硅氧烷乳液聚合过程中大颗粒形成机理研究：Ⅰ.阳离子型乳液的耐电解质…

探讨了二甲基聚硅氧烷阳离子型乳液耐电解质稳定性的影响因素。结果表明，加入少量的非离子型表面活性剂与阳离子型乳化剂并用进行乳液聚合，可以保护乳液粒子，防止由于电解质引的乳液粒子的相互凝聚而形成大颗粒。     

硅氧烷乳液聚合过程中大颗粒形成机理的研究：Ⅱ.聚硅氧烷乳液的耐酸碱…

研究了阴离子型与阳离子型聚硅氧烷乳液的耐酸碱稳定性，发现阴离子型乳液对酸碱都相当稳定，在乳液制备过程中，酸性催化剂不会引起乳液颗粒的凝聚；而阳离子型乳液的耐酸三稳定性性差，尤其是引起乳液颗粒慢速凝聚的碱浓度下限值很低，碱是制备阳离子型乳液的化剂，碱引起乳液颗粒的慢速凝聚是阳离子型乳液中大颗粒形成的主要原因，在乳液聚合过程中所发生的相当部分的乳化剂从水相向有机硅相的转移也是影响阳离子型乳液稳定性的一     

硅氧烷乳液聚合过程中大颗粒形成机理的研究Ⅱ．聚硅氧烷乳液的耐酸碱稳定性

研究了阴离子型与阳离子型聚硅氧烷乳液的耐酸碱稳定性。发现阴离子型乳液对酸碱都相当稳定，在乳液制备过程中，酸性催化剂不会引起乳液颗粒的凝聚；而阳离子型乳液的耐酸碱稳定性较差，尤其是引起乳液颗粒慢速凝聚的碱浓度下限值很低，碱是制备阳离子型乳液的催化剂，碱引起乳液颗粒的慢速凝聚是阳离子型乳液中大颗粒形成的主要原因。在乳液聚合过程中所发生的相当部分的乳化剂从水相向有机硅相的转移也是影响阳离子型乳液稳定性的一个重要因素。     

非离子型表面活性剂对聚硅氧烷阴离子型乳液的耐电解质稳定性的影响

本文研究了非离子型表面活性剂对聚硅氧烷阴离子型乳液的耐电解质稳定性的影响。十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚C_12H_25(OCH_2CH_2)_nOH(n=6.3,C_12E_6.3)能提高乳液的氯化镁临界凝聚浓度。乳液的表面化学性质和乳液粒子表面上表面活性剂的组成表明C_12E_6.3与十二烷基苯磺酸之间存在着协同作用,组成了混合界面膜。根据DLVO理论对C_12E_6.3提高乳液耐电解质凝聚稳定性进行了解释。     

纳米粒子稳定乳液及其在纳米结构合成中的应用*

本文在介绍常规乳状液、微乳液和固体稳定乳液的基础上,着重综述了纳米粒子稳定乳液的特点及其在纳米结构合成中的应用进展,并对目前该研究领域亟待解决的问题进行了分析。纳米粒子稳定乳液具有独特的油、水、固三相环境和水油、水固、油固三个相界面,分散相液滴尺寸可以在微米、亚微米乃至纳米尺度调节,因而可以作为合成组成、结构和性能极为丰富多样的纳米结构的介质。纳米粒子对乳液稳定作用的机理,以及纳米粒子稳定乳液中化学反应的特殊规律还有待深入研究。本文在介绍固体稳定乳液的基础上,着重综述了纳米粒子稳定乳液的特点及其在纳米结构合成中的应用进展,并对目前该研究领域亟待解决的问题进行了分析。纳米粒子稳定乳液具有独特的油、水、固三相环境和水油、水固、油固三个相界面,分散相液滴尺寸可以在微米、亚微米乃至纳米尺度调节,因而可以作为合成组成、结构和性能极为丰富多样的纳米结构的介质。纳米粒子对乳液稳定作用的机理,以及纳米粒子稳定乳液中化学反应的特殊规律还有待深入研究。     

核壳乳液在电解质作用下的破乳过程

核壳乳液在电解质作用下的破乳过程;分光光度计;核壳乳液;电解质;乳液破乳     

阳离子型微乳液对显色剂1—（2—吡啶偶氮）—2—萘酚的增溶作用

以光度法研究了阳离子型微乳液对显色剂１－（２－吡啶偶氮）－２－萘酚（ＰＡＮ）的增溶作用，通过测定ＰＡＮ在阳离子型ＣＴＭＡＢ／ｎ－Ｃ５Ｈ１１ＯＨ／ｎ－Ｃ９Ｈ２０微乳液中的“胶束位”ｎ和结合常数Ｋ，并与相同表面活性剂胶束体系比较，探讨了微乳液对显色剂ＰＡＮ的增溶作用。     

微波辐照下无皂阳离子聚(St-MMA)高分子纳米粒子的制备和表征

讨论了微波辐照下 ,以丙酮 水为分散介质 ,利用阳离子型自由基引发剂偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐(AIBA)引发苯乙烯 (St)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)共聚 ,合成出表面带正电荷的P(St MMA)共聚物纳米粒子 ,考察了丙酮用量、单体和引发剂浓度对纳米粒子粒径、粒径分布和乳液稳定性的影响 .结果表明 ,丙酮 水的体积比由 0增加到 1 2 6∶1时 ,粒子的平均水化半径从 12 2 2 1nm降低到 2 4 6 8nm ,粒径分布变宽 ,乳液抗电解质稳定性逐渐增强 ;增加引发剂和共聚单体MMA的浓度 ,粒子的水化半径逐渐减小 ,粒径分散系数增大 .     

粒子与聚合物协同稳定高内相Pickering乳液

选用二氧化硅纳米粒子(H30)和聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸)共聚物(PLGA)为复合稳定剂, 成功制备出内相体积分数高达90%的高内相Pickering 乳液. 对照实验表明: 单独用H30粒子作稳定剂, 内相体积分数上限为75%; 单独用PLGA 作稳定剂, 发生严重相分离, 不能形成乳液. 无机纳米粒子与聚合物之间的协同作用在制备高内相乳液的过程中起到了关键作用. 因此, 使用无机粒子和聚合物作为混合稳定剂制备高内相乳液是一种新型而有效的方法.     

有机硅-丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液合成及粒径分析

通过种子乳液半连续法合成了有机硅改性丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液,并对其粒子形态及分布进行分析。结果表明:通过种子乳液半连续聚合工艺可制备出固含量42wt%,乳化剂含量4wt%(基于单体量)、窄分布纳米粒子的有机硅改性丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液。随反应进行,粒径分布变窄,平均粒径逐渐增大。随乳化剂中SDS与OP-10的摩尔比减少,粒径增大。     

Some Emulsion Features

Traditionally, emulsions have been defined as consisting of two liquids, of which one is dispersed in the other as macroscopic drops, stabilized by mono‐molecular layer of surfactant at the interface. However, a large majority of commercial emulsions are more complex than so and the added elements are essential for the properties of the emulsions including their stability.

With this in mind, this treatment of emulsions is divided into emulsions with mono‐layers and multilayers at the interface. In addition, additional elements in emulsions are described; such as lyotropic liquid crystals, vesicles, microemulsion droplets and solid particles, and their potential influence on the emulsion properties is indicated.     

Pickering乳液的制备和应用研究进展

Pickering乳液是一种由固体粒子代替传统有机表面活性剂稳定乳液体系的新型乳液。与传统乳液相比,Pickering乳液具有强界面稳定性、减少泡沫出现、可再生、低毒、低成本等优势,在化妆品、食品、制药、石油和废水处理等行业具有广阔的应用前景,受到越来越多研究者们的关注。本文综述了近年来Pickering乳液的研究进展,先介绍Pickering乳液相对于表面活性剂乳液的特色与优势,然后介绍Pickering乳液的制备研究进展,最后介绍Pickering乳液的应用研究进展。     

有机硅氧烷乳液粒子粒径及其分布的测定

本文采用甲基环硅氧烷与乙烯基环硅氧烷共聚合的方法,制得了硅油轧液,利用乙烯基双键使聚合物硬化,以固定乳液颗粒,并用电子显微镜观察研究了液珠的组成及分布情况。发现阴离子硅油乳液颗粒较阳离子乳液的粒子细,且粒径分布窄。在阳离子硅油乳液中添加非离子乳化剂,或采用机械后乳化的方法,能消除大粒径的液珠,使其颗粒变小、变匀,从而大大改善阳离子乳液的稳定性。     

Sol-gel reaction in acrylic polymer emulsions: the effect of particle surface charge

Acrylic polymer-silica hybrid emulsions were synthesized from both anionic and cationic polymer emulsions by simple post-addition of tetraethoxysilane as a silica precursor. Solvent resistance of the films from the hybrid emulsions and the zeta-potential of the hybrid emulsions suggested the different forms of silica components in each hybrid emulsion. Thermal gravimetric analysis, 29Si NMR measurements, and transmission electron microscope observations revealed that the hybrid emulsion from the anionic polymer emulsion was a mixture of anionic polymer particles and homogeneously dissolved silicate oligomer-polymer. On the contrary, the hybrid emulsion from cationic polymer emulsion consisted of polymer core-silica shell particles. The electrostatic interaction between the cationic polymer particle surface and the silicate would be responsible for the accumulation of the silicate onto the particle surface, leading to the silica shell layer formation. The sol-gel condensation reaction of silicate in the acidic emulsion phase was revealed to be controllable by the surface charge of the coexisting particles.     

Effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide addition on the emulsions stabilized by montmorillonite

The wettability of montmorillonite could be in situ modified by cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The type and stability of emulsions prepared from montmorillonite with different concentrations of cationic surfactant were investigated, and a double phase inversion of emulsions was observed. The adsorption of CTAB on montmorillonite particles was studied by surface tension and zeta potential measurements, and the variation of the wettability of particles with the concentration of CTAB was characterized by the contact angle measurements. The adsorption of particles at the surface of emulsion droplets was observed by laser-induced confocal scanning microscopy. At low surfactant concentrations, the adsorption of CTAB on montmorillonite increased the hydrophobicity of the particles, and the stability of oil-in-water emulsions was enhanced. With the increase of the CTAB concentration, montmorillonite particles changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and water-in-oil emulsions were obtained. However, at higher surfactant concentrations, the emulsions inverts to O/W again because montmorillonite particles were reconverted into hydrophilic due to the formation of CTAB bilayer on the surface of montmorillonite.     

Interfacial properties of emulsions stabilized with surfactant and nonsurfactant coated boehmite nanoparticles

The properties of emulsions stabilized with surface-modified boehmite particles of 26 and 8 nm in diameter have been investigated. The surface-modified particles were prepared by mixing aqueous dispersions of cationic boehmite particles with aqueous solutions of the surfactant p-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) or the nonsurfactant p-toluenesulfonic acid (TSA). For the 26 nm particles, interfacial tension measurements indicate that p-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid partitions between the particle surface and the oil-water interface, while p-toluenesulfonic acid remains on the particle surface. The partitioning of p-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid supports the formation of emulsions, although in the absence of the particles the same surfactant concentration is not sufficient for emulsion stabilization. Due to the fast exchange kinetics, p-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid is gradually replaced by particles. At equilibrium, the interfacial tension in the presence of the surface-modified particles is between the values for the pure particles and the pure surfactant solutions. However, the interfacial tension is independent of the surfactant concentration used in the preparation of the particles. Reducing the particle size to 8 nm leads to increased emulsion stability, and thus, the minimum particle concentration required to prepare stable emulsions was reduced to 0.1 g/L. However, above approximately 3.5 mmol/L of the sulfonic acids, the small particles dissolve slowly, and the emulsion stability is lost. This mechanism can be used to trigger the collapse of the emulsions.     

Emulsion electrospinning: composite fibers from drop breakup during electrospinning

We evaluate the feasibility of electrospinning oil‐in‐water type emulsions. The emulsions had an aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide (PEO) as the continuous phase, and either mineral oil or a polystyrene (PS) in toluene solution as the drop phase. The Taylor cones and electrified liquid jets were stable even when the emulsion drops were as large as a few‐ten microns in diameter. The resulting electrospun PEO fibers incorporated the dispersed phase of the emulsion in the form of drops (in case of mineral oil), or in the form of solid particles (in case of PS). Mineral oil drops appear to be completely encapsulated in the PEO fibers, whereas the PS particles are either incompletely encapsulated, or covered by only a very thin layer of PEO. Calculations show that in both cases, the initially large emulsion drops are broken during the electrospinning process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甲酸盐在纳米AgBr/I粒子乳剂中的增感作用

分别以鱼明胶和骨明胶(惰胶)作为分散介质制备了两种不同形貌与粒径的纳米AgBr/I粒子乳剂.利用掺入作为正空穴捕获剂的甲酸盐,可以使本征感光度很低的纳米粒子乳剂的感光度有相当大的提高,显示甲酸盐具有很好的增感效果.对鱼明胶介质中制备的纳米AgBr/I粒子乳剂,甲酸盐掺杂方式不同其增感效果不一样.在乳剂颗粒中均匀掺杂增感效果最好,而趋向于近表面掺杂则增感效果降低,显示出甲酸盐掺杂的位置效应.籽晶掺杂后包壳的复合结构乳剂颗粒与均匀掺杂乳剂颗粒的增感效果近似.对鱼明胶介质中制备的掺杂甲酸盐的纳米AgBr/I粒子乳剂再进行硫增感或硫加金增感,乳剂感光度可进一步提高,表明甲酸盐掺杂与常规的硫增感或硫加金增感有很好的协同作用.     

St-BA copolymer emulsions prepared by using novel cationic maleic dialkyl polymerizable emulsifier

A novel polymerizable cationic dialkyl maleic emulsifier with 12 carbon atomic hydrophobic chain lengths (R = C₁₂H₂₅) as well as a similar conventional cationic emulsifier, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as comparison, were investigated in batch emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate. A series of emulsion samples have been prepared with two kinds of emulsifiers, and their properties have been characterized and compared. Compared with the emulsions prepared by using cationic CTAB emulsifier, the emulsions prepared by using maleic emulsifier have larger particle size, higher surface tension, generally more stable on certain electrolytes and less water absorption ratio as 34.87% after 30 days vs. 50.65% for the emulsion containing CTAB emulsifier. Whereas, the maleic emulsifier itself has lower CMC and surface tension compared with cationic CTAB emulsifier.