在超临界CO2流体中的化学反应

超临界CO2流体中的化学反应是继超临界流体应用于萃取分离过程之后进一步将其应用于化学反应的新尝试。本文重点综述了超临界CO2流体中的化学反应研究进展, 并对其发展前景作了展望。     

超临界二氧化碳介质中过渡金融催化反应研究进展

超临界介质中的化学反应研究是目前热点研究领域之一，对超临界CO2介质中 过渡金属催化反应研究进行了总结和述评，同时讨论了有关提高过渡金属催化剂在 超临界CO2中溶液度的方法。     

超临界二氧化碳-高分子化学中的绿色介质

介绍了超临界二氧化碳的特点，综述了近期以超临界二氧化碳为溶剂的高分子聚合和高分子化学反应及其应用前景。指出超临界CO2在聚合反应中能作为传统有机溶剂的替代溶剂。     

超临界化学反应的研究进展

超临界流体具有许多独特的性质使其成为有吸引力的化学反应介质，本文综述了近年来超临界流体对化学反应影响的基础理论研究以及超临界化学反应在应用方面的研究进展。     

超临界二氧化碳中布洛芬响应因子的研究

应用高压紫外检测器在线测定了布洛芬在超临界二氧化碳中的响应因子。 考察了温度、压力和CO2密度等参数对它的影响。在温度298-333K、压力9-17MPa范围内超临界CO2中布洛芬的响应因子随CO2密度的增加而线性递减。建立了布洛芬在超临界CO2中响应因子的经验计算式(回归系数r=0．97)，其理论计算结果与实验数据吻合良好，最大误差≤10％。     

聚合物在高压CO2条件下的结晶行为

高压CO2，包括超临界CO2，为人们研究聚合物的结晶行为提供了新的思路和方法。本文综述了聚合物在高压CO2条件下的吸收及其结晶行为等方面的研究进展。     

超临界CO2+EtOH+CO+H2四元体系压力和温度变化规律及超临界性质的研究

在5～11MPa的范围内,利用恒容静态平衡法详细考察了CO2密度在0.542～0.590g/cm3范围的不同组成的超临界CO2+EtOH+CO+H2四元体系的压力和温度的变化规律,并测定了相应的临界温度和临界压力.模拟了超临界丙烯氢甲酰反应体系的相行为.结果发现,CO+H2加入量的增多可明显改变超临界CO2+EtOH+CO+H2四元体系的超临界性质,主要表现为该体系的临界温度随着CO和H2摩尔分数的增加而线性降低,临界压力随着CO和H2摩尔分数的增加而线性增加.在相同的CO和H2组成下,超临界四元体系的压力随着体系温度的增加而线性增加,并且p-T线的斜率基本相同.在相同温度下超临界四元体系的压力随着体系中CO和H2摩尔分数的增加线性增加,并且不同温度时的变化率基本相同.     

聚乙二醇在超临界二氧化碳介质中的结晶行为

利用DSC和偏光显微镜研究了聚乙二醇在超临界CO2 中的结晶情况 ,超临界条件下得到的晶粒小而均匀 ,DSC测试还表明超临界CO2 可提高聚乙二醇的熔眯和溶解焓。     

碳氢表面活性剂在超临界CO_2中形成微乳液的研究进展

在超临界CO2中形成微乳液可以克服CO2对高分子量和亲水性物质溶解能力差的缺点。碳氢表面活性剂成本低,对环境友好,利用碳氢表面活性剂形成超临界CO2微乳液有利于工业应用,但绝大部分碳氢表面活性剂不能形成微乳液,所以需要对碳氢表面活性剂进行选择和设计。本文介绍了微乳液的形成、表征和评价,从表面活性剂的亲CO2性能和界面活性两方面,综述了碳氢表面活性剂的设计思路和进展。另外介绍了助表面活性剂对形成超临界CO2微乳液的作用,并对常规碳氢表面活性剂在助表面活性剂的作用下形成超临界CO2微乳液的体系进行了综述。最后,介绍了含碳氢表面活性剂的混合表面活性剂在形成超临界CO2微乳液方面的研究情况。     

超临界流体化学热力学

本文简要介绍了超临界流体的基本概念和性质，评述了化学热力学在超临界萃取、超临界态化学反应、超临界流体制备材料等方面的作用和研究进展，讨论了二氧化碳-离子液体两相体系的热力学行为。     

非均相离子液体催化CO2环加成反应研究进展

二氧化碳（CO2）是一种来源丰富的C1资源,在温和条件下实现CO2的资源化利用是当前研究的热点之一。CO2环加成反应制备环状碳酸酯是CO2资源化利用的重要途径之一。环状碳酸酯是电池电解液的优良介质,可承受较恶劣的光、热及化学变化;同时也是聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯等精细化工中间体,广泛应用于医药、化工、纺织、印染等领域。非均相离子液体催化剂具有化学和热稳定性好、合成过程简单和可重复使用等优势。本文重点总结了近年来非均相离子液体催化剂在CO2和环氧化物环加成反应中的应用,并对非均相离子液体催化CO2环加成反应的发展进行展望。     

H原子与CO2分子碰撞的化学反应与能量转移

Collisions between hot H atoms and CO2 molecules were studied experimentally by time-resolved Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy. H atoms with three translational energies, 174.7, 241.0 and 306.2 kJ/mol respectively, were generated by UV laser photolysis to initiate a chemical reaction of H+CO2!OH+CO. Vibrationally excited CO (v≤2) was observed in the spectrum, where CO was the product of the reaction. The highly efficient T-V energy transfer from the hot H atoms to the CO2 was verified too. The highest vibrational level of v=4 in CO2 (v≤3) was found. Rate ratio of the chemical reaction to the energy transfer was estimated as 10.     

Ancillary ligands and spectator cations as controlling factors in the construction of coordination and hydrogen-bonded networks with the tert-Bu-C triple bond C superset Ag(n) (n=4, 5) supramolecular synthon

Supramolecular networks constructed with the tBu--C[triple bond]C superset Ag(n) (n=4 or 5) metal-ligand synthon and trifluoroacetate have been transformed through the introduction of ancillary terminal nitrile ligands, from acetonitrile through propionitrile to tert-butyronitrile, giving rise to a 2D coordination network in AgC[triple chemical bond]CtBu3 AgCF(3)CO(2)H(2)O (1), a 2D hydrogen-bonded network in AgC[triple chemical bond]CtBu5 AgCF(3)CO(2)4 CH(3)CNH(2)O (2), a 2D hybrid coordination/hydrogen-bonded network in AgC[triple chemical bond]CtBu3 AgCF(3)CO(2)CH(3)CH(2)CN2 H(2)O (3), and another 2D coordination network in AgC[triple chemical bond]CtBu4 AgCF(3)CO(2) (CH(3))(3)CCN2 H(2)O (4). Concomitantly, the linkage modes between adjacent ethynide-bound Ag(n) aggregates in these compounds are also changed. A layer-type hydrogen-bonded host lattice in isostructural AgC[triple chemical bond]CtBu4 AgCF(3)CO(2)(R(4)N)(CF(3)CO(2)) 2 H(2)O (R(4)=BnMe(3), 5; R(4)=Et(4), 6; R(4)=nPr(4), 7) is obtained by introducing quaternary ammonium cations as guest templates, which occupy the interstices and thereby mediate the interlayer separation. Use of the bulky nBu(4)N(+) cation leads to disruption of the host network in AgC[triple bond]CtBu4 AgCF(3)CO(2)3[(nBu(4)N)(CF(3)CO(2))]H(2)O (8) with generation of a discrete dense nido-Ag(5) cluster.     

金属纳米簇在CO2光催化还原中的研究进展

化石燃料的大量燃烧不仅造成能源危机，而且排放的二氧化碳（CO2）会使气候变暖。以清洁、储量丰富的太阳光作为能量来源，将CO2光催化还原为高附加值的化学产品是缓解当前环境问题和能源问题的主要方法之一。然而，CO2在常温常压下非常的稳定，因此需要设计并构筑高效光催化剂来捕捉和转化CO2，以达到高效光催化CO2还原的目的。在众多研究的光催化剂中，金属纳米簇因其具有独特的结构特点、优异的物理和化学性质，所以在光催化CO2还原领域得到了广泛的应用。基于此，我们首先对金属纳米簇进行了分类，将其分为贵金属纳米簇和非贵金属纳米簇；然后分别对贵金属和非贵金属纳米簇在光催化CO2还原中的研究进展进行了归纳与总结。本文通过及时全面概述近几年该领域的研究进展，从而为未来研究方向提供新思路。     

可调变流体与绿色化工过程

介绍了可调变流体特性及其在绿色化工过程中的应用。重点介绍了利用超临界流体(主要是超临界C02)、亚临界水和气体(主要是CO2)膨胀的流体这三类可调变流体进行绿色化工过程设计的特点与途径。     

Selective Permeation of CO2 Through Modified PVSA/PS Composite Membrane

Fixed carrier membranes are more favorable compared with the liquid membranes andion-exchange membranes, they can provide superior stability, high permeation rate andhigh selectivity1. Fixed carrier membrane for CO2 separation is a new research field,only…     

XPS study of molybdenum sulfide catalyst exposed to CO and H2

Amorphous MoS(3) (air-dried precipitate), crystalline MoS(2) (made in the laboratory under nitrogenous atmosphere), and commercial molybdenum disulfide catalysts have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemical species present on the surface and the S/Mo atomic ratios of laboratory catalysts were compared to those present on a commercial molybdenum disulfide catalyst before and after treatment with CO and H(2). Pretreatment of MoS(2) with CO followed by H(2) showed that CO was adsorbed on the surface with no change in the chemical oxidation state of Mo and S. However, the results indicated that CO was not adsorbed when the sequence of gas exposures was reversed.     

Artificial photosynthesis: semiconductor photocatalytic fixation of CO2 to afford higher organic compounds

Carbon dioxide is an appealing renewable feedstock for industrial chemical processes. This does not mean, however, that all chemical processes using CO(2) are environmentally-friendly. Perspectives on the sustainability of CO(2) utilization and artificial photosynthesis are provided. The discussions focus on the photocatalytic production of C(x) (x≥ 2) compounds, where all the carbon in the products is derived from CO(2). This area of research, while promising, has received far less attention than analogous systems leading to C(1) products.     

N,O共修饰的Ni纳米颗粒/氮掺杂介孔碳CO2高效电还原催化剂

利用可再生电力能源将CO2电还原(CO2RR)为高附加值燃料和化学品(CO、甲酸盐和碳氢化合物等)是一种高效、绿色的CO2资源化利用新技术.然而,由于CO2分子中双键难以活化,且存在析氢竞争反应,即使对于CO2电还原为CO这一简单反应,除少数贵金属(Au、Ag和Pd及其合金)外,当前大多数电催化剂对产物CO的选择性和活性仍较低.因此,开发高效、稳定且廉价的CO2RR催化剂具有重要意义.过渡金属Ni储量高、成本低,是潜在的CO2RR催化剂.然而,受限于Ni对*H及*CO等中间物种相对强的吸附能力,Ni基催化剂催化生成产物CO的活性和选择性较低.近年来研究表明,通过对Ni基材料进行表面修饰,可以调控Ni表面与中间物种的吸附强度,从而有效提升Ni基催化剂对CO2RR反应的活性和选择性.鉴于此,本文通过N,O共调控的策略对负载于N掺杂介孔碳上的Ni纳米颗粒进行表面修饰,制得的N,O-Ni/CMK3催化剂能够高效、高选择性地将CO2电还原为CO.X射线衍射、高角度环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱等表征结果表明,N,O-Ni/CMK3中的Ni纳米颗粒由金属Ni核和N掺杂的NiO壳组成,即Ni纳米颗粒表面被N,O共调控,这种独特的表面使其表现出与金属Ni不同的CO2RR催化性能.电化学测试结果表明,在0.5 M KHCO3电解液中,N,O-Ni/CMK3催化剂表现出较好的选择性(生成CO法拉第效率达97％)、活性(CO分电流密度为13.01 mA cm?1)和转换频率(4.25 s?1).表征结果表明,N,O共同调控的Ni是该催化反应的活性中心.此外,得益于N,O共调控的Ni表面,N,O-Ni/CMK3催化剂比O调控的Ni催化剂具有更好的电化学稳定性.本文通过调节Ni催化剂的表面化学环境来调控催化剂与反应中间物种的吸附强度,显著提高了Ni基催化剂对CO2RR反应的催化活性和CO选择性,为开发高活性、高选择性的过渡金属催化剂提供了新思路.     

Reactivity of transition metal-phosphorus triple bonds towards triply bonded [{CpMo(CO)2}2]: formation of heteronuclear cluster compounds

Thermolysis of [Cp*P{W(CO)5}2] (1) in the presence of [{CpMo(CO)2}2] leads to the novel complexes [{(CO)2Cp*W}{CpMo(CO)2}(micro,eta2:eta1:eta1-P2{W(CO)5}2)] (6; Cp=eta5-C5H5, Cp*=eta5-C5Me5), [{(micro-O)(CpMoWCp*)W(CO)4}{micro3-PW(CO)5}2] (7), [{CpMo(CO)2}2{Cp*W(CO)2}{micro3-PW(CO)5}] (8) and [{CpMo(CO)2}2{Cp*W(CO)2}(micro3-P)] (9). The structural framework of the main products 8 and 9 can be described as a tetrahedral Mo2WP unit that is formed by a cyclisation reaction of [{CpMo(CO)2}2] with an [Cp*(CO)2W[triple chemical bond]P-->W(CO)5] intermediate containing a W--P triple bond and subsequent metal-metal and metal-phosphorus bond formation. Photolysis of 1 in the presence of [{CpMo(CO)2}2] gives 8, 9 and phosphinidene complex [(micro3-PW(CO)5){CpMo(CO)2W(CO)5}] (10), in which the P atom is in a nearly trigonal-planar coordination environment formed by one {CpMo(CO)2} and two {W(CO)5} units. Comprehensive structural and spectroscopic data are given for the products. The reaction pathways are discussed for both activation procedures, and DFT calculations reveal the structures with minimum energy along the stepwise Cp* migration process under formation of the intermediate [Cp*(CO)2W[triple chemical bond]P-->W(CO)5].