α-环糊精与季铵盐型双子表面活性剂包结作用的研究

在293.15 K下用微量热法结合核磁共振波谱研究了α-环糊精与三种阳离子型双子表面活性剂((CnN)2Cl2, n=12, 14, 16) 在水溶液中的包结作用. 实验结果表明, 包结物都相当稳定, 且随着疏水链CnH2n+1中碳原子数目的增加, 主-客体包结物的化学计量比由2∶1为主变为6∶1为主, 最大化学计量比的主-客体包结物形成过程的标准焓变(ΔHӨ) 和标准熵变(ΔSӨ) 均为负值且绝对值逐渐增大. 包结物的形成均属焓驱动过程. 1H核磁共振数据表明, (C12H25N)2Cl2的存在使α-环糊精上各质子的化学位移向高场移动, 从微观上证明了包结作用的发生.     

布洛芬与环糊精的主-客体相互作用

在298.15K下,用滴定式微量热法研究了布洛芬分别与α-、β、γ-环糊精在Tris-HCl缓冲溶液(pH=7.0)中的包合作用.实验测得了布洛芬.环糊精包合物的实验稳定常数、形成过程的标准焓变、标准吉布斯自由能变及标准熵变等热力学参数.结果表明:布洛芬与α-、β-肛环糊精的包合过程是焓、熵协同驱动的过程,而γ-环糊精与该药物包合则是熵驱动的.此外,B3LYP/6-31G*//PM3方法用来模拟布洛芬与环糊精的包合过程,计算结果表明布洛芬分子的憎水部分更易于从大口进入环糊精分子的空腔.     

亚甲蓝与中性及电荷型β-环糊精的包合特性

采用荧光光谱法研究了亚甲蓝与中性及电荷型 β 环糊精衍生物的包合特性。结果表明 :主 客包合物的化学计量关系为 1∶1 ,以包合常数作为包合作用的量度 ,则在中性和碱性条件下包合能力呈羧甲基 β 环糊精 >羟丙基 β环糊精 >β 环糊精 ;电荷型β 环糊精除了通常的疏水作用为包合驱动力外 ,还存在额外的静电包合作用力     

一个具有三明治结构的包合物: 8-羟基喹啉-β-环糊精包合物的晶体结构

合成了 8-羟基喹啉与β-环糊精的包合物, 通过X射线单晶衍射研究了它的晶体结构. 结果显示其不对称单元包含2个β-环糊精、1个8-羟基喹啉, 2个乙醇和30个水分子. 其中两个β-环糊精分子通过仲羟基间氢键以头对头的方式形成二聚体, 客体8-羟基喹啉被包合在此二聚体的中间区域, 分子平面与环糊精的大环平面平行, 形成了一个具有三明治夹心结构的包合物. 两个环糊精空腔各包合一个乙醇分子, 30个水分子分散在β-环糊精二聚体之间. 研究表明, β-环糊精二聚体的三明治区域是疏水的, 对于某些大小合适且具有平面构型的客体分子, 如8-羟基喹啉, 此三明治区域比β-环糊精空腔具有更强的包合能力, 这种新颖的包合方式是乙醇与8-羟基喹啉竞争包合的结果.     

乙二胺桥联环糊精二聚体的多重识别研究

本文合成了由两个乙二胺分子桥联的β-环糊精二聚体(1)。在碱性溶液中1与二价铜离子形成稳定的配合物(2), 根据客体分子被包合前后主、客体质子化学位移的变化研究了水溶液中三个主体分子: β-环糊精、1和2分别与对、间和邻氯苯酚及其钠盐的包合反应。通过比较主-客体包合物生成常数的大小可以推断2与有机阴离子客体之间存在多重识别作用。     

β-环糊精及其衍生物对维生素分子的识别作用

以乙基紫(EV)为光谱探针,采用紫外-可见光谱法测定了两种维生素(V)与β-环糊精(β-CD)、羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)和磺丁醚-β-环糊精(SBE-β-CD)的包合特性.结果表明,多种弱相互作用力协同作用于环糊精的包合过程,主-客体间的尺寸匹配影响了包合物的稳定性.包合能力β-CDHP-β-CDSBE-β-CD.     

壳层悬挂β-环糊精单元的两亲性超支化聚合物的分子包合与识别行为

采用紫外分光光度法研究了两种壳层悬挂β-环糊精单元的两亲性超支化聚合物在缓冲溶液(25 ℃, pH=11)中的分子包合与识别行为. 结果表明, 两种聚合物具有来自环糊精单元和两亲性超支化聚合物的双重包合能力, 可分别与水溶性染料分子酚酞(PP)、甲基橙(MO)、有机小分子对硝基苯酚(p-NP)等3种客体分子发生单客体包合效应, 而且其包合能力强于单一的环糊精或两亲性超支化聚合物; 通过客体分子PP和MO证实了这两种聚合物还具有双重识别能力, 可以与PP和MO发生双客体包合效应.     

γ-环糊精与溴甲酚绿的包合作用

采用紫外-可见分光光度法和等摩尔连续变化法研究了γ-环糊精与溴甲酚绿的包合作用, 确定了包合物形成的化学计量比为1∶2; 采用热力学方法分析了温度与包合常数之间的关系, 计算了包合过程的焓变、熵变及自由能变化分别为-39.988 kJ/mol, 86.400 J/(K·mol)和-14.245 kJ/mol, 这表明疏水作用力为主要驱动力; 采用核磁共振、分子模拟和红外光谱法对包合物进行了研究, 确定了包合物的形成, 分析认为这可能是基团进入γ-环糊精腔内导致增色效应.     

二维扩散排序核磁共振谱法研究β-环糊精/萘普生的相互作用

采用二维扩散排序(DOSY)核磁共振法研究了萘普生与β-环糊精的相互作用,考察了不同包合因素对主客体自扩散系数及平衡常数的影响,并对萘普生与β-环糊精包合反应进行了热力学分析,以揭示萘普生与β-环糊精的包合反应机理.实验结果表明,温度、水含量、溶液pH值、离子强度等对客体萘普生的自扩散系数影响较大,但对主体环糊精自扩散...     

β-环糊精与有机胺之间包合作用的理论与实验研究

通过实验和理论计算方法研究了β-环糊精(CD)与乙二胺1及它的三个类似物: 二乙烯三胺2、三乙胺3和乙二胺四乙酸4之间的包合作用. 利用旋光法确定了β-CD与客体分子形成1:1型主–客体包合物, 在298.2 K下测定了包合物在水中的稳定常数(K). 采用半经验PM3方法考察了β-CD与短链脂肪胺1~7、环状脂肪胺8~11以及芳香胺12~13的分子间结合能力, 报道了β-CD与这些客体分子间的包合络合过程并讨论了这些包合体系之间的包合差异性. 变形能和水合能对包合体系的相互作用能的贡献均相当小. β-CD包合物的稳定性取决于主、客体分子之间的尺寸匹配. 对于β-CD与客体1~4形成的包合物而言, 旋光法测定的包合物的K值的顺序与PM3计算得到的包合物络合能绝对值的排序有很好的一致性.     

微量热法研究α-环糊精与新型表面活性剂的包结作用

在298.15 K下用微量热法研究了α-环糊精与3-烷氧基-2-羟丙基三甲基溴化铵在水溶液中的包结作用.实验结果表明,随着疏水链CnH2n＋1O中碳原子数目n的增加(n=7、8、12、14), 主-客体包合物的化学计量比由1 :1为主变为2 :1为主. 各包合物都相当稳定,对应于n=7、8、12、14所得实验稳定常数分别为,β1=1.95×103 dm3•mol－1、β1=2.62×103 dm3•mol－1、β2=3.06×106 dm6•mol－2、β2=13.75×106 dm6•mol－2.包合物的形成均是焓驱动过程.包合物的平衡常数随烷氧基(CnH2n＋1O)中碳原子数目n的增加而增大,而包合物生成过程的标准反应焓(ΔHΘ)和标准反应熵(ΔSΘ)都随n的增加而减小.从主、客体的微观结构及包合物形成前后表面活性剂离子憎水基团周围溶剂分子排列结构的变化出发对实验结果进行了讨论.     

Inclusion complexation of 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone and 4-hydroxybenzophenone with α- and β-cyclodextrins

The inclusion complexation behaviours of 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (HBP) with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were investigated using UV–visible fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, molecular modelling, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray diffraction, ¹H NMR and molecular modelling techniques. In both molecules, biexponential decay was observed in water, whereas triexponential decay was observed in the CD medium. The DSC thermogram of the DHBP/α-CD and DHBP/β-CD inclusion complex nanomaterials shows the endothermic peak at 60.8, 101.9, 119.6 and 112.8°C. The upfield chemical shift observed for HBP protons reveal that the phenyl ring (without hydroxyl substitution) entered the CD cavity and the hydroxyl group of HBP is exposed outside the CD cavity. The SEM image of DHBP appears as needle-shaped crystals on the micrometre scale, whereas the irregular bar shape was observed for HBP. Transmission electron microscopy images show that both guest molecules formed nano vesicles with α-CD and formed nano rods with β-CD.     

Inclusion of α-lipoic acid in β-cyclodextrin. Physical–chemical and structural characterization

The inclusion of α-lipoic acid (LA) in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) by increasing the aqueous solubility and photostability can enhance its medicinal use in the oral administration. Different preparation methods were employed to obtain an α-lipoic acid-β-cyclodextrin (LA-β-CD) inclusion complex and to determine the physical–chemical characteristics and the interactions present in this compound. The formation of the solid inclusion compound was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR and DSC data confirm the new obtained compound. The crystalline structure of this compound belongs to the monoclinic system with four molecules in the unit cell. ¹H NMR spectroscopic method was employed to study the inclusion process in aqueous solution. Job plots derived from the ¹H NMR spectral data demonstrated an 1:1 stoichiometry of the inclusion complex in liquid state. 2D NMR data suggest the orientation of LA with the carboxyl group near to narrower rim of the β-CD.     

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) study of natural cyclodextrins inclusion complexes with drugs

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to characterize inclusion complex formation of natural cyclodextrins (α- and β-cyclodextrin) with three drugs ((+)brompheniramine, (±)brompheniramine, cyclopentolate) in aqueous solutions. ITC measurements were carried out at 298.15 K on a Microcal OMEGA ultrasensitive titration calorimeter (MicroCal Inc.). The experimental data were analyzed on the basis of the model of a single set of identical sites (ITC tutorial guide). β-CD forms inclusion complexes of stoichiometry 1:1 with the all investigated drugs. In turn, smaller molecule of α-CD forms inclusion complexes of two different stoichiometry: with bigger molecules ((+)brompheniramine and (±)brompheniramine) of a stoichiometry 2:1 and with smaller molecules (cyclopentolate) of a stoichiometry 1:2. Based on the experimental values of equilibrium constant (K) and enthalpy of complex formation (ΔH), the Gibbs energy of complex formation (ΔG), and the entropy of complex formation (ΔS), have been calculated, for all the investigated systems. Obtained results showed that complex formation of β-CD (bigger molecule with wider cavity compared to β-CD) with both (+)brompheniramine, (±)brompheniramine, and cyclopentolate is enthalpy driven while complexes of α-CD with the all investigated drugs are enthalpy-entropy stabilized. This indicated that the difference in the cavity dimensions is reflecting in different driving forces of complex formation and binding modes what resulted in different stoichiometry of the obtained inclusion complexes.     

The effect of the head-group spacer length of 12-s-12 gemini surfactants in the host-guest association with β-cyclodextrin

NMR spectroscopy has been used to study and characterize the interactions in solution between β-CD and alkyl-α,ω-bis(dodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide) gemini surfactants with the following head-group spacer lengths: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. The application of the method of continuous variation gives as a result that 1:1 and 2:1 (β-cyclodextrin-gemini) complexes are formed; the association stoichiometry is dependent on the spacer chain length, varying from 1.5 (for s=2) to 1.8 (for s=10). Assuming a two-step mechanism, the binding constants have been computed. In general, the overall binding constant slightly increases with an increase of the number of methylene groups in the spacer. The (1)H NMR spectra of the N-(CH(3))(2) groups in β-cyclodextrin/gemini mixed solutions are split into two peaks for 12-10-12, suggesting that the gemini spacer can thread the β-cyclodextrin so that the latter is positioned between the gemini head-groups. Inspection of the ROESY spectra allowed the establishment of several spatial proximities between the protons from the β-CD and the gemini and for a spacer length of 10, the data indeed indicate that complexes are formed with the CD molecule positioned between the two charged head groups with the spacer passing through the CD molecule.     

Encapsulation of alkylparabens with natural and modified α- and β-cyclodextrins

The inclusion complexation between methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben with α-CD, β-CD, hydroxypropyl α-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin were carried out by UV–Vis, steady state and time-resolved fluorescence, FT-IR, ¹H NMR techniques and semi-empirical method (PM3). The drug molecules are all given one emission maximum in water where as dual emission in all the CDs. CDs study revealed that the paraben molecules were formed 1:1 inclusion complex. The aliphatic side chain is present in the hydrophilic part whereas hydroxyl group is present in the hydrophobic part of the CD cavity. Nanosecond time-resolved studies indicated that paraben exhibited biexponential decay in water whereas triexponential decay in CDs solution. The complexation energy, thermodynamic parameters and HOMO–LUMO energy structure were calculated using quantum chemical calculation.     

A comparative study of inclusion complexes of flunarizine with alpha (α-CD) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD)

A detailed NMR (¹H, COSY, and ROESY) spectroscopic study of complexation of Flunarazine (FL) with α- and β-CD was carried out. ¹H NMR titration studies confirmed the formation of FL/α-CD and FL/β-CD complexes as evidenced by chemical shift variations of the proton resonances of both the CDs and FL. The stoichiometry of the complexes was determined to be 1:2 (FL/α-CD) and 1:1 (FL/β-CD) and overall binding constants were also calculated. It was confirmed with the help of ROESY spectral data that only one of the F-substituted aromatic ring and phenyl ring penetrate the α-CD cavity while both F-substituted aromatic rings as well as phenyl ring penetrates the β-CD cavity during complexation. The binding modes of FL/CD cavity interactions derived from ROESY experimental data show that the resulting complex of FL with β-CD possesses better induced fit interaction as compared to α-CD, which is responsible for the enhanced molecular stability with β-CD in comparison to α-CD. The mode of penetration of guest into the CD cavity and structures of the complexes has been established.     

Inclusion complexes of dihydroartemisinin with cyclodextrin and its derivatives: characterization,solubilization and inclusion mode

The characterization, inclusion complexation behavior and binding ability of the inclusion complexes of dihydroartemisinin with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives, sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD), mono[6-(2-aminoethylamino)-6-deoxy]-β-cyclodextrin (en-β-CD) and mono{6-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]-6-deoxy}-β-cyclodextrin (dien-β-CD), were studied using phenolphthalein as a spectral probe. Spectral titration was performed in aqueous buffer solution (pH ca. 10.5) at 25 °C to determine the binding constants. The inclusion complexation behaviors were investigated in both solution and solid state by means of NMR, TG, XRD. The results showed that the water solubility and thermal stability of dihydroartemisinin were significantly increased in the inclusion complex with cyclodextrins (CDs). According to ¹H NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy (ROESY), the A, B rings of dihydroartemisinin can be included into the cavity of CDs. The enhanced binding ability of CDs towards dihydroartemisinin was discussed from the viewpoint of the size/shape-fit concept and multiple recognition mechanism between host and guest.     

Synthesis of a β-cyclodextrin derivate and its molecular recognition behavior on modified glassy carbon electrode by diazotization

A novel β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative containing mono-phenylamino (MPA-β-CD) was newly synthesized by classical Mitsunobu reaction in good yield, and its structure has been confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectra. The compound MPA-β-CD was immobilized onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by diazotization, and with this modified electrode the binding behavior of MPA-β-CD for ferrocene (Fc) was investigated qualitatively, and the comparison of differential pulse voltammetry before and after immersion in ferrocene solution indicated that the MPA-β-CD immobilized GCE exhibited the molecular recognition behavior between β-CD and ferrocene.