水助甲酰胺-H2O2氧化乙烯制环氧乙烷反应机理的理论研究

采用MP2方法研究 了甲酰胺-H₂O₂氧化乙烯制取环氧乙烷的反应机理. 优化得到了反应物、过渡态、中间体及产物的几何构型并计算了反应势垒. 研究结果表明: 没有水参与时, 反应需要通过四元环过渡态完成, 反应势垒很高, 在常温下难以进行; 有水参与时, 在水分子的协助下, 反应可以通过六元环过渡态完成, 反应势垒较低, 常温下反应容易进行.     

2-磷酸甘油酸脱水反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了蛋白质和水环境下2-磷酸甘油酸脱水生成磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸的反应机理. 优化得到了反应物、过渡态及产物的几何构型并计算了反应势垒. 研究结果表明: 没有H₂O参与时, 反应需要通过四元环过渡态完成, 反应势垒高达287.7 kJ/mol, 常温下难以进行|有H₂O参与时, 反应可以通过六元环过渡态完成, 反应势垒大为降低|Mg^2＋的参与可使反应势垒进一步降低|蛋白质环境下两个Mg^2＋和一个H₂O的共同作用可使反应势垒降低至91.2 kJ/mol, 从而使反应在常温下容易进行.     

硼氢化钠还原潜手性酮反应机理的量子化学研究

用从头计算方法对硼氢化钠不对称还原对甲基环己酮的机理进行了研究. 探讨了四元环和六元环机理, 其中每种机理有三种途径, 主要的途径是经过过渡态的两步反应途径. 计算结果表明, 无溶剂参与反应的四元环过渡态机理虽然能解释其还原历程, 但计算所得的对映体组成与文献值相差很大. 而对质子性溶剂异丙醇参与的六元环机理的研究发现反应产物的对映体组成的计算结果与文献实验值吻合较好. 这表明该反应主要经历六元环过渡态的两步反应历程.     

BH2+与H2O反应机理的量子拓扑研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p)和耦合簇方法CCSD/6-311+G(d, p)研究了BH2+与H2O的气相离子-分子反应机理. 优化得到了反应途径中各驻点的几何构型, 并采用内禀反应坐标法进行追踪. 从量子拓扑学的角度, 讨论了在反应过程中各化学键的变化. 反应(I)经历了一个四元环过渡态, 找到了这个反应的能量过渡态和两个结构过渡态.     

C60与硅烯环加成反应机理的理论研究

用半经验AM1法研究了C₆₀与单态硅烯环加成反应机理.经Berny梯度法优化得到反应的过渡态,并进行了振动分析确认.计算结果表明:硅烯在C₆₀的66键上的加成反应分两步,第一步反应物生成中间配合物,无势垒;第二步由中间配合物经过渡态变为产物.65键上的加成反应分三步,第一步由反应物生成中间配合物,第二步由中间配合物经过渡态I得到闭环结构的中间体,第三步由中间体经过渡态Ⅱ形成产物.66键加成反应的活化势垒较低,从反应机理和动力学角度解释了66键加成优于65键加成的原因.     

水助酮和烯醇类化合物互变异构反应机理的理论研究

采用MP2方法研究了水助MeC(＝O)(CH2R)与MeC(OH)(＝CHR)之间的异构化反应, 确定了相应的过渡态结构并计算了反应势垒. 研究结果表明, 常温下MeC(＝O)(CH2R)与MeC(OH)(＝CHR)之间的异构化反应容易通过2个水分子的参与而实现. 研究结果还表明, 发生质子转移的碳原子在过渡态中采取近sp3杂化. 凡是能够稳定该sp3轨道上的孤对电子的取代基, 都将使质子转移反应的势垒降低, 使异构化反应易于进行.     

水助酮和烯醇类化合物互变异构反应机理的理论研揪靠

采用MP2方法研究了水助MeC(=O)(CH2R)与MeC(OH)(=CHR)之间的异构化反应,确定了相应的过渡态结构并计算了反应势垒.研究结果表明,常温下MeC(=O)(CH2R)与MeC(OH)(=CHR)之间的异构化反应容易通过2个水分子的参与而实现.研究结果还表明,发生质子转移的碳原子在过渡态中采取近sp3杂化.凡是能够稳定该sp3轨道上的孤对电子的取代基,都将使质子转移反应的势垒降低,使异构化反应易于进行.     

亚烷基卡宾与丙烯环加成反应机理的理论研究

用二阶微扰理论研究了单重态亚烷基卡宾与丙烯环加成反应的机理，采用 MP2/6-31G~*方法计算了势能面上各驻点的构型参数、振动频率和能量。根据所得 势能面上的能量数据可以预言，反应（1）的a途径和反应（2）的b途径将是单重态 亚烷基卡宾与丙烯环加成反应的两条相互竞争的主反应通道，两反应途径均由两步 组成，(I)两反应物分别生成了富能中间体INT1a和INT2b，它们均是无势垒的放热 反应，放出的能量分别为60.28和26.33kJ·mol~(-1).(II)中间体INT1a和INT2b分 别通过过渡态TS1a和TS2b异构化为三元环产物P1和四元环产物P2，其势垒分别为 16.43和12.73kJ·mol~(-1)。     

肝醇脱氢酶催化乙醇氧化生成乙醛反应机理的理论研究

 采用 B3LYP 方法研究了肝醇脱氢酶催化烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸氧化乙醇生成乙醛的反应机理. 优化得到了反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的几何构型, 并计算了在蛋白质或水环境下有或没有肝醇脱氢酶时的反应势垒. 结果表明, 没有催化剂时, 乙醇负离子的形成及其被氧化生成乙醛的反应势垒都很高, 常温下反应难以进行; 当肝醇脱氢酶存在时, 乙醇负离子可以与肝醇脱氢酶中的 Zn2+配位形成络合物, 从而极大地降低了这两步的反应势垒, 使得反应在常温下容易进行.     

单线态氧(~1O_2)与咪唑1,4-环加成反应的理论研究

本文用量子化学从头计算方法对单线态氧(~O_2)与咪唑环加成反应的机理进行了理论研究.用能量梯度法优化获得了实验上尚未检测到的侧式桥环过氧化物(endoperoxde)的结构,并在势能面上确定了单线态氧与咪唑1,4-环加成反应的过渡态.通过对过渡态的结构特征,虚振动方向,电荷分布情况以及轨道相互作用的分析,说明这个反应的机理是同步和协同的;正反应的活化势垒为69.5kJ·mol~(-1),逆反应的活化势垒为140.4kJ·mol~(-1)(6-31G的结果).     

CH2NH与O(3P)反应的量子化学及电子密度拓扑研究

采用B3LYP、MP2(full)和 QCISD 三种方法在6-311G(d, p)和aug-cc-pVDZ基组水平上对三线态O(3P)原子与CH2NH(s)的反应进行了详细的理论研究. 采用B3LYP和MP2(full)方法对反应势能面上的各驻点进行了几何构型优化, 通过振动频率分析证实了过渡态的真实性, 内禀反应坐标(IRC)跟踪验证了过渡态与反应物和产物的连接关系, 用上述三种方法计算得到了各反应通道的反应势垒. 对反应过程中的一些重要点进行了电子密度拓扑分析研究. 研究结果表明, O(3P)原子进攻CH2NH(s)中的N2原子和C1原子生成CH2NHO(t)和OCH2NH(t), CH2NHO(t)中N2上的H5可迁移到C1上异构化为CH3NO(t).     

Quantum chemical modeling of ethene epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide: the effect of microsolvation with water

Quantum chemical calculations were performed to study the mechanism of ethene epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide. The calculations were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The applicability of this functional to the problem at hand, including basis set effects, was validated by CCSD(T) and CASSCF based multireference MP2 calculations. A mechanism was determined where hydrogen peroxide becomes polarized in the transition state upon binding to the ethene molecule. The distant hydroxide fragment of the attached hydrogen peroxide molecule becomes partly negatively charged, while the other part of the molecule involves a proton and becomes partly positively charged. In the absence of water an activation energy of 139.7 kJ mol(-1) was determined for the isolated H(2)O(2) + C(2)H(4) system. By microsolvating with water, the impact of a hydrogen-bonded network on the activation energy was addressed. A 43.7 kJ mol(-1) lowering of the activation energy, DeltaE(a), was observed when including up to 4 water molecules in the model. This effect results from the stabilization of the proton and hydroxide fragments in the transition state. The findings are discussed in the context of previous theoretical studies on similar systems. Effects of adding or removing a proton to mimic acidic and alkaline conditions are addressed and the limitations of the model in solvating the excess charge are discussed.     

气相中烯丙基负离子与N2O反应机理

采用二阶微扰理论的MP2/6-31G(d,p)方法对气相中烯丙基负离子与N2O的反应机理进行了理论计算研究, 并在相同基组下进一步用CCSD(T)方法进行了单点能的校正. 计算结果表明, 该反应存在三条反应通道, 产物分别为cis-CH2CHCNN-+H2O, trans-CH2CHCNN-+H2O和CH2CCH-+N2+H2O, 其中生成cis-CH2CHCNN-和trans-CH2CHCNN-的两条通道为相互竞争的主反应通道, 计算结果与实验相吻合. 同时利用传统的过渡态理论, 计算了各反应通道在298 K时, 速控步骤的反应速率常数k(T).     

过氧仲丁基自由基内氢转移及解离机理的理论计算研究

采用量子化学从头算MP2方法在6-31G(d)基组水平上系统地研究了过氧仲丁基自由基内三个不同碳位上的氢原子向O—O基的端O转移的过渡态结构, 讨论了这些氢转移反应过程中相关化学键的变化, 并在此基础上进一步研究了氢转移产物解离的过渡态结构. 结果表明具有四元环、五元环、六元环结构的三个氢转移过渡态对应的氢转移反应位垒分别是195.86, 176.43, 122.49 kJ•mol－1; 相应的氢转移产物进一步解离的反应位垒分别是3.53, 126.23, 154.2 kJ•mol－1, 对应的最终产物分别为HO自由基和丁酮, HO2自由基和丁烯, HOOCHCH3和乙烯.     

Theoretical study of 1,2‐rearrangement in silylmethanethiol

The 1,2‐rearrangements in silylmethanethiol were studied by ab initio molecular orbital theory. The structures of reactants, transition states, and products were fully optimized at the MP2(full)/6‐31G(d) levels. Based on the MP2(full)/6‐31G(d) geometries, harmonic frequencies were obtained. Energies were computed at the G3 level of theory with MP2(full)/6‐31G(d) zero‐point corrections. The results indicate that the 1,2‐rearrangement in silylmethanethiol may occur via two pathways. Pathway A involves the 1,2‐migration of mercapto group from carbon to silicon via a double three‐membered ring transition state, forming methylsilanethiol. The barrier for reaction A is 275.0 kJ/mol. Pathway B involves the 1,2‐migration of silyl group from carbon to sulfur via a four‐membered ring transition state, forming methylthiosilane. The barrier for reaction B is 262.3 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the reactions were analyzed over a temperature range of 300–1,300K. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005     

Cl原子与CH2SH自由基反应机理及电子密度拓扑研究

采用MP2(Full)/6-311G(d,p)和B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)找到了反应Cl＋CH₂SH→HCl＋CH₂S的两个可能的反应通道, 得到了各反应通道的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的优化构型、谐振频率. 对反应进程中若干关键点进行了电子密度拓扑分析, 讨论了反应进程中键的断裂、生成和化学键的变化规律, 找到了该反应的结构过渡区(结构过渡态)和能量过渡态, 发现了反应热与结构过渡区之间的关系.     

Direct dynamic study on the hydrogen abstraction reaction CH3CN + OH-->CH2CN + H2O

The reaction of acetonitrile with hydroxyl has been studied using the direct ab initio dynamics methods. The geometries, vibrational frequencies of the stationary points, as well as the minimum energy paths were computed at the BHandHLYP and MP2 levels of theory with the 6-311G(d, p) basis set. The energies were further refined at the PMP4/6-311+G(2df, 2pd) and QCISD(T)/6-311+G(2df, 2pd) levels of theory based on the structures optimized at BHandHLYP/6-311G(d, p) and MP2/6-311G(d, p) levels of theory. The Polyrate 8.2 program was employed to predict the thermal rate constants using the canonical variational transition state theory incorporating a small-curvature tunneling correction. The computed rate constants are in good agreement with the available experimental data.     

Theoretical study on the hydrolysis mechanism of N,N-dimethyl-N'-(2-oxo-1, 2-dihydro-pyrimidinyl)formamidine: water-assisted mechanism and cluster-continuum model

The hydrolysis reaction of N,N-dimethyl-N'-(2-oxo-1, 2-dihydro-pyrimidinyl)formamidine (DMPFA), a model compound of the antivirus drug amidine-3TC (3TC = 2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine), is investigated by the hybrid density functional theory B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) method. The hydrolysis reaction of the title compound is predicted to undergo via two pathways, each of which is a stepwise process. Path A is the addition of H2O to the C=N double bond in the amidine group to form a tetrahedral structure in its first step, and then the transfer of the H atom of hydroxyl leads to the corresponding products via four possible channels. Path B simultaneously involves the nucleophilic attack of H2O to the C atom of the C=N bond and the proton transfer to the N atom of amino group leading to the cleavage of the C-N single bond in the amidine group. The results indicate that path A is more favorable than path B in the gas phase. Moreover, to simulate the title reaction in aqueous solution, water-assisted mechanism and the cluster-continuum model, based on the SCRF/CPCM model, are taken into account in our work. The results indicate that it is rational for two water molecules served as a bridge to assist in the first step of path A and that cytosine rather than the cytosine-substituted formamide should be released from the tetrahedral intermediate via s six-membered cycle transition state (channel 2). Our calculations exhibit that the process toward the tetrahedral intermediate is the rate-determining step both in the gas phase and in aqueous solution.     

Computational study of the aminolysis of anhydrides: effect of the catalysis to the reaction of succinic anhydride with methylamine in gas phase and nonpolar solution

Different possible pathways of the aminolysis reaction of succinic anhydride were investigated by applying high level electronic structure theory, examining the general base catalysis by amine and the general acid catalysis by acetic acid, and studying the effect of solvent. The density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels was employed to investigate the reaction pathways for the aminolysis reaction between succinic anhydride and methylamine. The single point ab initio calculations were based on the second-order M?ller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) with 6-31G(d) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets and CCSD(T)/6-31G(d) level calculations for geometries optimized at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. A detailed analysis of the atomic movements during the process of concerted aminolysis was further obtained by intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations. Solvent effects were assessed by the polarized continuum model method. The results show that the concerted mechanism of noncatalyzed aminolysis has distinctly lower activation energy compared with the addition/elimination stepwise mechanism. In the case of the process catalyzed by a second methylamine molecule, asynchronous proton transfer takes place, while the transition vectors of the acid-catalyzed transition states correspond to the simultaneous motion of protons. The most favorable pathway of the reaction was found through the bifunctional acid catalyzed stepwise mechanism that involves formation of eight-membered rings in the transition state structures. The difference between the activation barriers for the two mechanisms averages 2 kcal/mol at various levels of theory.