共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 500 毫秒
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从理论上阐明了热力学观点所定义的柱相比(即溶质的保留自由能变为零时的κ′值)与溶质种类、柱温、固定相以及溶剂种类的依赖关系。通过研究3种配基链长不同的固定相对7种非极性苯的取代物溶质保留行为的影响,发现柱相比与固定相对溶质吸附力有关;通过对9种正链烷溶质在4种温度下的保留行为的研究,发现了柱相比随温度升高而增大,也发现了柱相比与同系物溶质的碳数无关;通过对3种正链醇同系物,3种正链酸同系物,以及丙酮、乙腈和异丙醇共9种置换剂对9种烷基醇同系物溶质色谱保留行为影响的研究,发现柱相比随溶剂极性增大而减小。 相似文献
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反相液相色谱中生物大分子保留自由能及相比的测定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
依据液相色谱中溶质的计量置换保留模型(SDM-R)和反相液相色谱(RPLC) 中小分子溶质柱相比的热力学新定义,建立了准确测定生物大分子柱相比的理论模 型和实验方法,准确测定了生物大分子的柱相比。同时依据计量置换参数logI和Z 具有热力学平衡常数的性质,并以logI和对1/T作图呈线性为途径,解决了生物大 分子色谱热力学研究中存在的三个难题,准确测定了七种标准蛋白质在RPLC保留过 程中的自由能变,并发现在RPLC中柱相比对保留过程中溶质总自由能变的贡献值几 乎可与溶质在RPLC保留过程中的净自由能变相当。 相似文献
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反相高效液相色谱中溶质保留过程的热力学研究Ⅰ: 柱相比, 吉氏自由能变及其分量, 吸附和解吸附自由能变 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
从热力学观点给反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)中的相比以新的定义, 提出了测定该相比的方法并准确测定了RP-HPLC中溶质计量置换过程中的吉氏自由能变△G~(Pα)。发现在RP-HPLC中相比对保留过程中溶质总自由能变的贡献值几乎可与溶质本身的保留值相当。依据液相色谱中溶质计量置换保留模型。将溶质的△G~(Pα)分成与溶质吸附及解吸有关的两项独立的自由能变分量。△G~(Ⅰ,α)和△G~(Z,D)。对不同流动相组成条件下的△G~(Pα)和△G~(Z,D)进行了估算, 并与实验结果进行了比较, 偏差一般小于±2%。 相似文献
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反相高效液相色谱中溶质保留过程的热力学研究Ⅰ: 柱相比, 吉氏自由能变及其分量, 吸附和解吸附自由能变 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
从热力学观点给反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)中的相比以新的定义,提出了测定该相比的方法并准确测定了RP—HPLC中溶质计量置换过程中的吉氏自由能变△G_(P_a).发现在RP-HPLC中相比对保留过程中溶质总自由能变的贡献值几乎可与溶质本身的保留值相当.依据液相色谱中溶质计量置换保留模型,将溶质的△G_(P_a)分成与溶质吸附及解吸有关的两项独立的自由能变分量,△G_(I_a)和△G_(Z,D).对不同流动相组成条件下的△G_(P_a)和△G_(Z,D)进行了估算,并与实验结果进行了比较,偏差一般小于±2%. 相似文献
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在讨论影响溶质保留行为因素的基础上,建立了描述同系物保留值收敛现象的一般模型,对12种同系物(共38组数据)在6种不同组成的二元流动相和8种固定相中的保留值进行了回归分析,相关系数r≥0.974,标准偏差SD≤0.05。绘制了这些同系物的三维保留图形及投影图,并据此对同系物收敛现象及其物理意义进行了讨论,建立了计算收敛点坐标的简便方法。 相似文献
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高效液相色谱中同系物保留值收敛现象的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在讨论影响溶质保留行为因素的基础上,建立了描述同系物保留值收敛现象的一般模型,对12种同系物(共38组数据)在6种不同组成的二元流动相和8种固定相中的保留值进行了回归分析,相关系数r≥0.974,标准偏差SD≤0.05.绘制了这些同系物的三维保留图形及投影图,并据此对同系物收敛现象及其物理意义进行了讨论,建立了计算收敛点坐标的简便方法. 相似文献
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Summary It is shown theoretically that when the concentration of organic solvent in the mobile phase increases, or solute size decreases, log k values of small solutes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) will tend to have a minimum value called the convergence point. A theoretical model for evaluating the convergent coordinates of small solutes is presented by using a stoichiometric displacement model for retention (SMDR). The physical meaning of the coordinates of each kind of convergence are also elucidated. The convergence points have either two-dimensional coordinates with a common ordinate (the logarithm of the phase ratio of the column, log ) or threedimensional corrdinates with two common axes: — log and the logarithm of the molar concentration of the pure displacing agent in mobile phase, log aD. The other axis relates to the nature of the solutes, such as carbon number of a homolog, van der Waal's surface area, hydrophobic fragment constant etc. for the latter and those and/or concentration axis for the former. The model was tested with published data and found to give a good fit. 相似文献
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Pratyush Dayal Andrew J. Guenthner Thein Kyu 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2007,45(4):429-435
A nonequilibrium thermodynamic approach has been developed for describing the emergence of fiber morphologies from a liquid crystalline polymer solution undergoing solvent evaporation, including fibrillar structures, concentric rings, and spiral structures. We utilized Matsuyama–Kato free energy for main‐chain liquid crystalline polymer (MCLCP) solutions, which is an extension of Maier–Saupe theory for nematic ordering and incorporates a chain‐stiffening, combined with Flory‐Huggins free energy of mixing. Temporal evolution of the concentration and nematic order parameters pertaining to the above free energy density of liquid crystalline polymer solution was simulated in the context of time‐dependent Ginzburg–Landau theory coupled with the solvent evaporation rate equation under the quasi‐steady state assumption. The emerged morphological patterns are discussed in relation to the phase diagram of the MCLCP solution and the rate of solvent evaporation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 429–435, 2007 相似文献
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By plotting of the affinity of component to adsorbent (a) vs. the logarithm of the solvent activity in the mobile phase in a reversed phase HPLC system, it is shown that when the concentration of organic solvent in the mobile phase increases, a of a series of aromatic alcohol homologues tends to converge to a point. A theoretical model for evaluating the convergent coordinates was presented by using the linear relationship between a and log aD and the stoichiometric displacement theory for retention (SDT-R). The physical meaning of the coordinates of convergence point was also elucidated. Convergence occurs when the activity of the displacing solvent approaches the value when in a pure state. The experimental results fit the equations and the coordinate of the convergence point well. At the same time, a unified equation to express the quantitative relation between parameter a describing the adsorption process in a liquid-solid system and k describing the retention process in a liquid chromatographic system is also derived. 相似文献
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A complete expression for the enthalpy of mixing of inhomogeneous polymer–polymer–solvent systems applicable for small as well as large concentration fluctuations has been developed. This is used to express the free energy of inhomogeneous polymer–polymer–solvent systems in an extended form of the Landau-Ginzburg functional. The gradient energy parameters obtained here are consistent with the published results. The free energy functional has been applied to develop a generalized continuity equation for spinodal decomposition in polymer–polymer systems. A linearized version of this continuity equation has been used to study the effect of the gradient terms on the dominant wavelength during spinodal decomposition. 相似文献
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Phase diagrams of oligomer solutions have been constructed within the mean-field approximation. The free energy includes the
configuration entropy and the formation free energy of both solvation shells of the oligomers and bonds between them, where
this formation free energy depends upon the oligomer-solvent and solvent-solvent bonding energies. The equations for spinodal
(phase separation boundary) and percolation threshold (solution-to-gel transition) in the oligomer concentration-temperature
coordinates have been found. The model makes it possible to determine the position of phase boundaries by quantum-chemical
calculations of these energies and to explain the change in the composition of colloid particles and gel, depending on the
solvent. The phase separation region has been predicted to narrow and to be displaced toward higher oligomer concentrations
in a series of solvents with progressively increasing intermolecular bond energy. 相似文献
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以溶质计量置换保留模型 (SDM R)为依据 ,通过研究 3种正链醇同系物溶剂置换剂对 14种正链醇同系物溶质色谱保留行为的影响 ,发现计量置换参数Z(对应 1mol溶质被吸附时从溶质与固定相接触处释放出的溶剂的总摩尔数 )、lgI(与 1mol溶质对固定相亲和势有关的常数 )和 j(与 1mol溶剂对固定相亲和势有关的常数 )均随着同系物置换剂相对分子质量的增大而减小 ,并呈现出线性变化 ,表明溶剂强度与溶剂分子的大小有关 ,分子愈大 ,溶剂洗脱能力愈强 ,并遵循同系物规律。 相似文献
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Chattoraj DK Imae T Mitra A 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(12):4903-4915
Moles of a surfactant (gamma2(1)) absorbed per unit area of the solid-liquid interface estimated analytically from the difference of the solute molality in the bulk phase before and after adsorption have been quantitatively related to the absolute compositions deltan1 and deltan2 of the solvent and solute forming the inhomogeneous surface phase in contact with the bulk phase of homogeneous composition. By use of isopiestic experiments, negative values of gamma2(1) for the adsorption of inorganic salts onto a solid-liquid interface have been calculated in the same manner. From the linear plot of gamma2(1) versus the ratio of the bulk mole fractions of the solute and solvent, values of deltan1 and deltan2 have been evaluated under a limited range of concentrations. For the adsorption of the surfactant and the inorganic salt respectively onto the fluid interface, gamma2(1) values have been evaluated from the surface tension concentration data using the Gibbs adsorption equation. Gamma2(1) based on the arbitrary placement of the Gibbs dividing plane near the fluid interface is quantitatively related to the composition of the inhomogeneous surface phase. Also, the Gibbs equation for multicomponent solutions has been appropriately expressed in terms of a suitably derived coefficient m. Integrating the Gibbs adsorption equation for a multicomponent system, the standard free energy change, deltaG degrees, per unit of surface area as a result of the maximum adsorption gamma2(m) of the surfactant at fluid interfaces due to the change of the activity alpha2 of the surfactant in the bulk from zero to unity have been calculated. A similar procedure has been followed for the calculation of deltaG degrees for the surfactant adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces using thermodynamically derived equations. deltaG degrees values for surfactant adsorption for all such systems are found to be negative. General expressions of deltaG degrees for negative adsorption of the salt on fluid and solid-liquid interfaces respectively have also been derived on thermodynamic grounds. deltaG degrees for all such systems are positive due to the excess spontaneous hydration of the interfacial phase in the presence of inorganic salt. Negative and positive values of deltaG degree for excess surfactant and salt adsorption respectively have been discussed in light of a generalized scale of free energy of adsorption. 相似文献
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Jouyban A Romero S Chan HK Clark BJ Bustamante P 《Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin》2002,50(5):594-599
A cosolvency model to predict the solubility of drugs at several temperatures was derived from the excess free energy model of Williams and Amidon. The solubility of oxolinic acid, an antibacterial drug, was measured in aqueous (water+ethanol) and non-aqueous (ethanol+ethyl acetate) mixtures at several temperatures (20, 30, 35, 40 degrees C). Oxolinic acid displays a solubility maximum in each solvent mixture at solubility parameter values of 32 and 22 MPa(1/2). The temperature and heat of fusion were determined from differential scanning calorimetry. The solvent mixtures do not produce any solid phase change during the solubility experiments. The experimental results and those from the literature were employed to examine the accuracy and prediction capability of the proposed model. An equation was obtained to represent the drug solubility changes with cosolvent concentration and temperature. The model was also tested using a small number of experimental solubilities at 20 and 40 degrees C showing reasonably accurate predictions. This is important in pharmaceutics because it save experiments that are often expensive and time consuming. 相似文献
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The free energy of a molecular system can, at least in principle, be computed by thermodynamic perturbation from a reference system whose free energy is known. The convergence of such a calculation depends critically on the conformational overlap between the reference and the physical systems. One approach to defining a suitable reference system is to construct it from the one-dimensional marginal probability distribution functions (PDFs) of internal coordinates observed in a molecular simulation. However, the conformational overlap of this reference system tends to decline steeply with increasing dimensionality, due to the neglect of correlations among the coordinates. Here, we test a reference system that can account for pairwise correlations among the internal coordinates, as captured by their two-dimensional marginal PDFs derived from a molecular simulation. Incorporating pairwise correlations in the reference system is found to dramatically improve the convergence of the free energy estimates relative to the first-order reference system, due to increased conformational overlap with the physical distribution. 相似文献