CuZnAl水滑石衍生催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢 Ⅱ. 催化剂组成的影响

 以类层柱CuZnAl水滑石为前体,经600 ℃焙烧制备了一系列不同Cu/Zn/Al质量比的催化剂. 在250 ℃、水/甲醇比为1.3和重时空速为3.28 h-1的条件下,考察了Cu/Zn/Al质量比对催化剂甲醇水蒸气重整反应性能的影响. 结果发现,最佳Cu/Zn/Al质量比为36.7/13.4/(17～28). 调变Cu的比例不会改变催化剂物相构成和CuO的还原峰温, Cu含量较低的催化剂由于活性位数目少而甲醇转化率低,而Cu含量过高的催化剂甲醇转化率较差可能是因为Cu/Zn比失调. 较低或较高的Zn含量会对催化剂物相构成产生影响,这是导致甲醇转化率随Zn含量变化的主要原因. 较高的Al含量有利于CuO的分散和增大催化剂的比表面积,因此催化剂上甲醇的转化率明显提高. 另外,所制催化剂的Cu/Zn/Al质量比对产物气体的组成没有影响.     

铜 基 催 化 剂 上 甲 醇 水 蒸 汽 重 整 制 氢Ⅰ． 催 化 剂 组 成 的 影 响

在H2O/CH3OH摩尔比为1.3、液空速为1.5h-1、反应温度为220℃条件下,对甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢Cu/Zn/(Fe,Mn,Cr)/AlO催化剂性能进行了考察.研究表明,Cr的加入可以显著提高甲醇的转化率,降低出口气体中的CO含量.与Cu60Zn30Al10催化剂相比,Cu30Zn15Cr45Al10催化剂出口气体中CO的含量降低54%,甲醇的转化率提高约20%.     

二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢的ZSM-5和Cu-Zn的复合催化体系（英文）

二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢反应是燃料电池理想的供氢方式之一.探讨了二甲醚水蒸气重整过程中的反应与反应、反应与传热的耦合协同效应.采用二甲醚水解催化剂ZSM-5（硅铝比为25）和甲醇水蒸气重整催化剂（Cu-Zn系列及商用Cu-Zn-Al催化剂）混合制得二甲醚水蒸气重整的复合催化剂.在固定床反应装置中评价了催化剂活性并对催化剂进行了透射电镜、X射线衍射及N2吸附表征.结果表明,复合催化剂的活性除了受催化剂组成和铜含量的影响外,还与Al和Zr的量有关.在Cu：Zn摩尔比为60：30时,Al和Zr的同时加入使催化剂中Cu晶粒分散最好,催化剂具有较高的低温活性,二甲醚在空速为4922ml/（g·h）和260℃下的转化率达到72%.     

稀土掺杂改性对Cu/ZnAl水滑石衍生催化剂甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的影响

采用原位合成法在γ-Al_2O_3表面合成了锌铝水滑石,再通过顺次浸渍法制备了一系列掺杂稀土改性的M(M=Y、La、Ce、Sm、Gd)/Cu/Zn Al催化材料,并将其应用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应。探讨了稀土掺杂改性对Cu/Zn Al催化剂催化性能的影响,并采用XRD、SEM-EDS、BET、H2-TPR、XPS和N2O滴定等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的活性与Cu比表面积和催化剂的还原性质密切相关,Cu比表面积越大,还原温度越低,催化活性越高。稀土Ce、Sm、Gd的引入能改善活性组分Cu的分散度、Cu比表面积以及催化剂的还原性质,进而提高催化剂的催化活性。其中,Ce/Cu/Zn Al催化剂表现出最佳的催化活性,在反应温度为250℃时,甲醇转化率达到100%,CO含量为0.39%,相比Cu/Zn Al催化剂,甲醇转化率提高了近40%。     

Fe助剂对Cu/ZrO2甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂的影响

利用XRD、TPR和EXAFS等手段，研究了Fe助剂对Cu/Fe2O3/ZrO3催化剂物化特性的影响，同时研究了对甲醇水蒸气重整反应活性和选择性的影响。结果表明，Fe对Cu/ZrO2催化剂结构有一定的修饰作用。添加Fe助剂后，铜的分散度提高，催化剂的起始还原温度提前，还原温度区间缩短；同时甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应催化活性上升，氢选择性提高，产物中CO含量降低，但铁铜比应有一最佳值。     

超临界甲醇中Ce/Cu/Zn/Al催化木质素制备酚类化合物的研究

采用共沉淀法制备Ce/Cu/Zn/Al催化剂,并将其应用于超临界甲醇中木质素的催化液化.考察单因素条件对木质素转化率和生成酚类的影响,得到最佳反应条件:反应温度320℃,反应时间120 min,催化剂用量150 mg,初始压力2 MPa,木质素的转化率达到67.33%,酚类产率达到30.84%.同时,以苯酚及愈创木酚为模型物,比较有无催化剂对液化产物分布或选择性生成的影响. Ce/Cu/Zn/Al催化剂的加入促进了甲醇的重整及其与模型化合物苯酚、愈创木酚的烷基化反应,从而生成了大量的烷基苯酚.     

CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程,得到低温活性、氢选择性和稳定性较好的催化剂.Cu/Al2O3催化剂中添加CeO2提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,当CeO2质量分数为20％时,催化剂活性表现最佳.在反应温度250 ℃,水醇摩尔比为1.0,液体空速为3.28 h －1条件下,甲醇转化率为95.5％,氢气选择性为100％.此外,CeO2通过促进水气转化反应降低了重整气中CO的含量.Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂在200 h的寿命实验中,活性仍保持在90.0％以上,而Cu/Al2O3催化剂在100 h的寿命实验中,活性已很快下降.XRD和TPR分析及表面元素分布结果表明,铜和铈相互作用促进了铜在催化剂表面的高度分散,阻止了铜晶粒团聚、烧结,促使铜晶粒细小化,促进了铜的还原,改善了Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的性能.     

二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢的ZSM-5和Cu-Zn的复合催化体系

二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢反应是燃料电池理想的供氢方式之一.探讨了二甲醚水蒸气重整过程中的反应与反应、反应与传热的耦合协同效应.采用二甲醚水解催化剂ZSM-5(硅铝比为25)和甲醇水蒸气重整催化剂(Cu-Zn系列及商用Cu-Zn-Al催化剂)混合制得二甲醚水蒸气重整的复合催化剂.在固定床反应装置中评价了催化剂活性并对催化剂进行了透射电镜、X射线衍射及N2吸附表征.结果表明,复合催化剂的活性除了受催化剂组成和铜含量的影响外,还与Al和Zr的量有关.在Cu:Zn摩尔比为60:30时,Al和Zr的同时加入使催化剂中Cu晶粒分散最好,催化剂具有较高的低温活性,二甲醚在空速为4 922 ml/(g·h)和260℃下的转化率达到72%.     

CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程,得到低温活性、氢选择性和稳定性较好的催化剂.Cu/A12O3催化剂中添加CeO2提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,当CeO2质量分数为20%时,催化剂活性表现最佳.在反应温度250℃,水醇摩尔比为1.0,液体空速为3.28 h-1条件下,甲醇转化率为95.5%,氢气选择性为100%.此外,CeO2通过促进水气转化反应降低了重整气中CO的含量.Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂在200 h的寿命实验中,活性仍保持在90.0%以上,而Cu/Al2O3催化剂在100 h的寿命实验中,活性已很快下降.XRD和TPR分析及表面元素分布结果表明,铜和铈相互作用促进了铜在催化剂表面的高度分散,阻止了铜晶粒团聚、烧结,促使铜晶粒细小化,促进了铜的还原,改善了Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的性能.     

甲醇POSR制氢的反应网络热力学分析和有效因子的估算

在Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂上对甲醇部分氧化蒸汽重整制备氢气反应的动力学过程进行了研究。在常压和473 K～1 073 K温度范围内对该反应网络中的甲醇部分氧化、甲醇蒸汽重整、甲醇分解和水煤气反应的化学平衡进行了分析。在对这些反应的催化剂Cu/ZnO/Al2O3动力学研究的基础上，根据有效因子的基本概念，考虑催化剂颗粒内的扩散限制，对每个反应沿反应器床层的有效因子进行了估算。     

Solvent extraction separation of In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/ with sulphoxides

Solvent extraction studies have been made on some metals: In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/, from ammonium thiocyanate solutions by dialkyl sulphoxides. Separation of these metals from one another can be achieved by suitable choice of the extracted conditions. The nature of the extractable metal species has been elucidated.     

Synthesis of chlorobis/β-diketonato/oxotechnetium/V/ and tris/β-diketonato/technetium/III/ complexes

Chlorobis/-diketonato/ oxotechnetium/V/ complexes [TcOCl/-dik/₂, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane] were newly synthesized using macroamount of⁹⁹Tc. These complexes were further separated into geometrical isomers. Furthermore, an improvement of the yields for the syntheses of tris/-dike-tonato/technetium/III/ complexes [Tc/-dik/₃, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone] was examined using Tc/III/-thiourea complexes as a starting material.     

Crystal structure of Na3PO4 · 12H2O

The crystal structure of trisodium monophosphate hemihydrate was determined. The space group is $\text{C2}\text{c}$ and a unit cell contains eight formula units. The unit cell dimensions of $\text{Na}{}_3\text{PO}{}_4\text{·}\text{1}\text{2}\text{H}{}_2\text{O}$ are a = 9.631(3), b = 5.416(2), c = 16.938(8) Å, β = 102.60(5)°. The final R value is 0.027 for a set of 1430 independent reflections. This atomic arrangement is mainly a three-dimensional network of distorted NaO₆ octahedra. The hydrogen bonding scheme is given.     

Simultaneous propane dehydrogenation andco2hydrogenation overCrOx/SiO2catalyst

Summary Single reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) and dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂(DH-CO₂) reactions in the presence and absence of the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst have been studied between 673 and 873 K. It was found that the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst is active both in the dehydrogenation of propane and in the RWGS reactions. The obtained results suggest that the dehydrogenation of propane to propene in the presence of CO₂on CrO_x/SiO₂can be facilitated by the RWGS reaction.</o:p>     

An investigation of the promotional effect of propylene or propane traces on the activity of sulfatedPt/g-Al2O3andPt-Sn/g-Al2O3inCH4combustion

Summary A strong promoting effect of the presence of C₃H₈or C₃H₆was determined for the combustion of CH₄in excess oxygen, over pre-sulfated 1%Pt/g-Al₂O₃and pre-sulfated 1%Pt-2%Sn/g-Al₂O₃catalysts.</o:p>     

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate ?from CH3OH AND CO2 by H3PW12O40/CexTi1-xO2 catalyst

Summary Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method, and applied to the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ showed a better catalytic performance than the corresponding Ce_xTi_1-xO₂, due to the bifunctional catalysis of Br?nsted acid sites (provided by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) and base sites (provided by Ce_xTi_1-xO₂). H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂ showed the highest catalytic performance among the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts.     

A study of the spinel materials LiTi2O4 and Li43Ti53O4 by photoelectron spectroscopy

HeI-excited valence-band ultraviolet photoelectron spectra and MgKα-excited Ti-2p X-ray photoelectron spectra are reported for the spinel materials LiTi₂O₄ and $\text{Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>4</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Ti}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>5</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{O}{}_4$. The presence of a Fermi edge in the ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of LiTi₂O₄ confirms the metallic nature of this material, although the measured density of states at the Fermi energy is much lower than that expected from an independent-electron interpretation of the magnetic susceptibility. This difference is attributed to a strong interaction of the conduction electrons with the lattice vibrations. The localization of conduction electrons that occurs in the final state in the Ti-2p X-ray photoelectron spectrum of LiTi₂O₄ is attributed to a Coulomb interaction with a core hole.     

Oxygen defect K2NiF4-type oxides: The compounds La2−xSrxCuO4−x2+δ

Oxygen defect K₂NiF₄-type oxides $\text{La}{}_{\mathrm{2?x}}\text{Sr}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{CuO}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>4?</mtext><mtext>x</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>+\delta </mtext>}}$ have been synthesized for a wide composition range: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.34. From the X-ray and electron diffraction study three domains have been characterized: orthorhombic compounds with La₂CuO₄ structure for 0 ≤ x < 0.10, tetragonal oxides similar to LaSrCuO₄ for 0.10 ≤ x < 1 and several superstructures derived from the tetragonal cell ( with n = 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 6) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.34. The compounds corresponding to 0 < x < 1 differ from the other oxides in that they are characterized by the presence of copper with two oxidation states: + 2 and + 3. A model structure for La_0.8Sr_1.2CuλO_3.4, in which copper has only the + 2 oxidation state, and for which the actual cell is tegragonal—a = 18.80₄ Å and c = 12.94 Å—has been established. The particular structural evolution of these compounds is discussed in terms of a competition between the capability of Cu(II) to be oxidized to Cu(III) and the ordering of oxygen vacancies.     

LixNi0.8-yCo0.2ZnyOp的合成及电化学性能研究

A series of single-phase Li_xNi_0.8-yCo_0.2Zn_yO_p(0.96 ≤x≤ 1.10， 0 ≤y≤ 0.05， 2 ≤p≤ 2(1+y) ) (different in the y values) were synthesized by a two-step solid state reaction method， in which LiOH·H₂O， Zn-doped spherical Ni(OH)₂ and Co₂O₃ were used as the precursors. The ICP-AES analyses proved that the Zn-doped compounds synthesized had the nonstoichiometric form. The results of the XRD， SEM identified that the uniform particles of the as-prepared materials having a good layered structure were fine， narrowly distributed and well crystallized. The electrochemical performance test was carried out and the results showed that the as-prepared Zn-doped materials had not only a high capacity， but also a better cycling stability characterization than the un-doped one. The Li_1.06Ni_0.75Co_0.22Zn_0.03O_2.03 material has an initial reversible capacity as high as 160.5mAh·g^-1; and a first discharge efficiency 89.2%， and exhibits satisfactory cyclic stability with 90% retainable capacity after 50 cycles.     

Visible light-sensitive yellow TiO2−xNx and Fe-N co-doped Ti1−yFeyO2−xNx anatase photocatalysts

Nitrogen substituted yellow colored anatase TiO_2−xN_x and Fe-N co-doped Ti_1−yFe_yO_2−xN_x have been easily synthesized by novel hydrazine method. White anatase TiO_2−δ and N/Fe-N-doped samples are semiconducting and the presence of ESR signals at g ∼1.994-2.0025 supports the oxygen vacancy and g∼4.3 indicates Fe³⁺ in the lattice. TiO_2−xN_x has higher conductivity than TiO_2−x and Fe/Fe-N-doped anatase and the UV absorption edge of white TiO_2−x extends in the visible region in N, Fe and Fe-N co-doped TiO₂, which show, respectively, two band gaps at ∼3.25/2.63, ∼3.31/2.44 and 2.8/2.44 eV. An activation energy of ∼1.8 eV is observed in Arrhenius log resistivity vs. 1/T plots for all samples. All TiO₂ and Fe-doped TiO₂ show low 2-propanol photodegradation activity but have significant NO photodestruction capability, both in UV and visible regions, while standard Degussa P-25 is incapable in destroying NO in the visible region The mid-gap levels that these N and Fe-N-doped TiO₂ consist may cause this discrepancy in their photocatalytic activities.