问题肝素中多硫酸软骨素杂质的柱前衍生高效液相色谱分析

基于肝素和多硫酸软骨素(OSCS)在单糖组成上的差别,建立了可用于肝素中OSCS检测的柱前衍生高效液相色谱法.采用3 mol/L三氟乙酸,将受污染的问题肝素在110℃下充氮封管水解4 h,在碱性条件下与1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮进行衍生化反应,再采用C18反相色谱柱,以0.1 mol/L磷酸盐(pH=6.7)缓冲液/乙腈(体积比82∶18)为流动相,在流速1.0 mL/min、柱温25℃及紫外检测波长245 nm的条件下进行液相色谱分析.结果表明,肝素和OSCS的单糖色谱峰具有良好的分离度,测得2批问题肝素中OSCS杂质的质量分数分别为19.6%和28.3%.该方法具有良好的精密度和重现性,易于推广,适合于肝素中OSCS杂质的检测,并可用于硫酸软骨素A和C与硫酸软骨素B的区分和鉴别.     

中性红光度法测定硫酸软骨素含量

硫酸软骨素是一种天然酸性粘多糖，属生物高分子化合物。硫酸软骨素有A、C和D三种异构体，均是由D-葡萄糖醛酸和N-乙酰-D氨基半乳糖组成，只是硫酸基位置不同。硫酸软骨素具有许多重要的生理活性和药理作用，如促进冠状动脉循环、降血脂、抗凝血、抗肿瘤和防止血管硬化等，广泛用于临床、化妆品和医用材料等领域。硫酸软骨素的测定方法有Elson-Morgan反应法，即将硫酸软骨素水解或酶解成氨基己糖，然后在碱性条件下与乙酰丙酮反应，生成色原，再与对二甲氨基苯甲醛的盐酸醇溶液反应产生红色，以盐酸氨基葡萄糖为对照品，用比色法测定。还有高效液相色谱法，天青A和亚甲基蓝吸收光谱法。中性红属于醌亚胺类染料，带正电荷，曾作为生物标记用于做蛋白质和DNA的光谱探针。本文将中性红作为糖类物质的光谱探针，研究了中性红与硫酸软骨素的相互作用，根据其复合物溶液在特定波长处吸光度降低与硫酸软骨素的含量成比例的特点，建立了一种快速、简便、灵敏的测定硫酸软骨素含量的光度法。     

苯并噻唑偶氮吡唑和苯并噻唑偶氮嘧啶的合成

2-氨基苯并噻唑重氮盐与丙二腈偶联, 生成2-(苯并噻唑腙基)-丙二腈, 然后分别与水合肼, 苯肼和硝酸胍反应, 形成相应的4'-(苯并噻唑-2-偶氮)-3',5'-二氨基吡唑, 4'-(苯并噻唑-2-偶氮)-3',5'-二氨基-2'-苯并吡唑和5'-(苯并噻唑-2-偶氮)-2',4',6'-三氨基嘧啶.     

猪肉中1-氨基乙内酰脲的胶体金免疫层析法快速检测

基于免疫竞争胶体金免疫层析原理,研制了检测食用肉中呋喃妥因代谢物1-氨基乙内酰脲(AHD)的免疫试纸条。用柠檬酸钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,标记抗1-氨基乙内酰脲的衍生物(CPAHD)的单克隆抗体并喷于玻璃纤维上,CPAHD-BSA(Bovine serum albumin)抗原和羊抗鼠IgG分别结合于硝酸纤维膜上,依次将样品垫、胶体金垫、硝酸纤维素膜和吸水纸组装切割成AHD胶体金免疫层析快速检测试纸条。在5 min内肉眼观察结果,该试纸条对AHD的最低检测限为2.33μg/L,除与呋喃妥因有弱交叉反应外,与其他同类物均无交叉反应,用该试纸条和ELISA(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)检测猪肉中添加的AHD,结果呈现很好的相关性。该方法灵敏度高,简便快速,无需特殊仪器设备,可作为呋喃妥因残留批量检测的筛选方法。     

壳寡糖铕、铽配合物的合成、表征及抗·O-2活性

用壳寡糖分别与硝酸铕和硝酸铽反应, 制备了壳寡糖-铕、壳寡糖-铽两种配合物. 用红外光谱、紫外光谱、 荧光和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析测试手段对配合物进行了表征. 以吩嗪硫酸甲酯(PMS)-还原型辅酶Ⅰ烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)-硝基四氮唑蓝(NBT)产生超氧阴离子自由基(·O-2)来研究壳寡糖和壳寡糖稀土金属配合物对·O-2自由基的清除作用. 结果表明: 壳寡糖与Eu3 或Tb3 形成了配合物, 壳寡糖-铕、壳寡糖-铽配合物中不仅壳寡糖氨基上的N原子参与了配位, 同时仲羟基的O原子也参与了配位. 壳寡糖和壳寡糖稀土金属配合物对·O-2均具有明显的清除作用, 配合物与壳寡糖相比对·O-2具有更高的清除活性.     

肝素类寡糖合成研究进展

肝素(heparin,HP)和硫酸乙酰肝素(heparan sulfate,HS)是糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycans,GAGs)家族中的一类线性硫酸化多糖,其结构复杂、牛物活性多样.为了深入研究其结构序列与小同生物活性之间的关系,近年来针对肝素类寡糖的合成与功能研究成为糖化学和糖牛物学研究的一个热点领域,涌现出一些新的合成方法与合成策略.选取了2001年以来国际上一些在肝素类寡糖的化学合成和酶法合成方面的代表性工作予以综述.     

基于新型量子点荧光微球的氯霉素免疫层析试纸条的制备和应用

以羧基化CdTe/ZnSe量子点荧光微球为标记物,通过1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺/N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(EDC/NHS)活化法将氯霉素(CAP)单克隆抗体与量子点荧光微球偶联制备荧光探针.氯霉素全抗原(CAP-HS-BSA)及羊抗鼠二抗分别喷涂硝酸纤维素膜,形成检测线(T线)和质控线(C线),组装成新型氯霉素量子点荧光微球免疫层析试纸条,建立了快速、定量检测牛奶中CAP的方法.本研究开发的量子点荧光微球试纸条可在15 min内完成牛奶样品中CAP的定量检测,线性范围为0.1~100.0μg/L,检出限为0.1μg/L.牛奶样品CAP的加标回收率为93.3%~97.9%,相对标准偏差在4.9%~6.9%之间.     

添加剂对活性人工皮肤胶原海绵支架材料的影响

研究了壳聚糖、硫酸软骨素和肝素对胶原海绵理化性质和生物相容性的影响。结果表明：添加壳聚糖后胶原海绵的孔隙率和暖水率下降,添加硫酸软骨素后上升,而添加肝素后无明显变化。三种添加剂均可减少基质收缩,增强材料的抗降解性能,但种问差异不明显。与纯胶原海绵相比,复合海绵可进一步促进细胞的吸附和增殖,其中添加壳聚糖和肝素的效果相当,优于硫酸软骨素,有望应用于构建组织工程化人工皮肤。     

高分子的重要发明

1845年瑞士舍恩拜恩(C.F.Schonbein)用硝酸和硫酸的混合溶液使纤维素硝化,制成硝酸纤维素(也称硝化纤维,学名为纤维素硝酸酯)。 1857年德国施魏策尔(E.Schweizer)将氢氧化铜溶解在浓氨水中,制成可溶解纤维素的铜铵溶液,后经英国克鲁克斯(Sir W•Crookes)等人制成铜铵纤维。     

污染肝素中多硫酸化硫酸软骨素的分步醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳分析

采用离子交换色谱法从污染肝素原料中分离出多硫酸化硫酸软骨素(OSCS),建立了分步醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳法分析污染肝素中OSCS含量的方法.结果表明,先以0.05 mol/L醋酸钡缓冲液(pH 5.0)电泳,再以0.15 mol/L醋酸锌缓冲液(pH 6.3)电泳,可以将肝素和OSCS完全分开,检出限为0.1 g/L; 通过灰度积分建立定量校准曲线,相关系数为0.9934,平均回收率为102.1%～106.1%; RSD为4.1%～6.0%.     

Capillary electrophoresis for total glycosaminoglycan analysis

A capillary zone electrophoresis–laser-induced fluorescence detection (CZE-LIF) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of disaccharides derived from heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, hyaluronan, and keratan sulfate. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were first depolymerized with the mixture of GAG lyases (heparinase I, II, III and chondroitinase ABC and chondroitinase AC II) and GAG endohydrolase (keratinase II) and the resulting disaccharides were derivatized by reductive amination with 2-aminoacridone. Nineteen fluorescently labeled disaccharides were separated using 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.3) under reversed polarity at 25 kV. Using these conditions, all the disaccharides examined were baseline separated in less then 25 min. This CZE-LIF method gave good reproducibility for both migration time (≤1.03 % for intraday and ≤4.4 % for interday) and the peak area values (≤5.6 % for intra- and ≤8.69 % for interday). This CZE-LIF method was used for profiling and quantification of GAG derivative disaccharides in bovine cornea. The results show that the current CZE-LIF method offers fast, simple, sensitive, reproducible determination of disaccharides derived from total GAGs in a single run.

Direct and specific recognition of glycosaminoglycans by antibodies after their separation by agarose gel electrophoresis and blotting on cetylpyridinium chloride-treated nitrocellulose membranes

A method for the immunodetection of several natural complex polysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) after their separation by conventional agarose gel electrophoresis, blotting and immobilizing on nitrocellulose membranes derivatized with the cationic detergent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and direct and specific immunodetection by antibodies is described. This new approach is based on the principles that were used to develop the Western blot, and is applied to the separation of the glycosaminoglycans purified from normal human urine. After migration in agarose gel electrophoresis, chondroitin sulfate samples of different origin were blotted and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes treated with CPC. Immunodetection was performed using the anti-chondroitin-6-sulfate antibody that specifically recognizes intact chondroitin-6-sulfate. By calculating the ratio between the antibody staining (epitope) and alcian blue staining (mass), the epitope density expressed as a percentage, i.e., the number of repetitive epitopes per mass, was obtained. These values were in agreement with the quantitation of 6-sulfated groups of chondroitin sulfate performed by the evaluation of unsatured disaccharide-6-sulfate (DeltaDi6S) produced after treatment with chondroitinase ABC and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, immunodetection of heparan sulfate was performed using the anti-heparan sulfate antibody.     

基于免疫磁分离的荧光微球免疫层析法检测猪霍乱沙门氏菌

建立了基于免疫磁分离的荧光微球免疫层析法,检测猪霍乱沙门氏菌.待检样品经免疫磁分离富集和热洗脱处理后,用荧光微球免疫层析试纸条进行检测.每毫克纳米磁珠标记30μg抗体制备的免疫磁珠,对浓度为102 ～ 106 CFU/mL的猪霍乱沙门氏菌的捕获率均大于90％,特异性好;在pH=6时,以300μ,g/mg猪霍乱沙门氏菌单抗11D8-D4标记荧光微球,制备免疫荧光微球;以2.0 mg/mL猪霍乱沙门氏菌单抗5F11-B11喷涂检测线(T线),以1.0 mg/mL驴抗鼠IgG喷涂质控线(C线),制备免疫层析试纸条.采用建立的基于免疫磁分离的荧光微球免疫层析方法检测猪霍乱沙门氏菌,在PBS缓冲液中检出限为1.5×105 CFU/mL,牛奶中检出限为7.6×105 CFU/mL,与直接采用荧光微球免疫层析方法检测相比,检出限分别降低了10倍和200倍.本方法可有效富集牛奶中的沙门氏菌,避免了基质干扰,灵敏度大大提高,具有较好的应用前景.     

Glycosaminoglycan blotting on nitrocellulose membranes treated with cetylpyridinium chloride after agarose-gel electrophoretic separation

We describe a method for blotting and immobilizing several nonsulfated and sulfated complex polysaccharides on membranes made hydrophilic and positively charged by a cationic detergent after their separation by conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. Nitrocellulose membranes were derivatized with the cationic detergent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and mixtures of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were capillary-blotted after their separation in agarose gel electrophoresis in barium acetate/1,2-diaminopropane. Single purified species of variously sulfated polysaccharides were transferred onto the derivatized membranes after electrophoresis with an efficiency of 100% and stained with alcian blue (irreversible staining) and toluidine blue (reversible staining) permitting about 0.1 nug threshold of detection. Nonsulfated polyanions, hyaluronic acid, a fructose-containing polysaccharide with a chondroitin backbone purified from Escherichia coli U1-41, and its defructosylated product, were also electrophoretically separated and transferred onto membranes. The limit of detection for desulfated GAGs was about 0.1-0.5 nug after irreversible or reversible staining. GAG extracts from bovine, lung and aorta, and human aorta and urine were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and blotted on CPC-treated nitrocellulose membranes. The polysaccharide composition of these extracts was determined. The membrane stained with toluidine blue (reversible staining) was destained and the same lanes used for immunological detection or other applications. Reversible staining was also applied to recover single species of polysaccharides after electrophoretic separation of mixtures of GAGs and their transfer onto membranes. Single bands were released from the membrane with an efficiency of 70-100% for further biochemical characterization.     

Synthesis of New Regioselectively Sulfated Hyaluronans for Biomedical Application

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) display various biological effects which are strongly influenced by the degree of sulfation and the position of sulfate groups within the polymer. Hyaluronan, a non-sulfated GAG, represents a readily accessible educt to synthesize structural analogues of sulfated GAGs mimicking their biological activity. Different strategies were developed and evaluated to synthesize hyaluronan sulfates with a free primary hydroxyl group at C-6' and sulfated secondary hydroxyl groups. Applying selective desulfation methods of high-sulfated hyaluronan by means of silylating agents, products regioselectively desulfated at the primary C-6' but also partly the C-4' position were obtained. A pathway using benzoyl ester protecting groups to block the primary hydroxyl function of Hya during the sulfation resulted in a high-sulfated product, functionalized only at the secondary hydroxyl groups.     

莱克多巴胺荧光胶乳颗粒免疫层析检测法的建立

基于免疫竞争层析法原理,建立了莱克多巴胺(RAC)的荧光胶乳颗粒免疫层析快速检测技术,用于猪肉组织中莱克多巴胺残留的检测.应用自制的抗RAC单抗,标记己胶乳荧光颗粒,将标记好的复合物喷涂于结合垫上.羊抗鼠IgG与人工合成的RAC - BSA检测抗原包被在NC膜表面,分别作为质控线(C线)与检测线(T线).检测过程中RA...     

Capillary electrophoresis of complex natural polysaccharides

Complex natural polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are a class of ubiquitous macromolecules that exhibit a wide range of biological functions and participate and regulate multiple cellular events and (patho)physiological processes. They are generally present either as free chains (hyaluronic acid and bacterial acidic polysaccharides) or as side chains of proteoglycans (PGs; chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate) and are most often found in cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix. The recent emergence of modern analytical tools for their study has produced a virtual explosion in the field of glycomics. CE, due to its high resolving power and sensitivity, has been useful in the analysis of intact GAGs and GAG-derived oligosaccharides and disaccharides affording concentration and structural characterization data essential for understanding the biological functions of GAGs. In this review, novel off-line and on-line CE-MS and MS/MS methods for screening of GAG-derived oligosaccharides and disaccharides will be discussed.     

UPLC-MS/MS detection of disaccharides derived from glycosaminoglycans as biomarkers of mucopolysaccharidoses

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of disorders resulting from primary defects in lysosomal enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Depending on the specific enzyme defect, the catabolism of one or more GAGs is blocked leading to accumulation in tissues and biological fluids. GAG measurements are important for high-risk screening, diagnosis, monitoring treatment efficacy, and patient follow up. The dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) spectrophotometric method commonly used in most biochemical genetics laboratories relies on a non-specific total GAG analysis which has led to false positive results, and even false negative results (mainly for MPS III and IV patients). The main objective of our project was to devise and validate a reliable tandem mass spectrometry multiplex analysis for the urine quantitation of four GAGs (dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS), keratan sulfate (KS), and chondroitin sulfate (CS)) for an eventual technological transfer to the clinic. The developed methodology is rapid (7 min) and our results showed good intraday and interday precision (RSDs ≤ 8.7%) and accuracy (Biases range: −12.0%–18.4%). Linearity was good (r² > 0.995) for DS, HS, CS, and KS calibration curves. In comparison with the DMB spectrophotometric method, this multiplex tandem mass spectrometry method allows GAG fractionation, thus a differentiation of MPS types, except for MPS I and II which are characterized by the same GAG profile. The devised method is a useful and reliable tool for diagnosis of MPS patients, as well as their monitoring and follow up, as shown by longitudinal studies.     

Influence of charge state and sodium cationization on the electron detachment dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides

Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) Fourier transform mass spectrometry has recently been shown to be a useful method for tandem mass spectrometry analysis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). EDD produces abundant glycosidic and cross-ring fragmentations that are useful for localizing sites of sulfation in GAG oligosaccharides. Although EDD fragmentation can be used to characterize GAGs in a single tandem mass spectrometry experiment, SO3 loss accompanies many peaks and complicates the resulting mass spectra. In this work we demonstrate the ability to significantly decrease SO3 loss by selection of the proper ionized state of GAG precursor ions. When the degree of ionization is greater than the number of sulfate groups in an oligosaccharide, a significant reduction in SO3 loss is observed in the EDD mass spectra. These data suggested that SO3 loss is reduced when an electron is detached from carboxylate groups instead of sulfate. Electron detachment occurs preferentially from carboxylate versus sulfate for thermodynamic reasons, provided that carboxylate is in its ionized state. Ionization of the carboxylate group is achieved by selecting the appropriate precursor ion charge state, or by the replacement of protons with sodium cations. Increasing the ionization state by sodium cation addition decreases, but does not eliminate, SO3 loss from infrared multiphoton dissociation of the same GAG precursor ions.