, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiobesity, antidiabetes and antiglaucoma activities. Poor absorption and low bioavailability of bioactive compounds from Camellia sinensis are limiting aspects of their therapeutic use. More human clinical studies and approaching the latest nanoformulation techniques in nanoparticles to transport the target phytochemical compounds to increase therapeutic efficacy are needed in the future.     

Bioanalytical method validation,biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of GSK-650394, a serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 inhibitor

GSK-650394 is an inhibitor of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 that displays potency for treating cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular and neuronal diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease. However, the biopharmaceutical properties and pharmacokinetics of GSK-650394 have not been studied extensively. Also, there are currently no bioanalytical assays available for this new drug candidate. In this study, we developed a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify GSK-650394 in rat plasma and validated its selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision, sensitivity, matrix effects, extraction recovery, and stability, following the United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines. In vitro studies showed the biopharmaceutical properties of GSK-650394, including its low solubility in water and simulated gastrointestinal fluids, passive transport in Caco-2 cell monolayers, high plasma protein binding, and primary metabolism by glucuronide conjugation in the small intestine and liver of rats. Following intravenous administration (2 mg/kg) to rats, GSK-650394 exhibited low total clearance (11.18 ± 1.28 mL/min/kg) and volume of distribution at steady-state (346.1 ± 120.6 mL/kg). Following oral administration (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg) to rats, GSK-650394 underwent enterohepatic circulation, with low bioavailability (～9%). The insignificant difference in bioavailability among three oral doses suggests that GSK-650394 may follow linear pharmacokinetics up to an oral dose of 10 mg/kg. In addition, the total form of parent drug and glucuronide conjugate in rat plasma from three oral doses showed a much higher value of area under the plasma concentration versus time curve than the parent drug, indicating that the primary metabolism process of GSK-650394 was glucuronidation. Our findings suggest that the low oral bioavailability of GSK-650394 is associated with its low solubility, instability under acidic gastric conditions, and extensive glucuronidation metabolism.     

A structural approach to investigate halogen substituted MAO-B inhibitors using QSAR modeling,molecular dynamics,and conceptual DFT analysis

Halogenated inhibitors showed robust, reversible, and selective monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitory efficacy in candidates that were derived from them. Our team has previously synthesized and assessed a panel of halogenated chalcones and coumarin for the study on MAO-B inhibition. The aim of this study was to build GA-MLR based QSAR models and predictive 3D Pharmacophore models, as well as to investigate the relationship between halogenated derivatives and MAO-B inhibitory activity. The robust statistical significance in the parameter (R² = 0.78 and Q² = 0.69) was demonstrated. Best Hypo1 contains one hydrophobic and two aromatic rings. The lead molecule for quantum mechanics was performed, and it was revealed that it would bind to proteins and provide stability. To determine the stability of the ligand-enzyme complex, a thorough molecular dynamics analysis of the lead compounds was accomplished.     

Assessment of antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Reynoutria japonica Houtt

Free radicals, mostly consist of reactive oxygen species, are generated in human body by several exogenous and endogenous systems. Overproduction of free radicals is known to cause several degenerative disorders including cancer. The aim of this study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using root extract of Reynoutria japonica and to investigate its antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. AgNPs were synthesized by green approach and subsequently characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, EDS and DLS. The antioxidant activity was investigated using DPPH, FRAP, H₂O₂, and ABT?⁺ radical scavenging assays while the cytotoxic effect was assessed using different human cancer cell lines including lung (A549), liver (Hep-G2) and breast (MDA-MB-231) by MTS assay. Moreover, the specificity of NPs was assessed against two normal human cell lines e.g. alveolar and renal primary epithelial cells (HPAEpiC and HRPTEpiC). The UV–vis spectra confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs by producing a characteristic peak at 410 nm. Further analysis confirmed that AgNPs were crystalline in nature, predominantly spherical in shape, with an average width and area of 17.34 nm and 164.46 nm², respectively. DLS analysis revealed that NPs possess a high negative zeta potential value (?28.5 mV), thus facilitating its electrostatic stabilization. AgNPs showed dose dependent antioxidant activity against DPPH, FRAP, H₂O₂ and ABTS with IC₅₀ values 19.25, 22.45, 24.20 and 18.88 µg/ml, respectively. The AgNPs depicted significant cytotoxic effects against A549, Hep-G2 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 4.5, 5.1 and 3.46 µg/ml, respectively. Moreover, the NPs exhibited highest selectivity index (>2.0) for A549, Hep-G2 and MDA-MB-231, confirming its specificity towards cancer cell lines. In conclusion, AgNPs prepared from root extract of R. japonica possess strong antioxidant and cytotoxic potential which suggests that they should be investigated further in order to develop safe and effective antioxidant and/or cytotoxic formulations.     

Developments on carbon dioxide reduction: Their promise,achievements, and challenges

CO₂ reduction processes continue to be developed for electrosynthesis, energy storage applications, and environmental remediation. A number of promising materials have shown high activity and selectivity to target reduction products. However, the progress has been mainly at a small laboratory scale, and the technical challenges of large scale CO₂ reduction have not been considered adequately. This review covers recent advancements in catalyst materials and cell designs. The leading materials for CO₂ reduction to a number of useful products are presented with their corresponding cell and reactor designs. The latest efforts to progress to industrially relevant scales are discussed, along with the challenges that must be met for carbon dioxide reduction to be a viable route for mass scale production.     

Nickel- and cobalt-based heterogeneous catalytic systems for selective primary amination of alcohol with ammonia

It is one of the critical fields of green chemistry to catalyze the selective conversion of biomass-derived alcohol and ammonia to primary amines with extensive application. Recently, catalytic systems consisting of non-noble metal nickel- and cobalt-based catalysts have been developed for catalytic alcohol amination. This paper reviewed these two types of catalytic systems, which are classified as skeleton Co and Ni catalytic systems, supported and modified Co and Ni catalytic systems, emphasized on catalysts and catalysis, and clearly explained where zero-valent cobalt or nickel is active species for catalytic reaction. In supported catalysts, the catalytic active sites constituted by the catalytic active species and its micro-environment can regulate the efficiency of catalytic the reaction. While in modified catalysts, modifiers such as metal Fe, Re and Bi may modulate the catalytic active sites and change the catalytic selectivity. There are differences in structure and size between catalysts prepared by different methods, resulting in distinct interface and electronic properties for alcohol amination, which determines the structure–activity relationships of the catalytic system.     

Synthesis,characterization, and application of griseofulvin surface molecularly imprinted polymers as the selective solid phase extraction sorbent in rat plasma samples

In present study, an investigation was carried out to develop and validate an analytical method for the selective extraction and determination of griseofulvin (GSF) from plasma samples. For this purpose, a rational approach was made to synthesize and characterize the surface molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs). The SMIPs were utilized as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. The SMIPs were prepared by using GSF as template molecule on the surface of modified silica particles through a non-covalent technique. The particles demonstrated high adsorption capacity (119.1 µg/mL), fast adsorption equilibrium time (30 min) and good recognition selectivity for the template drug. The scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used to explain the structural and morphological characteristics of the SMIPs and surface non-imprinted polymers. The SPE method was combined with HPLC for plasma analysis. The method validation results demonstrated that the established method possessed good linearity for GSF ranging from 0.1 to 50 µg/mL (R² = 0.997). The limit of detection for this method was 0.02 µg/mL for rat plasma samples. The recoveries of GSF from spiked plasma samples were (90.7–97.7%) and relative standard deviations were (0.9–4.5%). Moreover, the SMIPs as selective SPE sorbent can be reused more than 8 times which is a clear advantage over commercial SPE sorbents. Finally, the usefulness of the proposed strategy was assessed by extraction and detection of GSF in real rat plasma samples.     

Photocatalytic and antifouling properties of TiO2-based photocatalytic membranes

Photocatalysis has been extensively studied due to its potential ability to avoid the excessive use of chemical reagents and reduce the energy consumption by employing solar energy. Moreover, to alleviate the reduction in the membrane permeation selectivity, separation efficiency, and membrane service life caused by the emerging micro-pollutants and membrane fouling, membrane technology is often coupled with microbial, electrochemical, and catalytic processes. However, although physical/chemical cleaning and membrane module replacement can overcome the inherent limitations caused by membrane fouling and other membrane separation processes, high operating costs limit their practical applications. In this review, common preparation methods for TiO₂ photocatalytic membranes are described in detail, and the main approaches to enhancing their photocatalytic performance are discussed. More importantly, the mechanism of the TiO₂ photocatalytic membrane antifouling process is elucidated, and some applications of photocatalytic membranes in other areas are described. This review systematically outlines future research directions in the field of photocatalytic membrane modification, including metal and non-metal doping, fabrication of heterojunction structures, control over reaction conditions, increase in hydrophilicity, and increase in membrane porosity.     

An ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for CA72-4 based on a signal amplification strategy of MoS2 nanoflower-supported Au nanoparticles

Accurate detection of cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), a tumor-associated glycoprotein, is of great significance for gastric cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy monitoring. Modification of noble metal nanoparticles on transition metal dichalcogenides can significantly enhance functions, such as electron transport. Molybdenum disulfide gold nanoparticles nanocomposites (MoS₂-Au NPs) were prepared in this study and a series of characterization studies were carried out. In addition, a label-free, highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor molybdenum disulfide -Au nanoparticles/Glassy carbon electrode (MoS₂-Au NPs/GCE) was also prepared and used for the detection of CA72-4. The electrochemical performance of the immunosensor was characterized by electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicated that better MoS₂-Au NPs nanomaterials have been synthesized, and the prepared electrochemical immunosensor, MoS₂-Au NPs/GCE, showed excellent electrochemical performance. The sensor exhibited high detection sensitivity under optimal conditions, including an incubation time of 30 min, an incubation temperature of 25 °C, and a pH of 7.0. The electrochemical immunosensor also had a low detection limit of 2.0 × 10^?5 U/mL (S/N = 3) in a concentration range of 0.001–200 U/mL, with good selectivity, stability, and repeatability. In conclusion, this study provided a theoretical basis for the highly sensitive detection of tumor markers in clinical biological samples.